人巨细胞病毒病毒体的组装研究新进展

阐明人巨细胞病毒（HCMV）病毒体的组装过程对研究HCMV致病分子机制有重要意义,同时可为抗病毒药物的设计与运用提供新的思路。HCMV组装可概括为两大阶段：初期为入核阶段,主要为核衣壳的组装。在胞质中表达的病毒蛋白形成多种形式的多聚体进入细胞核,在核内相互作用形成衣壳并将病毒DNA装入衣壳中,核衣壳初步形成。第二阶段为出核阶段,主要涉及被膜与包膜的组装。在核中形成的原始核衣壳出核移至胞质,最终在胞质中组装完成,此过程极其复杂,涉及众多蛋白间相互作用及宿主细胞的参与。值得一提的是,组装过程中多种蛋白的变异会导致病毒复制失败。组装完成的病毒体经修饰成熟释放出细胞后,再感染新的宿主细胞。本文对HCMV病毒体组装机制的最新研究作一综述。     

杆状病毒核衣壳组装相关蛋白研究进展

杆状病毒生命周期中会产生包埋型和芽生型两种病毒粒子,这两种病毒粒子的包膜组成存在明显的差异,但拥有相同的核衣壳结构.杆状病毒核衣壳是由衣壳蛋白和杆状病毒基因组两部分组成,核衣壳的正常组装对两种病毒粒子的形成都是不可或缺的,因此核衣壳的正常组装在病毒的整个感染传播过程中发挥着重要作用.尽管越来越多参与核衣壳组装的蛋白被鉴定出来,目前还有许多核衣壳组装细节不明了,例如这些衣壳蛋白之间的互作关系是怎样的,宿主通过何种方式参与到病毒核衣壳组装过程等.本文主要以杆状病毒模式物种苜蓿银纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒(Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus,AcMNPV)为例综述了参与杆状病毒核衣壳组装的相关蛋白,并对一些参与核衣壳运输有关的核衣壳蛋白也做了阐述.     

鸭肠炎病毒CHv强毒株超微结构研究

将鸭成纤维细胞培养的鸭肠炎病毒(DEV),经超声处理、高速冷冻差速离心后,采用酒石酸钾—甘油非线性密度梯度超速离心,收集病毒蛋白带,3%磷钨酸负染后观察病毒粒子形态。结果表明:病毒粒子主要集中在40%~50%酒石酸钾—甘油缓冲液交界层。电镜下,病毒粒子纯净,具有疱疹病毒典型形态结构,剖面六角,外观轮廓清楚。成熟病毒粒子直径约150~266nm,病毒囊膜、核衣壳和核心清晰可见;囊膜外层较内层着色略深,且可见尚未形成完整囊膜的柄状拖尾结构。多数病毒粒子以单核衣壳为主,一定数量的病毒具有双核衣壳,偶见三核衣壳,核衣壳直径为100~150nm,呈现致密圆形、半圆形或马蹄形等类型。在核衣壳外和囊膜之间可见明显的亮晕。核心DNA电子染色较深,集中分布,直径40~65nm。本文获得的清晰DEV负染超微结构照片,为该病毒结构生物学的研究提供了重要依据。     

疱疹病毒UL26．5基因及其编码蛋白研究进展

疱疹病毒是一类具有相同形态学且有较大囊膜的双链DNA病毒,分为α、β和γ三类疱疹病毒亚科.成熟病毒粒子近似球形,直径120nm～200nm,主要山核心(core)、衣壳(capsid)、外膜(tegument)和囊膜(envelope)4部分组成.衣壳是疱疹病毒的重要组成部分,它在细胞核内装配并包装DNA,然后转移到细胞质中被膜成熟.正常衣壳的形成必须围绕一个由UL26.5蛋白和UL26支架蛋白组成的内部支架进行组装.     

SARS冠状病毒核衣壳蛋白的研究进展

核衣壳蛋白(N蛋白)是SARS冠状病毒(SARS-CoV)的结构蛋白,与病毒RNA结合形成核衣壳,是主要的抗原分子。最近的亚定位研究表明,它主要定位到细胞质,核仁内也有较少的分布。SARS-CoVN蛋白参与SARS-CoVRNA合成的调控以及核衣壳的形成,并能结合人亲环素(hCypA)解离病毒核心,激活AP-1信号转导途径,类泛素蛋白化干扰宿主细胞分裂,在缺乏生长因子的情况下诱导细胞凋亡。     

SARS冠状病毒中的核衣壳蛋白

严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)的元凶是一种新冠状病毒,研究病毒结构蛋白的功能有助于了解病毒的感染、复制和包装等生理过程。其中核衣壳蛋白是SARS冠状病毒中含量最丰富和最保守的结构蛋白,自身聚合后包被病毒RNA基因组形成螺旋状核壳体是SARS冠状病毒成熟的关键步骤;核衣壳蛋白能与病毒或宿主细胞中多种蛋白质相互作用,还能影响宿主细胞的多个通路。因此核衣壳蛋白是一个重要的多功能蛋白质,参与了病毒感染、复制和病毒包装等过程。     

福州地区对虾白斑病病毒的超微结构

在福州地区分离到一种高致病性的白斑病病毒,该病毒仅存在于细胞质中,完整的病毒粒子有囊膜,一端略圆,一端稍尖,直径约为80～100 nm,囊膜与核衣壳之间的间隙约为20～25 nm.该病毒在细胞内不形成包含体,但有些可形成封入体.负染观察到的病毒核衣壳呈直杆状,但长度和直径相差较大,最长的病毒超过600 nm.这些特征与其它已报道的白斑病病毒有所不同,因此暂将它称为"对虾白斑病病毒福州分离株".     

福州地区对虾白斑病病毒的超微结构

在福州地区分离到一种高致病性的白斑病病毒 ,该病毒仅存在于细胞质中 ,完整的病毒粒子有囊膜 ,一端略圆 ,一端稍尖 ,直径约为 80～ 10 0nm ,囊膜与核衣壳之间的间隙约为 2 0～ 2 5nm。该病毒在细胞内不形成包含体 ,但有些可形成封入体。负染观察到的病毒核衣壳呈直杆状 ,但长度和直径相差较大 ,最长的病毒超过 6 0 0nm。这些特征与其它已报道的白斑病病毒有所不同 ,因此暂将它称为“对虾白斑病病毒福州分离株”。     

水痘—带状疱疹病毒分离株核衣壳的形态特征

本文用超萍切片电镜技术对水痘－带状疱疹病毒（VZV）分离株J1的核衣壳进行了形态学研究。结果表明,在病毒感染后5小时即可观察到细胞核内大量的病毒核心相关颗粒和少量核衣壳。在细胞核内和细胞浆内均可见到病毒基质或毒浆结构。VZVJ1株具有三种类型的核衣壳,命名为A型、B型、C型核衣壳。A型具有电子致密核心,B型的核心呈颗粒状,C型具有电子透明核心。三种核衣壳大小一致,直径75－100nm,核心为35－55nm。将VZV的核衣壳与疱疹病毒科其它成员作了比较分析,并对各种核衣壳在病毒成熟过程中的作用进行了探讨。     

人巨细胞病毒在SL_7细胞中的形态发生

人巨细胞病毒(HCMV)AD_(169)株接种SL_7细胞后三至四天,可见核衣壳在核内装配,通过核膜芽生,从核周间隙移行至胞浆的囊泡中,形成完整的病毒。感染后四天核内可见许多核衣壳与纽网状物紧密结合形成典型的包含体,因此包含体可能是病毒复制的场所。此时浆内出现电子密度均一的物质,称CMV致密体。免疫电镜显示致密体缺乏核衣壳,但具有病毒相同的抗原性。它可能是装配和包裹核衣壳的结构蛋白。CMV和致密体在感染细胞中以同一方式从细胞中释放。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).