基于核基因RAG1部分序列探讨菊头蝠科和蹄蝠科的系统发育关系

应用核基因重组激活基因1(Recombination activating gene,RAG1)部分序列对贵州9种菊头蝠和5种蹄蝠的系统发育关系进行了研究,运用贝叶斯法(Bayesian inference,BI)、最大似然法(Maximum likelihood,ML)和邻接法(Neighbor-joining,NJ)构建了系统进化树。研究结果表明:1.菊头蝠科和蹄蝠科形成两个平行的分支,支持它们是两个平行科的结论。2.马铁菊头蝠是菊头蝠科中第一个独立出来的亚分支,与其余8种菊头蝠的亲缘关系最远;Rhinolophus sp.与大菊头蝠聚合为一支,推测Rhinolophus sp.可能是大菊头蝠,或者是大菊头蝠的近缘种,它们是继马铁菊头蝠之后分离出来的第二亚分支;中华菊头蝠、栗黄菊头蝠、中菊头蝠聚合为第三亚分支,贵州菊头蝠、大耳菊头蝠、菲菊头蝠聚合为第四亚分支,此两分支形成姊妹群。3.在蹄蝠科的亚分支中,三叶蹄蝠、小蹄蝠、普氏蹄蝠依次分离出来,最后分出的是大蹄蝠和中蹄蝠。     

河南济源马铁菊头蝠不同越冬期肠道寄生蠕虫群落比较

2005～2006年和2006～2007年冬季分别对济源市人工隧道马铁菊头蝠(Rhinolophusferrmequinum)越冬群消化道寄生蠕虫进行了调查并对其寄生蠕虫群落进行比较。结果显示,济源市人工隧道马铁菊头蝠越冬期消化道寄生蠕虫共有5种,2种吸虫,即济源中孔吸虫(Mesotretes jiyuanensis)和朝鲜斜睾吸虫(Plagiorchis koreanus),2种绦虫,即垦丁蝙蝠绦虫(Vampirolepis kengtingensis)和东北蝙蝠绦虫(V.toohokuensis),1种线虫,即比勒陀利亚圆钩线虫(Strongylacantha pretoriensis)。2006～2007年越冬期缺少了垦丁蝙蝠绦虫。2005～2006年越冬期总感染率为94.74%,吸虫和线虫的感染率分别为73.68%和63.18%,2006～2007年总感染率为91.30%,吸虫和线虫的感染率分别为78.26%和65.22%。两个越冬群感染平均强度和平均密度比较高的是济源中孔吸虫和比勒陀利亚圆钩线虫,优势种以济源中孔吸虫和比勒陀利亚圆钩线虫为主;所感染蝙蝠体内寄生2种蠕虫的蝙蝠个体在两个冬眠群中占蝙蝠总数的比例都比较高(约50%以上);虫体数量在30条以内的蝙蝠个体约占蝙蝠感染总数的75%以上。数量较多的朝鲜斜睾吸虫、济源中孔吸虫和比勒陀利亚圆钩线虫在越冬群马铁菊头蝠消化道内彼此间没有明显的协同或排斥作用,这3种寄生蠕虫的寄生事件应该是相互独立的。结果表明,济源市人工隧道越冬马铁菊头蝠群消化道寄生蠕虫感染率比较高,不同年度冬眠期消化道内寄生蠕虫除朝鲜斜睾吸虫的平均强度和平均密度差异显著之外,相同种类之间几乎没有差异,冬眠期蝙蝠寄生蠕虫的群落结构几乎没有变化。     

河南省二种菊头蝠的核型研究

取骨髓细胞采用空气干燥法对河南省二种菊头蝠的核型进行研究。结果：1．中菊头蝠染色体数为2n=62,N,F=60,属于Harada等划分的菊头蝠属的第1类群,即最原始的类群;2．马铁菊头蝠染色体数为2n=58．N．F=60,属于Harada等划分的菊头蝠属的第2类群;3．马铁菊头蝠的核型为国内首次报道。     

四川产中菊头蝠喜马拉雅亚种和马铁菊头蝠日本亚种外部形态及头骨的比较

对四川产中菊头蝠喜马拉雅亚种(Rhinolophus affinis himalayanus)和马铁菊头蝠日本亚种(R.ferrumequinum nippon)的23项外部形态指标和22项头骨形态指标进行了测量,并进行数理统计分析。结果表明,(1)中菊头蝠喜马拉雅亚种和马铁菊头蝠日本亚种的23项外部形态测量指标中有2项差异显著(P<0.05),16项差异极显著(P<0.01),其中:中菊头蝠喜马拉雅亚种(n=14)体长小于59 mm(47.30~58.40),尾长小于26 mm(21.69~25.68),耳长小于22 mm(18.36~21.88),前臂长小于56 mm(50.9~54.20),第Ⅲ掌骨第一指节长小于16 mm(13.2~15.53),第Ⅲ掌骨第二指节小于32 mm(27.38~31.74);而马铁菊头蝠日本亚种(n=6)体长大于62 mm(62.43~66.76),尾长大于30 mm(30.56~36.18),耳长大于24 mm(24.47~27.20),前臂长大于56 mm(58.78~63.46),第Ⅲ掌骨第一指节大于19 mm(19.38~21.39),第Ⅲ掌骨第二指节大于34 mm(34.42~38.11),这些差异可作为区分四川产这两个种的依据。(2)中菊头蝠喜马拉雅亚种和马铁菊头蝠日本亚种的22项头骨形态测量指标中,除颅高、听泡间距差异不显著(P>0.05)外,其他20项指标都存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。     

基于线粒体16S rRNA基因部分序列探讨贵州9种菊头蝠(翼手目:菊头蝠科)的分子系统进化关系

依据部分线粒体16S rRNA基因序列,我们对贵州九种菊头蝠进行了分子系统进化关系研究.结果表明:马铁菊头蝠与其他菊头蝠亲缘关系较远,它可能是最原始的种类.中华菊头蝠和贵州菊头蝠聚在同一分支,表明它们之间亲缘关系非常接近,高鞍菊头蝠和贵州菊头蝠的DNA差异百分比最小(1.13%),因此认为这两个种亲缘关系也非常接近.     

马铁菊头蝠捕食活动与猎物资源的关系

捕食者与猎物的关系研究对了解物种捕食行为及种群空间格局具有重要意义。采用Avisoft Bioacoustics超声波仪录制马铁菊头蝠自然状态下的声波以确定其捕食活动强度,用灯诱法、扫网法和飞行阻隔法相结合采集昆虫,搜集蝙蝠粪便并分析其食物组成。结果表明,马铁菊头蝠在8月份活动最频繁,昆虫丰富度在8月份最丰富,马铁菊头蝠捕食活动与鳞翅目丰富度呈显著正相关。马铁菊头蝠主要以鳞翅目和鞘翅目为食,但食性存在明显的月份变化。卡方检验结果表明,马铁菊头蝠捕食的猎物与环境中可利用的昆虫猎物存在显著差异。在食物资源丰富时,马铁菊头蝠选择性地捕食营养丰富的鞘翅目昆虫。     

软体亚睾吸虫在中国首次发现

1986年4—6月对浙江省部分地区的蝙蝠寄生吸虫进行了区系调查,在安吉县的折翼蝠(Miniopterus schreibersii chinensis)的小肠中采得一些标本,经鉴定其中有一些标本为枝腺科(Lecithodendriidae)的软体亚睾吸虫Postorchigenes duboisi。该虫由Rohde,1963年首次发现于马来亚蝙蝠Cheiromeles torquatus的小肠中。本文标本的形态结构与马来亚的标本相比,除本文标本的睾丸略大为0.142—0.213×0.127—0.198mm,生殖孔的位置稍偏腹吸盘的左侧后方外,其它基本相同。本种在中国是首次报道。41软体亚睾吸虫在中国首次发现@孙希达$杭州师范学院 @陈…     

坚盘属(Pycnoporus)吸虫的分类及三新种的描述(吸虫纲:枝腺科)

关于我国枝腺科(Lecithodendriidae Odhner,1911)吸虫,福井玉夫与尾形藤治(1939)曾报告东北地区所采得的肠前腺属(Prosthodendrium)吸虫一种;陈心陶(1954)对肠前腺属吸虫的分类进行了研究,记载了华南地区采得的肠前腺属吸虫六种,并将肠前腺属中具有长形口吸盘与长形口的虫种分出,另建长吸盘属(Longitrema Chen,1954)。综上所述,我国已有记载的枝腺科吸虫仅肠前腺属六种,本科其他属虫种尚未见文献记载。作者     

枝腺科一新亚科、新属及三新种(吸虫纲:枝腺科)

本文报道作者近年来在江西鸟类和哺乳类所采集的枝腺科吸虫中的三新种,包括一新亚科和新届的建立。卷尾卵形吸虫,新种Cladorchis dicruris sp.nov.寄生于鸟类灰卷尾Dicrurs leucophaeusVieillot的肠道外壁结缔组织囊内,据其形态特征,建立了枝睾属,新属Cladorchis gen.nov.和枝睾亚科,新亚枓Cladorchiinae subf.nov.,同时对枝腺科各亚科检索表进行了补充。巨睪副囊吸虫,新种Parabascus macrorchis sp.nov.见于安氏棕蝠Eptesicus andersoni的小肠肉;平睾坚囊吸虫,新种Pycnoporus(Pycnoporus)parallelorchis sp.nov.见于折翼蝠Miniopterus schrcibersii的小肠内。     

安徽的菊头蝠

菊头蝠属于翼手目菊头蝠科,本科和蹄蝠科HIPPOSIDERIDAE的脸部均具复杂的鼻叶(皮肤叶)。有人将它们分列为亚科,隶属于菊头蝠科内。本文仍按Miller(1907)等人意见各单列为一科。本科仅具一属,约69种,国内有14种。我省已知9种,主要分布于皖南地区,马铁菊头蝠及角菊头蝠等少数种类延伸至江淮及皖西。它们的鼻叶主要分为马蹄叶、鞍状叶和顶叶三个部分(见图),鼻叶的特点是种的一个重要分类依据。齿式为:1、1、2、3/2、1、2、3=32枚。图鼻叶示意图(左:角菊头蝠中:绒菊头蝠右:鲁氏菊头蝠)种的检索表(括号内系分布地区)1.鞍状叶与连接突间具凹…     

Functional significance of emergence timing in bats

We investigated intraspecific differences in evening emergence time of northern bats Eptesicus nilssonii , greater horseshoe bats Rhinolophus ferrumequinum and lesser horseshoe bats R. hipposideros. Significant differences in emergence time were associated with presumed variation in predation risk, related to light intensity, and energetic benefits of early emergence, caused by differences in age, reproductive state (energetic demands), and body condition. Females of both species emerged progressively later as pregnancy advanced, perhaps because of decreased flight performance, and earlier as lactation proceeded, probably because of increased energy demands and low reserves. Bats under energetic stress, due to persistent low ambient temperatures during pregnancy, or when body reserves were low, emerged relatively early, and hence appeared to take higher risks, than other bats. Young bats emerged much later than the adults at first, but progressively earlier as their flight skills improved. Lesser horseshoe bats emerged later at exposed roost exits than in more protected situations. The results largely corroborate the hypothesis that emergence time, and therefore feeding performance, of insectivorous bats is constrained at bright light conditions, possibly by predation risk (from birds), and modified by energetic considerations.     

Prey pursuit strategy of Japanese horseshoe bats during an in-flight target-selection task

The prey pursuit behavior of Japanese horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum nippon) was investigated by tasking bats during flight with choosing between two tethered fluttering moths. Echolocation pulses were recorded using a telemetry microphone mounted on the bat combined with a 17-channel horizontal microphone array to measure pulse directions. Flight paths of the bat and moths were monitored using two high-speed video cameras. Acoustical measurements of returning echoes from fluttering moths were first collected using an ultrasonic loudspeaker, turning the head direction of the moth relative to the loudspeaker from 0° (front) to 180° (back) in the horizontal plane. The amount of acoustical glints caused by moth fluttering varied with the sound direction, reaching a maximum at 70°–100° in the horizontal plane. In the flight experiment, moths chosen by the bat fluttered within or moved across these angles relative to the bat’s pulse direction, which would cause maximum dynamic changes in the frequency and amplitude of acoustical glints during flight. These results suggest that echoes with acoustical glints containing the strongest frequency and amplitude modulations appear to attract bats for prey selection.     

On-board telemetry of emitted sounds from free-flying bats: compensation for velocity and distance stabilizes echo frequency and amplitude

To understand complex sensory-motor behavior related to object perception by echolocating bats, precise measurements are needed for echoes that bats actually listen to during flight. Recordings of echolocation broadcasts were made from flying bats with a miniature light-weight microphone and radio transmitter (Telemike) set at the position of the bat's ears and carried during flights to a landing point on a wall. Telemike recordings confirm that flying horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum nippon) adjust the frequency of their sonar broadcasts to compensate for echo Doppler shifts. Returning constant frequency echoes were maintained at the bat's reference frequency +/-83 Hz during flight, indicating that the bats compensated for frequency changes with an accuracy equivalent to that at rest. The flying bats simultaneously compensate for increases in echo amplitude as target range becomes shorter. Flying bats thus receive echoes with both stabilized frequencies and stabilized amplitudes. Although it is widely understood that Doppler-shift frequency compensation facilitates detection of fluttering insects, approaches to a landing do not involve fluttering objects. Combined frequency and amplitude compensation may instead be for optimization of successive frequency modulated echoes for target range estimation to control approach and landing.     

Gastrointestinal helminths of pipistrelle bats (Pipistrellus pipistrellus/Pipistrellus pygmaeus) (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) of England

Although bats are one of the most successful and diverse of mammalian orders, studies that focus upon bat endoparasites are limited. To further knowledge of bat parasitology, pipistrelle bats (Pipistrellus pipistrellus and P. pygmaeus) were acquired from across the Greater Manchester and Lancashire region of England and examined for gastrointestinal helminths using morphological and molecular analyses. Sixty-eight of 90 adult/juvenile bats (76% prevalence) were infected with at least 1 species of helminth and mean helminth abundance was 48·2 (+/-7·0). All helminths were digenean trematodes and the following species were identified in 51 P. pipistrellus specimens (prevalence in parentheses): Lecithodendrium linstowi (80·4%), L. spathulatum (19·6%), Prosthodendrium sp. (35·3%), Plagiorchis koreanus (29·4%) and Pycnoporus heteroporus (9·8%). Statistical analyses, incorporating multifactorial models, showed that male bats exhibited a significantly more aggregated helminth distribution and lower abundance than females. Positive associations were observed between L. linstowi and L. spathulatum, Prosthodendrium sp. and P. heteroporus and between L. spathulatum and P. koreanus. A revised phylogeny of bat-associated Lecithodendriidae, incorporating novel L. spathulatum and Prosthodendrium sp. 28S rRNA sequences, separated the controversial clade formed by L. linstowi and P. hurkovaae. Further studies are likely to assist the understanding of bat-parasite/pathogen relationships, helminth infracommunity structures and phylogenetics.     

同一山洞中五种蝙蝠的回声定位比较及生态位的分化

对同一山洞中5种蝙蝠的回声定位叫声和外部形态作了比较分析,根据蝙蝠回声定位叫声,形态特征与捕食策略之间的联系,并结合部分的野外观察研究,推断其捕食生境及捕食策略,并对洞中5种共栖蝙蝠的生态位分化进行了分析;研究结果如下：（1）南蝠（Ia io)在地面或树冠中间的开阔空间捕食个体较大的昆虫;（2）大鼠耳蝠（Myotis myotis)主要以掠食性方式（gleaning) 捕食森林或草地地表面的昆虫;（3）黄大蹄幅（Hipposideros pratti)主要在树冠周围或树冠上方进行捕蝇器式（Fly-catching)（即倒挂于一固定枝条或地点,探索周围飞行或接近的昆虫,探索到后捕捉回原倒挂地点再进食）或飞行捕食,它主要捕食个体较大的甲虫;（4）角菊头蝠（Rhinolophus cornutus)主要在较密集树木中（枝叶间）,农田及树木周围捕食型较小的翼拍动昆虫;（5）三叶蹄幅（Aselliscus wheeleri)是在树木,灌丛或在其周围空间内捕食较小的翼拍动昆虫,但其食性可能菊头蝠不同,根据以上研究结果,认为这5种蝙蝠的取食生态位存在着明显的分化。     

太行山南段洞栖蝙蝠的分布及栖息地重要性分析

2009年8月至2010年9月,对太行山南段的洞栖蝙蝠及栖息地进行了调查,共调查洞穴38个,其中28个洞穴为首次调查,共观察到蝙蝠约17000只,隶属2科4属9种,其中分布最广、数量最多的是马铁菊头蝠。测量洞穴的总水平长度、最大宽度和最大高度,并以洞穴内蝙蝠的种群数量(Ai)与根据物种生存状态赋值的权重(Mi)乘积之和评估洞穴重要性。在调查的洞穴中,最重要的洞穴是黄楝树水渠,有8种约2500只蝙蝠在此繁殖和冬眠;其次是涧河洞,有5种约2100只蝙蝠在此繁殖和冬眠。基于洞栖蝙蝠种类和洞穴测量数据的聚类及主成分分析,探讨了太行山南段东西两侧洞栖蝙蝠的分布状况、不同类型栖息地之间的差异以及洞栖蝙蝠对栖息地的选择。太行山南段东西两侧洞栖蝙蝠的种类和种群数量差异不显著。冬眠洞穴的总水平长度、最大宽度、最大高度、郁闭度均显著大于非冬眠洞穴。影响蝙蝠栖息地选择的主要因子有地形因子、隐蔽因子和干扰因子,这3个主成分的累计贡献率达到85.96%。目前,这些洞穴的保护现状均不理想,一些洞穴已经或正在被开发成旅游景点,这使该地区洞栖蝙蝠面临严重的生存危机。本研究结果以期能为决策者在制定开发旅游策略时提供参考和依据。     

Genetic variation and population structure in the endangered greater horseshoe bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum

Following a dramatic decline last century, the British population of the endangered greater horseshoe bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum is highly fragmented. To examine the consequences of fragmentation and limited dispersal on patterns of genetic structure and variation, we used microsatellite markers to screen bats from around 50% of the known maternity colonies in Britain, and two areas from continental Europe. Analyses revealed that Welsh and English colonies were genetically isolated. This, and lower variability in Britain than north France, may result from either genetic drift, or the species' colonization history. Gene flow among most neighbouring colonies was not generally restricted, with one exception. These findings have important implications for the ongoing conservation management of this species.     

马铁菊头蝠(Rhinolophus ferrumequinum)回声定位声波与生境类型和环境因子的关系

2007年在吉林省罗通山自然保护区,利用超声波探测仪（Avisoft-SASLAB PRO）录制并分析不同生境中马铁菊头蝠的回声定位声波。结果显示马铁菊头蝠在不同类型生境中活动;各生境中回声定位声波参数存在显著差异（one-way ANOVA,P〈0.05）。从环境因子中通过主成分分析筛选出与其回声定位声波相关的植被、气候和地形因子,探讨回声定位声波与这些因子的相关性。结果显示FM1和FM2带宽与乔木高（r=-0.948,-0.825;P〈0.05）、FM1起始频率和FM2终止频率与林冠面积（r=-0.967,-0.958;P〈0.05）、FM1起始频率、FM2终止频率和峰频与湿度（r=-0.776、-0.875和-0.794,P〈0.05）、脉冲持续时间和脉冲间隔与平均灌木高均呈显著负相关（r=-0.911,-0.990;P〈0.05）,峰频与植被株数（r=0.756,P〈0.05）、脉冲持续时间与冠下高呈显著正相关（r=0.870,P〈0.05）。表明各种环境因子（植被因子、气候因子和地形因子）都在一定程度上影响回声定位声波,回声定位声波具有表型可塑性和生境适应性,这些特性决定了马铁菊头蝠生境利用的程度和可利用的资源。