福建东山几种木麻黄的物质与能量特征

对福建东山 7种木麻黄 (普通木麻黄、粗枝木麻黄、细枝木麻黄、肥木木麻黄、山神木麻黄、鸡冠木麻黄、滨海木麻黄 )及其距海岸不同远近的普通木麻黄的小枝的物质和能量特征进行了研究。结果表明 :(1)东山 7种木麻黄小枝的灰分含量、干重热值和去灰分热值因种而异 ,灰分含量在 3.0 6 %～ 5 .98%之间 ,干重热值在 19.4 6± 0 .0 7～ 2 0 .82± 0 .15 k J/ g之间 ,去灰分热值在2 0 .5 9± 0 .0 5～ 2 1.4 8± 0 .15 k J/ g之间 ;其中 ,山神木麻黄小枝的灰分含量最低 ,而干重热值和去灰分热值最高 ,符合理想燃料对低灰分含量和高热值的要求 ;木麻黄小枝具有相对较高的热值现象 (特别是山神木麻黄 )是在贫瘠的土壤条件下适应环境的结果 ,在小枝中进行了高能化合物的积累。木麻黄对环境的特殊适应也反映其主动适应环境的能力 ,是植物自身的高能量对物质的一种补偿作用 ;7种木麻黄小枝的干重热值与灰分含量具有显著的线性负相关 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;干重热值与粗脂肪含量具有极显著的线性正相关 (P<0 .0 1) ,而与蛋白质、可溶性糖含量相关性不显著 (P>0 .0 5 ) ;(2 )距海岸不同远近的普通木麻黄小枝的物质与能量特征存在差异 ,灰分含量在 3.5 8%～ 8.75 %之间 ,平均为 6 .0 3% ;干重热值在 2 0 .33± 0 .0 0～ 2 1.6     

内蒙古草原布氏田鼠和长爪沙鼠体重及身体成分的季节变化

研究了内蒙古草原布氏田鼠(Lasiopodomys brandtii)和长爪沙鼠(Meriones unguiculatus)的体重、身体脂肪、水分含量及身体热值等指标的季节变化.2种动物的体重都是在春季最高,布氏田鼠的体重具显著的季节变化,长爪沙鼠的鲜重具季节变化,但干重则基本维持恒定.2种动物的脂肪含量和身体热值都...     

福建华安竹园一些竹类植物叶的热值研究

在冬季对福建省华安县竹园14属46种（含变种和栽培型）竹类植物叶的热值和灰分含量进行了研究。结果表明：竹类植物叶的灰分含量在8.05%～28.14%之间,平均为15.18%;干重热值在14957.3 ～19111.4 J/g之间,平均为17672.1 J/g;去灰分热值在19473.1～24646.2 J/g之间,平均为20845.6 J/g;竹类植物叶干重热值和灰分含量有显著的线性关系,相关方程为Y=－169.21X+20241（r=0.7370**,df=44）,高灰分含量是竹叶干重热值相对较低的重要原因之一。     

福建华安竹园一些竹类植物叶的热值研究

在冬季对福建省华安县竹园14属46种（含变种和栽培型）竹类植物叶的热值和灰分含量进行了研究。结果表明：竹类植物叶的灰分含量在8.05%-28.14%之间,平均为15.18%;干重热值在14957.3-19111.4J/g之间,平均为17672.1J/g;去灰分热值在19473.1-24646.2J/g之间,平均为20845.6J/g;竹类植物叶干重热值和灰分含量有显著的线性关系,相关方程为Y＝－169.21X 20241(r=0.7370,df=44）,高灰分含量是竹叶干重热值相对较低的重要原因之一。     

浙江北山七子花群落主要植物叶热值

对不同季节浙江北山七子花群落18种优势植物叶的热值和灰分含量进行了研究,探讨了生境片断化所造成的影响。结果表明:(1)不同种类植物叶的灰分含量有较大差异,与植物自身的遗传特性有关(主要是叶的元素含量),其中仅乔木层算盘子(Glochidion puberum)和灌木层华箬竹(Sasamorpha sinica)的灰分含量高于10%,其他植物灰分含量较低;不同季节植物的灰分含量不同,且具有不同的季节变化趋势;从群落林冠到地被层,各层植物叶的平均灰分含量由高到低依次为乔木层(7.49%±2.59%)、灌木层(7.20%±3.22%)、草本层(6.68%±1.02%)和间层(6.28%±1.31%),但层次间差异不显著(p>0.05)。(2)不同种类植物叶的去灰分热值变化范围较大,有6种植物的去灰分热值高于20.00 kJ/g,4种植物低于18.00 kJ/g,同一层次内常绿植物叶的去灰分热值一般比落叶植物高;从林冠到地被层,各层植物叶的去灰分热值由高到低依次为灌木层((20.33±2.29)kJ/g)、乔木层((19.92±1.05)kJ/g)、间层((19.71±3.26)kJ/g)和草本层((18.14±0.74)kJ/g),仅乔木层和草本层之间的差异达到显著水平(p<0.05);不同季节植物叶的去灰分热值变化较为复杂,其中多数植物在春秋季热值含量较高,夏季热值含量较低。(3)对不同生境条件下3种乔木植物叶的热值和灰分含量的比较研究显示,由于受到片断化后光照增强等因素的影响,与林内相比林外生境植株叶的干重热值和去灰分热值均明显升高(p<0.05),而灰分含量变化规律不明显。分析认为,生长速率慢和某些高热值成分的积累是造成片断化条件下植物叶热值升高的主要原因。     

几种红树植物的热值和灰分含量研究

本文主要研究我国东南沿海红树植物叶的灰分含量和热值含量的变化。在海南琼山沿海不同种红树植物之间,随叶灰分含量增加(7.11—9.8%)而干重热值减少(20.62—18.87kJ／g),但去灰分热值变化不大,在21.5kJ／g左右。同一种秋茄植物,在纬度较低(低于24˚N)的地区,叶灰分含量较低,干重热值较高;在纬度较高时(高于24˚N)则相反。秋茄幼树(1—7龄间)随年龄增长灰分含量下降,干重热值提高,而去灰分热值变化不大。热值季节变化中,夏秋较高,冬春较低。     

内蒙古锡林河流城达乌尔黄鼠身体组成成分的研究

达乌尔黄鼠的身体组成成分,随各发育阶段以及每年的不同季节而有相应的变化。幼鼠脂肪、灰分、磷和镁的百分数与体重增长呈正相关,水分百分数与体重增长呈负相关,蛋白质百分数与体重增长不相关。母鼠授乳期因大量营养成分被消耗,此时母鼠身体的营养成分及能量皆比同时期的雄鼠少。在接近冬眠前,成年雄鼠身体的脂肪含量,热值和钙镁比值等都相应比雌鼠高。     

布迪椰子不同器官热值的季节变化研究

对布迪椰子的幼叶、成熟叶、叶柄和根在不同季节的干重热值、去灰分热值和灰分含量进行了研究,结果表明:干重热值四个季节的平均值为成熟叶(20.65kJg-1)>幼叶(19.84kJg-1)>根(19.55kJg-1)>叶柄(18.77kJg-1),秋季的干重热值明显高于其它三个季节的干重热值,冬季的干重热值最低,去灰分热值与干重热值的变化趋势基本相同。灰分含量四个季节的平均值为根(5.14%)>叶柄(4.33%)>幼叶(4.21%)>成熟叶(3.97%)。成熟叶的灰分含量一直维持在比较低的水平,而幼叶的在秋季明显下降,在冬季明显上升,幼叶灰分含量的季节变化趋势与成熟叶的相同,叶柄灰分含量在冬季明显低于根部。布迪椰子这种不同器官在不同季节的热值和灰分的变化规律显示其具有较强的耐寒适应性。     

小兴安岭主要树种热值与碳含量

对小兴安岭林区15种主要树种(红松、落叶松、鱼鳞云杉、臭冷杉、紫杉、蒙古栎、白桦、枫桦、紫椴、黄檗、水曲柳、胡桃楸、山杨、五角枫和春榆)不同器官的灰分含量、去灰分热值和碳含量进行了研究.采用快速灰化法测定灰分含量,量热法测定热值含量,吸收质量法测定碳含量.15种主要树种不同器官的灰分含量(质量分数)为:树叶0.60%～1.28%;树枝1.00%～2 98%;树干0.16%～1.22%;树皮2.15%～6.36%.15种主要树种不同器官的灰分含量(质量分数)从高到低依次为树皮、树枝、树叶、树干;不同器官的灰分含量(质量分数)具有显著差异(t检验,p < 0.01).15种主要树种平均灰分含量(质量分数)从高到低依次为春榆、山杨、蒙古栎、紫椴、黄檗、枫桦、水曲柳、鱼鳞云杉、五角枫、胡桃楸、红松、臭冷杉、紫杉、落叶松、白桦.15种主要树种不同器官的去灰分热值为:树叶20.85～22.85 kJ/g;树枝19.92～21.95 kJ/g;树干19.66～21.98 kJ/g;树皮18 58～21.74 kJ/g.15种主要树种不同器官的去灰分热值基本从高到低依次为树叶、树枝、树干、树皮;不同器官的去灰分热值具有显著差异(t检验,p < 0.01).15种主要树种平均去灰分热值从高到低依次为落叶松、红松、紫杉、鱼鳞云杉、胡桃楸、臭冷杉、山杨、五角枫、白桦、黄檗、水曲柳、紫椴、蒙古栎、枫桦、春榆.15种主要树种不同器官的碳含量(质量分数)为:树叶43 11%～45.08%;树枝44.31%～46.06%;树干46.30%～47.46%;树皮44.31%～45.46%.15种主要树种不同器官的去灰分热值基本从高到低依次为树干、树枝、树皮、树叶;不同器官的碳含量(质量分数)具有显著差异(t检验,p < 0.01).15种主要树种平均碳含量(质量分数)从高到低依次为落叶松、臭冷杉、鱼鳞云杉、红松、黄檗、紫杉、紫椴、山杨、白桦、枫桦、水曲柳、胡桃楸、五角枫、蒙古栎、春榆.针叶树种平均灰分含量普遍低于阔叶树种,平均去灰分热值和平均碳含量普遍高于阔叶树种.     

鄱阳湖黄鳝的生长特征

以基舌骨和脊椎骨作为年龄鉴定的材料,研究了鄱阳湖黄鳝(Monopterus albus)种群的生长特征.结果表明,种群的年龄结构分别为:雌性1～5龄,雄性2～6龄,2～5龄为黄鳝性别的过渡期(间性).2～4龄为优势年龄组,占渔获物的89.75%,相对应的体长为30～50 cm,体重为30～120 g.体长(L)与体重(W)的关系为:W=0.000 4L3.2601(♀);W=0.001 4L2.9008(∮).按生长指标值分析,阶段生长可以明显地划分为两个时期,即2龄前的生长迅速期和2龄后的生长稳定期.拟合的Von Bertalanffy生长参数分别为雌性L∞=78.5 Cm,k=0.174 02/y,t0=-1.203 2 Y,W∞:602.01 g;雄性L∞=102.3 cm,k=0.118 45/y,t0=-1.310 1 Y,W-=947.32 g;生长特征参数分别为ψ=3.030 3(♀)和ψ=3.093 4(∮);雌雄个体生长差异显著.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Uniform hypothesis of cell behavior--movement, contact inhibition of movement, adhesion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, division, contact inhibition of division, fusion.

The cell has been represented as a charged liquid drop. Contrary to the DLVO-theory, the effect of the surface potential upon the value of the interfacial tension of the cell membrane has also been taken into consideration. The cell membrane has visco-elastic properties and its constituents may move against each other. Cell movement is caused by the appearance of a small number of the electrically charged constituents of the cell membrane on the leading edge of the cell. This produces a local decrease in the surface tension and the cell membrane expansion. At the moment of contact between two cells proton transfers occur between the strongly negatively charged microvilli of one cell and the body of the other, analogous to a condenser breakdown. This, through the effect on the surface tension, causes contact inhibition of movement. The distribution of the proton dissociable groups modifies the interaction between the cells (differentiation) and between the cell and the substratum (adhesion). Adsorption of the charged compounds at the surface of the cell membrane, decreasing the surface potential and increasing the surface tension, causes the phenomena of chemotaxis, phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Cell division, considered in the terms of the surface energy, requires an adequate supply of considerable quantities of energy inversely proportional to the surface potential value. In case of a reduction of the distance between the cells, their surface potential and the energetic barrier of the cell division processes increases, and causes contact inhibition of cell division. Due to their high charge, division of neoplastic cells is inhibited much later than division of normal cells, or is completely ininhibited due to geometric conditions. Fusion of the cell membrane in the intra-cellular and intercellular processes is a reverse process in relation to the cell division.     

The effect of malathion,diazinon, and various concentrations of zinc,copper, nickel,lead, iron,and mercury on fish

Acute and chronic toxicity tests for malathion, diazinon, copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) were conducted. Mortalities ofBarilius vagra andCyprinus carpio (common carp) were variable but LC50-96 hr were similar for pesticides. AdultB. vagra seem to be more sensitive to malathion than juvenile carp. Both juvenile carp and adultB. vagra were extremely sensitive to diazinon. Long-term exposure to pesticides modified morphology and behavior. The LC50-96 values for Cu, Hg, and Pb were 0.3, 0.16, and 0.44, respectively, for smaller fish and 1.0, 0.77, and 1.33, respectively, for larger fish. Replicate LC50 values for Zn, Ni, and Fe were somewhat variable, and for these metals, the size of the fish seemed to affect response because LC50 values increased as fish size increased. Cooper, Pb, Zn, and Fe residues following exposure to sublethal concentrations of these metals for 15 d were significantly greater in whole juvenile common carp than in controls.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Further studies of the sieve-element plastids of theCaryophyllales includingBarbeuia,Corrigiola, Lyallia,Microtea, Sarcobatus,andTelephium

The sieve-element plastids of 69 species of theCaryophyllales were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. All contained the specific subtype-P3 plastids characterized by a peripheral ring of protein filaments. The presence or absence of an additional central protein crystal and their shape being either polygonal or globular as well as the average sizes of the sieve-element plastids are useful features in the characterization of some families.—Barbeuia contains sieve-element plastids that confirm its placement within thePhytolaccaceae. Lyallia differs fromHectorella by including small starch grains in their sieve-element plastids, which otherwise by their globular crystals negate a closer connection to theCaryophyllaceae. The lack of a central protein crystal in its form-P3fs plastids placesMicrotea best within theChenopodiaceae. Sarcobatus, a so far uncontested member of theChenopodiaceae, contains form-P3cf plastids, i.e., including a central crystal not found elsewhere in this family.Telephium andCorrigiola, shifted back and forth betweenMolluginaceae andCaryophyllaceae, have form-P3cf(s) plastids with a polygonal crystal which favor their placement within theCaryophyllaceae.     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

Translocation of radionuclides of Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Y, Tc, and Re into organs of tomato plant via roots

The translocation of the radionuclides of Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Y, Tc, and Re into red and green fruits, flesh, seeds, rind, calyxes, flower, leaves, and stems via the root of the tomato plant at two different growth stages was studied by a multitracer technique. The contents (%/g) of Co, Zn, Se, and Y in the roots were the highest among the organs, but only small amounts of them were translocated into the aerial parts after 5 d cultivation with a multitracer. In contrast, Rb, Tc, and Re showed rapid translocation into the stems and leaves from the root. In the plants cultivated for 95 d with a multitracer, Zn, Se, and Rb distributed in all of the organs, Co in the organs except for flowers, and Y, Tc, and Re in the limited organs. The translocation ratio of the elements for the edible part of the plants cultivated for 95 d decreased in the order of Rb>Zn>Co≈Se>Tc≈Y>Re. The transfer factor of the elements for tomato fruit was determined to be in the range of 10⁻⁵–10⁻². The characteristic translocation behavior of the elements gives us fundamental information on the assessment of pollutant uptake by the tomato plant.