东海表层沉积物纯培养与非培养细菌多样性

于2011年7月采集了浙江舟山沿岸海底沉积物样品(122°10′41″E,29°49′7″N),通过埋片原位观察、荧光显微计数、纯培养菌分离以及非培养细菌构建克隆文库的方法,分析和研究了东海表层沉积物细菌群落结构及其多样性.埋片原位观察和荧光显微计数法的结果表明:沉积物样品中细菌的细胞数量为(9.30±3.44)×107 cells/g;通过分离纯化共获得313株细菌,分属于20个属,4种培养基对细菌的分离效果依次为RO＞M l＞Zobell 2216＞MR2A;常规形态学与生理生化鉴定结果显示芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和海球菌属(Marinococcus)从数量和种类上皆为优势菌属,分别占分离菌株总数的21.08％和17.25％;对73株典型海洋细菌进行16S rDNA分子鉴定发现,厚壁菌门(57.5％)、γ-变形杆菌纲(32.9％)、黄杆菌纲(4.1％)和放线菌纲(5.5％)等为主要类群.非培养细菌克隆文库序列分析发现:细菌克隆子主要属于厚壁菌门和变形杆菌门,而芽孢杆菌纲和γ-变形杆菌纲是上述两个门的优势类群.综合纯培养与非培养数据得出东海海域表层沉积物细菌多样性丰富,具有进一步开发研究的价值.     

北极海洋沉积物中锰细菌的分离与系统发育

对中国第二次北极科学考察采集的北极海洋沉积物中的锰细菌进行了筛选、分离和系统发育分析。根据其在筛选平板上菌落的形态学特征,分别从站位P11和S11采集的沉积物中分离到了21株和19株锰细菌。系统发育分析表明,两个站位的锰细菌群落组成有着明显的差别。站位P11分离的可培养锰细菌主要由细菌域（Bacteria）中变形杆菌门的γ-变形杆菌纲（γ-Proteobacteria）和放线菌纲（Actinobacteria）组成,二者分别占86％和14％;γ-变形杆菌纲主要包括嗜冷杆菌属（Psychrobacter）、希瓦氏菌属（Shewanella）、假交替单胞菌属（Pseudoaheromonas）、不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）、海杆菌属（Marinobacter）,其中以嗜冷杆菌属为主,其比例可达67％。从站位S11分离到的可培养锰细菌主要包括细菌域中变形杆菌门的α-变形杆菌纲（α-Proteobacteria）和γ-变形杆菌纲以及拟杆菌门（Bacteroides）中的黄杆菌纲（Flavobaeteria）;γ-变形杆菌纲主要包括希瓦氏菌属、海单胞菌属（Marinomonas）和交替单胞菌属（Aheromonas）,α-变形杆菌纲主要为鞘氨醇单胞菌属（Sphingomonas）。实验菌株均对Mn^2＋有着较强的抗性,其中以菌株Marinomonas sp．S11-S-4耐受性最高。     

东海近海浮游多毛类数量分布与环境关系

根据2002--2003年在东海近海28°00′N-32°00′N、122°00′N-123°30′E4个季节的海洋调查,探讨了东海近海浮游多毛类总丰度和种类变化的季节特征以及这些变化与水团的关系、优势种的数量变动和对多毛类的贡献和优势种的环境适应等,并与东海外海多毛类的生态特征做了比较。结果表明：该海域浮游多毛类总丰度具有明显的季节变化;夏季平均丰度最高（1．30ind·m^-3）,分布范围最广,春季平均丰度最低（0．04ind·m^-3）;调查共发现15种浮游多毛类,盲蚕（Typhloscolex muelleri）、明蚕（Vanadis sp．）和泳蚕（Plotohelmis capitata）是优势种,其中盲蚕是四季的优势种,夏季和冬季的优势度较高分别为0．16和0．1,明蚕仅是夏季的优势种,泳蚕仅是秋季的优势种;盲蚕在春、冬季贡献率较高,分别为1和0．94,占绝对优势,更适应暖水广盐的环境;东海近海浮游多毛类具有种类数变化大,种类组成多样的特点;不同季节数量变化较大,平面分布格局各不相同。     

东海海樽类生态类群统计分析

依据1997～2000年在东海23°30′～33°00′N、118°30′～128°00′E4个季节的海洋调查资料,采用曲线拟合,构造数学模型和极大值分析等数学方法,研究海樽类最适温度和盐度,籍此进一步分析其生态类群。结果表明,Yield Density模型可以应用于大多数海樽类最适温度和盐度的统计推断。依据物种分布的最适温度和盐度值,并参考其地理和季节分布特征,认为梭形纽鳃樽（Salpa fusiformis）属暖温带外海种;羽环纽鳃樽长柄亚种（Cyclosalpa pinnata polae）和安纽鳃樽（Ritteriella amboinensis）为热带大洋种;双尾纽鳃樽东方亚种（Thalia decocratica orientalis）、小齿海樽（Doliolum denticulatum）和软拟海樽（Dolioetta.gegenbauri）等其余13种为亚热带外海种。海樽类多数物种可以作为水团的指示种。梭形纽鳃樽往往出现在沿岸水和外海水混合水团偏高盐水一侧。羽环纽鳃樽长柄亚种高丰度分布在台湾暖流控制的水域,是台湾暖流的指示种。双尾纽鳃樽东方亚种高丰度水域,能够较为准确地反映黑潮入侵陆架水团和沿岸水交汇的位置。     

河南省鸟类新纪录——震旦鸦雀、红胸黑雁

2006年1月1日15：00时左右,在河南黄河湿地自然保护区孟津老城黄河高速桥东约50m（34°51′6″N,112°38′8″E）黄河南岸的芦苇丛中,发现5只震旦鸦雀（Parsdoxornis heudei）。     

帕米尔高原可培养需氧冷适应细菌及古菌多样性

【目的】帕米尔高原是贫营养、高辐射、干燥的冷环境,可能蕴藏丰富的冷适应微生物资源。本研究基于分离培养技术,探究帕米尔高原不同海拔梯度及不同培养条件下的冷适应微生物多样性。【方法】针对采集自帕米尔高原1000-2000m、2000-3000m、3000-4000m和4 000-5 000 m四个海拔梯度的土壤样品,选用TSA和R2A两种培养基于4°C进行冷适应细菌的分离培养,NOM和F6两种培养基于4°C和15°C进行冷适应古菌的分离培养。根据16S rRNA基因序列同源性对分离菌株进行鉴定,分析不同海拔梯度和不同培养条件的物种多样性及之间的差异性。【结果】本研究从帕米尔高原共分离得到419株需氧原核微生物,16S rRNA基因测序鉴定结果表明,分离菌株隶属于2个域、5个门、8个纲、18个目、28个科、49个属及118个种,为115种冷适应细菌及3种古菌。冷适应细菌中,γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)为第一优势纲,放线菌纲(Actinobacteria)中物种多样性最为丰富。高海拔地区的冷适应细菌物种多样性存在差异,海拔1 000-4 000 m的优势菌群均为γ-变...     

深港红树林沉积物微生物群落多样性及其与重金属的关系

为了探究重金属对红树林表层沉积物和根系沉积物微生物群落多样性的影响,于深圳福田红树林自然保护区、深圳湾红树林公园、坝光红树林以及香港米埔自然保护区采集了表层沉积物与根系沉积物样品,测定了沉积物中5种重金属(Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb)的含量,并采用污染负荷指数法(PLI)对重金属污染情况进行了评价。同时,利用Illumina Hi Seq二代高通量测序技术对沉积物细菌的16S r DNA V4可变区进行测序,并进行OTUs注释分类、聚类分析、α-多样性分析(Shannon指数)与Spearman相关性分析。结果表明:不同红树林之间的沉积物重金属含量差异显著(P0.05),米埔自然保护区潮滩区和红树林区的沉积物重金属区域污染负荷指数最高,分别为1.51和1.38,其次是深圳福田红树林自然保护区、深圳湾红树林公园和坝光红树林,区域污染负荷指数分别为0.45、0.31和0.21;表层沉积物和根系沉积物样品的主要优势菌,在门水平上为变形杆菌(Proteobackteria)、绿弯菌(Chloroflexi)、放线菌(Actinobacteria)、拟杆菌(Bacteroidetes)、厚壁菌(Firmicutes)等,在纲水平上为γ-变形杆菌(Gammaproteobacteria)、α-变形杆菌(Alphaproteobacteria)、δ-变形杆菌(Deltaproteobacteria)、厌氧绳菌(Anaerolineae)、β-变形杆菌(Betaproteobacteria)等;尽管微生物多样性分析结果显示沉积物微生物群落多样性与重金属污染无显著相关性(P0.05),但Spearman相关性分析结果表明重金属可能对某些门或纲(如BRC1门、ε-变形杆菌纲)的群落多样性产生显著影响(P0.05)。     

长江口及临近海域夏季水母类分布特征

采用1998年8月,1999年8月长江口及其临近海域（121°15′E-122°41′E,30°00′N-31°30′N）的调查资料,对采集到的水母样品进行分析,探讨水母的分布特征以及影响因素。结果表明：调查海域共出现水母21种,其中水螅水母15种,管水母4种,栉水母2种;可分为近岸低盐性、低盐河口性和大洋暖水性3个生态类群,其中近岸低盐物种达60％以上,分布范围广,低盐河口类群仅出现于受长江冲淡水影响明显的低盐水域,而大洋暖水类群分布于受外海水影响较大、盐度较高、离岸较远的区域;优势种为贝氏拟线水母、球型侧腕水母、单囊美螅水母、五角水母、拟细浅室水母和双生水母。总体分布特征为：从长江口向外伴随着盐度的逐渐增大．丰度逐渐升高,在长江）中淡水与外海水交汇的舟山渔场西部水域,丰度最大;水母的出现种类、丰度均与东海外海水、长江冲淡水2大水系的配置有关：外海水越强,整个区域平均盐度较高,出现的水母种类、丰度均高;反之,长江冲淡水势力控制范围大,平均盐度明显降低,物种少且丰度低。     

长江口及邻近海域浮游磷虾类数量和分布的季节特征

根据2002～2003年长江口29°00′～32°00′N、122°00′～123°30′E海域4个季节的海洋调查,运用定量、定性方法,探讨长江口邻近海域浮游磷虾类总丰度的季节变化特征以及与渔场的关系,丰度的季节差异与水团的关系,分析了优势种的数量变动、对磷虾类的贡献及对环境的适应情况,并与东海外海的生态特征作了比较。结果表明,长江口及邻近海域磷虾类丰度季节变化主要受温度的影响,平面分布变化与盐度有关。平均丰度夏季最高（10.46ind/m3）,冬季最低（0.32ind/m3）。本次调查共发现8种,优势种为中华假磷虾（Pseudeuphausia sinica）、太平洋磷虾（Euphausia pacifica）和小型磷虾（Euphausia nana）,其中中华假磷虾四季皆为优势种,太平洋磷虾是春、秋和冬季的优势种,小型磷虾仅仅是春秋季的优势种。中华假磷虾在春、夏和冬季对总丰度的贡献率较高,并占绝对优势,其更适应夏季咸淡水交错水域的环境,而太平洋磷虾和小型磷虾更适应东海近海暖温高盐环境。长江冲淡水势力强弱和中华假磷虾的数量对磷虾类时空分布有重要影响,中华假磷虾对咸淡水环境的适应则是影响该种数量变化的另一个重要原因。     

自然造就的神奇之地

神农架因为华夏始祖炎帝神农氏在这里搭架采药而得名，它位于湖北省的西北部，如一叶翡翠镶嵌在华中大地，是长江和汉水的分水岭，也是秦岭和大巴山的交汇地。它地跨东经109°56’-110°58：北纬31°15’-31°75：总面积3253km^2，辖4镇4乡、1个林业管理局（国家森林公园）和1个国家级自然保护区，     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.