盾负泥虫的食性研究

鸣跖草Ｃｏｍｍｅｌｉｎａ ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｓ Ｌ．是顽固性杂草。质负泥虫Ｌｅｍａ ｓｃｕｔｅｌｌａｒｉｓ １年发生１代,以成虫滞育。用与鸭跖草同科及近缘科、属的植物对其食性进行测定,结果发现其食性单一,只取食鸭跖草,质负泥虫的发生期与鸭跖草的苗期同步,幼虫的喜食与鸭跖草的多分枝特性相吻合,取食营养位与粘液细胞在鸭跖草植株上的分布及细胞的含糖量关系密切。     

鸭跖草天敌盾负泥虫

鸭跖草天敌盾负泥虫Lemascutellaris（Kraatz）在我县1年1代,以成虫在田埂或沟边等处越冬。6月初恢复活动,在田边或沟边取食鸭跖草叶片,6月上、中旬迁入农田交配产卵,产卵期约20天。据饲养观察：卵期5～7天,幼虫期约20天,蛹期7～9天,成虫期330天左右。成虫具假死性。该虫只危害鸭跖草的叶片,未发现危害其它作物及杂草。成、幼虫沿叶脉取食叶肉及匕表皮,造成许多白色纵痕或条纹,仅残留下表皮,严重时,叶片焦枯破裂,仅残留鸭跖草茎秆。该虫除雨、雾天外,每日3～20时均可危害,成虫以6～7时及18时左右危害最强烈,中午活动较差。…     

转Bt-cry1Ab玉米花粉对异色瓢虫生长发育及体内三种代谢酶活性的影响

用转Bt-cry1Ab基因玉米花粉饲喂异色瓢虫,初步研究了转基因玉米花粉对瓢虫的影响。结果显示,异色瓢虫取食混有适量蚜虫的转Bt-cry1Ab基因玉米花粉时与取食混有适量蚜虫的非转基因亲本玉米花粉时相比,各虫态发育历期没有显著差异;取食转Bt-cry1Ab基因玉米花粉对异色瓢虫的体重增加无明显影响。多数龄期内取食转基因玉米花粉的异色瓢虫体内的α-乙酸萘酯酶活性、乙酰胆碱酯酶活性以及谷光甘肽-S-转移酶活性与对照组相比没有显著差异。用酶联免疫（ELISA）方法在取食转Bt-cry1Ab基因玉米花粉的瓢虫体内未检测到Bt杀虫蛋白。转Bt-cry1Ab玉米花粉对异色瓢虫生长发育没有显著负面影响,初步证明Bt玉米MON810花粉对异色瓢虫是安全的。     

取食不同食料植物对安婀珍蝶的营养利用及中肠四种酶活力的影响

分别用薇甘菊Mikania micrantha HBK、飞机草Chromolaena odorata L.、革命菜Gynura crepidioides Benth、菜心Brassica parachinensis Bailey和白菜Brassica chinensis L.饲养安婀珍蝶Actinote anteas,计算各龄期试虫的存活率;测定不同食料植物对安婀珍蝶4龄幼虫的营养利用以及中肠中淀粉酶、海藻糖酶、蔗糖酶和羧酸酯酶活性的影响。结果表明：薇甘菊饲养的试虫,其4、5、6龄的存活率高于其他供试食料植物上的试虫;取食薇甘菊的安婀珍蝶4龄幼虫相对生长率和食物利用率明显高于取食其他3种食料植物的试虫,但其相对取食量明显较低;取食薇甘菊的安婀珍蝶4龄试虫羧酸酯酶比活力明显高于以其他3种植物为食的试虫;取食白菜的4龄试虫,其蔗糖酶、海藻糖酶和淀粉酶比活力较低。这些研究结果表明安婀珍蝶对革命菜、菜心和白菜存在不同程度的取食利用障碍,由此判定他们不会成为安婀珍蝶的寄主植物。     

水稻对稻负泥虫取食的生理响应

以水稻负泥虫-水稻互作为研究对象,分析了水稻负泥虫Oulema oryzae Kuwayama取食过程中抗、感2个品种水稻植株内保护性酶POD、SOD、CAT和MDA活性的变化动态.结果表明:在水稻负泥虫取食为害的过程中,SOD活性持续增强,POD、CAT和MDA活性呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,而且抗、感水稻植株中4种酶...     

三种阔叶草坪草对斜纹夜蛾生长发育及营养利用的作用

为了探讨斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura对草坪的为害,提供综合治理该虫的理论依据,室内利用白三叶草Trifolium repens、红三叶草T. pratense和马蹄金Dichondra repens 3种阔叶草坪草,分别饲喂斜纹夜蛾幼虫;应用编制实验种群生命表的方法,分析斜纹夜蛾种群生长发育的趋势;同时研究该幼虫对3种草坪草的趋性及营养利用。结果表明：斜纹夜蛾幼虫的趋性表现为白三叶草＞红三叶草＞马蹄金。该虫在3种草坪草上都能够完成生活史;2种三叶草饲喂的该虫幼虫存活率、化蛹率、成蛾率显著高于马蹄金,幼虫期和蛹期则显著短于马蹄金;3种草坪草饲喂的该虫产卵期和平均产卵量相互之间差异不显著,而马蹄金饲喂的产卵前期和雌成虫寿命则显著短于2种三叶草。3种草坪草饲喂的该虫净生长率（Ro）、世代平均周期（T）、内禀生长率（r_m）、周限生长率（λ）、种群加倍时间（DT）及种群增长参数（I）都有差异,其中2种三叶草的各种群增长参数较接近。对5龄幼虫取食3种阔叶草坪草的营养指标测定结果显示：取食马蹄金的相对生长率显著高于取食红三叶草的;取食马蹄金的相对取食量和近似消化率显著高于取食三叶草的;取食马蹄金的食物利用率和食物转化率显著低于取食三叶草的;2种三叶草间无显著差异。综合分析认为,斜纹夜蛾最喜食三叶草,最容易在三叶草草坪上猖獗为害。     

取食不同寄主植物桑天牛的虫粪挥发物对桑天牛卵啮小蜂的引诱活性及其组分分析

为了深入理解桑天牛Apriona germari虫粪挥发物在桑天牛卵啮小蜂Aprostocetus prolixus寄主定位中的作用, 本研究通过嗅觉生测比较分析了取食不同寄主植物（桑树Morus alba、 柘树Cudrania tricuspidata和构树Broussonetia papyrifera）的雌雄两性桑天牛成虫的虫粪挥发物对桑天牛卵啮小蜂的引诱活性, 并利用热脱附-气相色谱-质谱联用仪（TCT-GC-MS）对不同桑天牛虫粪挥发物的组分进行了分析鉴定。结果表明: 取食不同寄主植物的雌性或雄性桑天牛虫粪挥发物对该寄生蜂均具有显著的引诱作用, 而不同处理间的桑天牛虫粪挥发物对该寄生蜂的引诱活性无显著差异, 这说明寄主植物的种类和桑天牛性别对于桑天牛虫粪引诱该寄生蜂的活性并无显著影响。桑天牛虫粪挥发物主要包括炔类、 酮类、醛类、酯类和萜类等化合物; 取食柘树和构树的桑天牛虫粪挥发物组分相同, 但取食桑树桑天牛的虫粪挥发物组分明显多于取食柘树和构树桑天牛的虫粪。取食同一寄主植物的两性桑天牛的虫粪挥发物的组分及其含量大致相同, 表明寄主植物对桑天牛虫粪挥发物的组分有重要影响, 而桑天牛性别对其虫粪挥发物组分无显著影响。     

大麦虫Zophobas morio对塑料的取食和降解作用研究

研究了大麦虫Zophobas morio对不同塑料制品的喜食性,并对大麦虫取食不同塑料原料制品后的排泄物进行了热重分析同步差热分析和傅里叶转换红外光谱分析.试验结果确定大麦虫取食聚氯乙烯后的排泄物与聚氯乙烯相比,红外特征峰以及热特性均发生较大的变化.     

转cry1Ab基因水稻对二化螟幼虫血细胞的影响

研究了转cry1Ab基因水稻“克螟稻1号”对二化螟Chilo suppressalis幼虫细胞免疫系统的影响。结果表明,转cry1Ab基因水稻对二化螟幼虫的血细胞影响明显,取食转cry1Ab基因水稻后,二化螟幼虫各类血细胞都明显低于取食非转基因水稻“秀水11”的对照组（原血细胞和囊血细胞在取食初期例外）,随取食时间延长,各类血细胞数量及血细胞总数均呈递减的趋势。从各类血细胞所占血细胞总数的百分比来看,原血细胞在取食36 h后锐减,而浆血细胞和粒血细胞则比例增加,其余珠血细胞、囊血细胞的变化不明显。另外,血细胞还出现空泡化、肿胀等病态变化,致使血细胞快速破裂。由此推测转cry1Ab基因水稻自身表达的毒蛋白能严重干扰靶标昆虫二化螟幼虫的细胞免疫系统。     

取食转Bt基因水稻对稻纵卷叶螟幼虫中肠的组织病理学效应

利用透射电镜观察了稻纵卷叶螟 Cnaphalocrocis medinalis（Guenée）幼虫取食转Bt基因水稻后中肠的组织病理变化。结果表明：稻纵卷叶螟幼虫取食转cry1Ab基因水稻后,中肠上皮细胞的线粒体先发生形态变化,随连续取食时间的延长线粒体出现凝聚、内嵴稀疏、空泡化等,在后期还呈凝聚态随突起脱落或沿杯腔边沿单一排列。内质网的变化也很明显,病变过程中伴随着粗糙内质网的肿胀、核糖体脱落,粗糙内质网增多等现象。细胞核的变化较小,在处理后期出现细胞核拉长、核仁聚集等变化。组织病变程度不一,有的细胞在病变早期就出现了空泡化。     

Insect herbivory and ontogeny: How do growth and development influence feeding behaviour,morphology and host use?

Herbivorous insects exploit many different plants and plant parts and often adopt different feeding strategies throughout their life cycle. The conceptual framework for investigating insect–plant interactions relies heavily on explanations invoking plant chemistry, neglecting a suite of competing and interacting pressures that may also limit herbivory. In the present paper, the methods by which ontogeny, feeding strategies and morphological characters inhibit herbivory by mandibulate holometabolous insects are examined. The emphasis on mechanical disruption of plant cells in the insect digestive strategy changes the relative importance of plant ‘defences’, increasing the importance of leaf structure in inhibiting herbivory. Coupled with the implications of substantial morphological and behavioural changes in ontogeny, herbivores adopt a range of approaches to herbivory that are independent of plant chemistry alone. Many insect herbivores exhibit substantial ontogenetic character displacement in mandibular morphology. This is tightly correlated with changes in feeding strategy, with changes to the cutting edges of mandibles increasing the efficiency of feeding. The changes in feeding strategy are also characterized by changes in feeding behaviour, with many larvae feeding gregariously in early instars. Non‐nutritive hypotheses considering the importance of natural enemies, shelter‐building and thermoregulation may also be invoked to explain the ontogenetic consequences of changes to feeding behaviour. There is a need to integrate these factors into a framework considering the gamut of potential explanations of insect herbivory, recognizing that ontogenetic constraints are not only viable explanations but a logical starting point. The interrelations between ontogeny, size, morphology and behaviour highlight the complexity of insect–plant relationships. Given the many methods used by insect herbivores to overcome the challenges of consuming foliage, the need for species‐specific and stage‐ specific research investigating ontogeny and host use by insect herbivores is critical for developing general theories of insect–plant interactions.     

昆虫介体行为与植物病毒的传播

大多数植物病毒都是依赖昆虫介体进行传播,其中超过80%的传毒介体昆虫都是属于半翅目同翅亚目。昆虫介体识别寄主植物和取食的过程与病毒的传播密切相关,本文主要综述了同翅亚目昆虫、蓟马等介体昆虫取食行为与植物病毒的相互作用方面的研究进展,着重于介绍昆虫不同取食阶段的行为对植物病毒传播的影响,病毒侵染对介体取食和识别寄主行为的影响。     

Perception of insect feeding by plants

The recognition of phytophagous insects by plants induces a set of very specific responses aimed at deterring tissue consumption and reprogramming metabolism and development of the plant to tolerate the herbivore. The recognition of insects by plants requires the plant’s ability to perceive chemical cues generated by the insects and to distinguish a particular pattern of tissue disruption. Relatively little is known about the molecular basis of insect perception by plants and the signalling mechanisms directly associated with this perception. Importantly, the insect feeding behaviour (piercing‐sucking versus chewing) is a decisive determinant of the plant’s defence response, and the mechanisms used to perceive insects from different feeding guilds may be distinct. During insect feeding, components of the saliva of chewing or piercing‐sucking insects come into contact with plant cells, and elicitors or effectors present in this insect‐derived fluid are perceived by plant cells to initiate the activation of specific signalling cascades. Although receptor–ligand interactions controlling insect perception have yet not been molecularly described, a significant number of regulatory components acting downstream of receptors and involved in the activation of defence responses against insects has been reported. Some of these regulators mediate changes in the phytohormone network, while others directly control gene expression or the redox state of the cell. These processes are central in the orchestration of plant defence responses against insects.     

Plant‐mediated interactions among above‐ground and below‐ground life stages of a root‐feeding weevil

1. Interactions among herbivores mediated by plant responses to herbivore injury may have large impacts on herbivore population densities. Responses may persist for weeks after injury and may affect not only the initial (inducing) herbivore, but also herbivores that are spatially or temporally separated from the initial attacker. 2. In many plant–insect interactions, multiple life stages of the insect may be associated with the same plant, and these various stages may interact indirectly with one another via induced responses. The rice water weevil (RWW), Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus, a serious global pest of rice, is one such insect. A series of experiments were performed with root‐feeding larvae and leaf‐feeding adults of the RWW using three conventional rice varieties. 3. The first objective of this study was to test whether RWW adult feeding on rice leaves resulted in altered oviposition by subsequent adults. The hypothesis for the first objective was that RWW adult feeding would decrease plant suitability, resulting in reduced oviposition by subsequent adults. 4. The second objective was to test whether injury by RWW larvae to rice roots resulted in altered oviposition by subsequent adults. The hypothesis for the second objective was that below‐ground RWW larval feeding would decrease plant suitability of rice to above‐ground RWW adults, resulting in decreased oviposition. 5. Results provided inconsistent support for the first hypothesis, indicating that responses differed among combinations of variety and injury level. Conversely, consistent support for the second hypothesis was found, indicating that larval feeding on roots decreased suitability of rice plants for oviposition.     

Ecological and taxonomic trends in macrolepidopteran host plant selection

Patterns of host plant use by larvae of macrolepidoptera feeding on trees and shrubs in Britain and Canada are examined. The incidence of polyphagous species varies among different lepidopteran taxa. Among largely monophagous taxa host plant switching has often occurred. The greater similarity of insect faunas on closely related plants is documented using cluster analysis. The Canadian data reveal that lepidopterans feeding on conifers are less specific in their host plant choice than species feeding on angiosperms. The numerical analyses also provide evidence of greater overlap in the insect faunas of plants belonging to the same ecological association. These results are discussed with particular reference to Lepidoptera-plant coevolution.     

Evolutionary dynamics of specialisation in herbivorous stick insects

Understanding the evolutionary dynamics underlying herbivorous insect mega‐diversity requires investigating the ability of insects to shift and adapt to different host plants. Feeding experiments with nine related stick insect species revealed that insects retain the ability to use ancestral host plants after shifting to novel hosts, with host plant shifts generating fundamental feeding niche expansions. These expansions were, however, not accompanied by expansions of the realised feeding niches, as species on novel hosts are generally ecologically specialised. For shifts from angiosperm to chemically challenging conifer hosts, generalist fundamental feeding niches even evolved jointly with strong host plant specialisation, indicating that host plant specialisation is not driven by constraints imposed by plant chemistry. By coupling analyses of plant chemical compounds, fundamental and ecological feeding niches in multiple insect species, we provide novel insights into the evolutionary dynamics of host range expansion and contraction in herbivorous insects.     

Bioassays on selection and feeding responses of Holotrichia oblita adults to different plant species

Bioassays on selection and feeding responses of Holotrichia oblita adults to different plant species were conducted both in laboratory and under field conditions. The selection response bioassay showed that the adults were significantly attracted to Ricinus communis. In paired tests of the field cages, more than 60% adults were attracted to R. communis plants, while only 35.55%, 34.45%, 33.35%, and 26.65% were attracted to plants of Glycine max, Arachis hypogaea, Ipomoea batatas, and Gossypium hirsutum, respectively. In the laboratory, the selection response percentage of the adults to R. communis leaves reached up to 93% in the presence of other host plant leaves and still arrived at 70% in the absence of other host plant leaves. Feeding deterrence bioassay showed that the adults preferred to I. batatas leaves with 229.90 ± 4.25 mg leaf consumption and 41.30 ± 5.19 mg faeces excretion after 12 h, followed by the leaves of G. hirsutum and A. hypogaea. The adult did not prefer leaves of R. communi with only 7.10 ± 0.23 mg leaf consumption and corresponding 4.00 ± 0.84 mg fecal excretion. In summary, all experimental results suggested that the attraction of H. oblita adults to R. communi is not triggered for feeding.     

Bioassays on selection and feeding responses of Holotrichia oblita adults to different plant species

Bioassays on selection and feeding responses of Holotrichia oblita adults to different plant species were conducted both in laboratory and under field conditions. The selection response bioassay showed that the adults were significantly attracted to Ricinus communis. In paired tests of the field cages, more than 60% adults were attracted to R. communis plants, while only 35.55%, 34.45%, 33.35%, and 26.65% were attracted to plants of Glycine max, Arachis hypogaea, Ipomoea batatas, and Gossypium hirsutum, respectively. In the laboratory, the selection response percentage of the adults to R. communis leaves reached up to 93% in the presence of other host plant leaves and still arrived at 70% in the absence of other host plant leaves. Feeding deterrence bioassay showed that the adults preferred to I. batatas leaves with 229.90 ± 4.25 mg leaf consumption and 41.30 ± 5.19 mg faeces excretion after 12 h, followed by the leaves of G. hirsutum and A. hypogaea. The adult did not prefer leaves of R. communi with only 7.10 ± 0.23 mg leaf consumption and corresponding 4.00 ± 0.84 mg fecal excretion. In summary, all experimental results suggested that the attraction of H. oblita adults to R. communi is not triggered for feeding.     

Effects of leaf and sap feeding insects on photosynthetic rates of goldenrod

Summary Herbivory can alter the balance between sources and sinks within a plant, and changes in the source-sink ratio often lead to changes in plant photosynthetic rates. We investigated how feeding by three insect herbivores affected photosynthetic rates and growth of goldenrod (Solidago altissima). One, a phloem-sap feeding aphid (Uroleucon caligatum), creates an additional sink, and the other two, a leaf-chewing beetle (Trirhabda sp.) and a xylem-sap feeding spittlebug (Philaenus spumarius) both reduce source supply by decreasing leaf area. Plants were grown outside in large pots and insects were placed on them at predetermined densities, with undamaged plants included as controls. All insects were removed after a 12-day feeding period. We measured photosynthetic rates both of damaged leaves and of undamaged leaves that were produced after insect removal. Photosynthetic rates per unit area of damaged leaves were reduced by spittlebug feeding, but not by beetle or aphid feeding. Conductance of spittlebugdamaged leaves did not differ from controls, but internal carbon dioxide concentrations were increased. These results indicate that spittlebug feeding does not cause stomatal closure, but impairs fixation within the leaf. Effects of spittlebug feeding on photosynthetic rates persisted after the insects were removed from the plants. Photosynthetic rates per unit area of leaves produced after insect removal on spittlegug-damaged plants were lower than control levels, even though the measurements were taken 12 days after insect removal. The measurement leaf on spittlebugdamaged plants was reduced in area by 27% relative to the controls, but specific leaf area (leaf area/leaf weight) was increased by 18%. Because of the shift in specific leaf area, photosynthetic rates were also examined per unit leaf weight, and when this was done there were no significant differences between control and spittlebug-damaged plants. Beetle and aphid feeding had no effects on the photosynthetic rate of the leaves produced after insect removal. Plant relative growth rates (in terms of height) were reduced by spittlebugs during the period that the insects were feeding on the plants. Relative growth rates of spittlebug-damaged plants were increased above control levels after insect removal, but these plants were still shorter than controls 17 days after insect removal. Beetles and aphids did not affect plant relative growth rates or plant height. Feeding by both spittlebugs and beetles reduced leaf area, and the effect of the spittlebug was more severe than that of the beetle. These results show that effects of herbivory on photosynthetic rates cannot be predicted simply by considering changes in the source-sink ratio, and that spittlebug feeding is more damaging to the host plant than beetle or aphid feeding.