外源性人TIMP-1基因在转基因小鼠染色体上的整合及定位

为探讨外源基因人基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制物-1（human tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, hTIMP-1）基因在转基因小鼠家系染色体上的整合和精确定位,应用Southrn印迹检测外源基因在染色体上整合的位点及拷贝数.结果表明,外源基因是以单拷贝、单位点形式整合;应用荧光原位杂交（fluorescence in situ hybridization, FISH）技术检测F4～F20代转基因小鼠中外源基因的整合.结果证明,该家系转基因小鼠自F4代起是纯合子,外源基因整合在17号染色体E区;反向PCR法（Inverse PCR, IPCR）克隆出约3.8 kb外源基因整合位点处的侧翼序列.分析表明,外源基因整合在17号染色体E1.3区,ALK（anaplastic lymphoma kinase, ALK）基因第23个内含子区域.结果提示,获得的转基因小鼠为纯系,外源基因hTIMP-1已稳定整合在转基因小鼠染色体上,并能遗传给后代.     

应用荧光原位杂交技术检测人β^E珠蛋白基因小鼠染色体上的整合状态

为将荧光原位杂交技术应用于基因定位研究中,探讨一种能有效地检测转基因动物染色体上外源基因整合状态的实验方法,对小鼠腹腔注射秋水仙素后,取转基因小鼠骨髓制备中期染色体,将传统的FISH方法加以改进,检测外源基因在转基因小鼠染色体上的整合状态。检测结果表明,外源人β^E珠蛋白基因已稳定地整合于小鼠染色体上,FISH能直观地反映外源基因在转基因动物染色体上的整合状态,该方法可对转基因动物及基因转移研究中的外源基因整合反进行染色体定位检测。     

转pGH基因猪外源基因染色体定位研究

应用地高辛标记探针对转pGH基因(猪生长激素基因)猪染色体进行原位杂交,经胶体金抗体、银增强放大系统检测外源pGH基因在染色体上的整合位点。研究表明,转基因阳性个体间外源基因整合位点存在差异,但对个体而言,外源基因总是集中分布于某一特定的染色体上。本研究将为探究外源基因整合位点与其表达效率的关系及今后定点整合的研究提供理论指导。     

转基因猪染色体原位杂交外源生长激素基因定位

近些年来随着原位杂交技术的不断改进,该技术已广泛用于染色体的基因定位。非放射性标记探针的应用使基因定位变得更加简单易行,从而有可能对动物的转基因进行定位研究。本文首次采用胶体金标记药盒（Anti-digoxigenin-gold)和银加强试剂（Silver enhance-ment reagents)的非同位素原位杂交技术对转基因猪外基因进行了定位研究。如Fig.1所示：表达质粒pSMTPGH含有载体pUC19,羊启动子MT011和猪生长激素PGH基因。选5头带有pSMTPGH的转基因猪,分别制备含有染色体DNA的杂交膜。用BglII和Smai对pSMTPGH进行完全酶切,收集0．9kb片段作为探针,以dig-11-dUTP进行标记。探针与DNA杂交后,用光学显微镜检查。选择分散良好、显影银颗粒清楚的玻片进行摄影记录（Fig.2)。对染色体上的显影银颗粒进行统计分析,参照家猪的染色体标准带型,确定外源PGH基因整合位点。Fig.3为4104号转基因猪染色体上的银颗粒分布情况。对5头转基因猪外源PGH基因定位的结果见Table1。探针的合理设计是外源基因定位研究成功的关键。本实验所用探针必须地与外源PGH基因杂交,而不受内源PGH基因的影响。我们设计的探针符合这一要求。采用dig11－dUTP标记探针,抗体金显色,银加强试剂放大杂交信号,在光学显微镜下可以直接观察杂交位点处的显影银颗粒,但于对实验进行统计分析。估计数据表明：转基因猪的外源PGH基因随机整合在所有染色体上,但在13号染色体上的机率略高。     

转基因猪外源生长激素基因的定位研究——非同位素标记染色体原位杂交技术

近几年来发展起来的染色体原位杂交技术是进行基因定位研究的重要手段。它为进一步进行基因定点整合研究提供依据。本文采用非同位素标记染色体原位杂交技术对经显微注射得到的转基因猪进行了内源和外源猪生长激素(PGH)基因在染色体上定位的研究。 用BhlI对pSMTPGH注射基因(本室制备)进行单酶切,选取3.5kb片段以Dig进行标记。为了提高灵敏度,我们采用了胶体金标记抗体技术并结合使用银增加试剂。利用染色体的组型分析,对杂交点的分布进行了统计学分析,发现内源PGH基因位于12p~(11),与国外Thomsen,P.D.等报道的一致。插入的外源PGH基因呈随机分布,但对某一转基因猪来说,外源基因的插入是集中在某一染色体上。这一结果的发现为进行转基因猪外源基因定点整合提供了依据,也为研究外源基因整合位点和转基因猪表观性状的关系准备了条件。     

转OMT／PGH基因猪外源基因整合及遗传特性研究

实验以转ＯＭＴ／ＰＧＨ基因猪的Ｇ０,Ｇ１,Ｇ２和Ｇ３代共８头猪为材料,应用同位素和非同位素标记的染色体原位杂交技术,对外源ＯＭＴ／ＰＧＨ基因在猪染色体上整合位点进行研究,结果表明：（１）外源基因可以整合在染色体上,整合的位点是随机的。（２）整合在染色体上的外源基因可以遗传给子代;（３）整合在染色体上的外源基因在转基因动物世代过程中整合的位点是相对稳定的。     

植物转基因的失活与沉默

植物外源基因转化研究揭示有相当比例的植物转基因表现失活与沉默。这一现象涉及转基因重复拷贝之间的异源配对,基因顺序的甲基化,转录后的衰退调控以及插入位点染色质高级结构的改变,并与外源基因的随机整合有关。克服转基因失活的方法包括单拷贝转基因子代筛选,构建细胞核基质支架附着区载体以及采用具有特殊功能的启动子与增强子。转基因失活问题的发生提示人们,外源基因的转化与整合存在一些特有的遗传机制。     

转基因水稻中外源基因的荧光原位杂交(FISH)分析

利用荧光原位杂交(FISH),在供试8个转基因水稻株系的染色体上检出了转入的外源基因barnase-ps1片段.其中两株系各检出了两个不同的信号位点,而其他株系均只检出一个信号位点.所有染色体着丝粒区都没有杂交信号.结合Southern杂交及表达分析发现,大多数株系中,整合在染色体端部区的barnase基因表现为高水平表达,而靠近着丝粒区的则表现为低水平表达,表明表达水平与转基因整合位置可能存在一定程度的相关性.表达水平与拷贝数无明显相关.本文还利用多色荧光原位杂交(Multi-color FISH)技术,进行了barnaseps1片段与报道基因pHctinG的共杂交,多数情况下,barnase-ps1片段与报道基因整合在染色体的同一位置.     

植物转基因的失活与沉默

植物外源基因转化研究揭示有相当比例的植物转基因表现失活与沉默。这一现象涉及转基因重复拷贝之间的异源配对,基因顺序的甲基化,转录后的衰退调控以及插入位点染色质高级结构的改变,并与外源基因的随机整合有关。克服转基因失活的方法包括单拷贝转基因子代筛选,构建细胞核基质支架附着区栽体以及采用具有特殊功能的启动子与增强子。转基因失活问题的发生提示人们．外源基因的转化与整合存在一些特有的遗传机制。     

转基因植物中外源基因的整合特性及其研究策略

综述了外源基因在宿主中的整合特性及结构变化的多样性。将外源基因在宿主中的整合方式分为3种：单拷贝单位点整合、串联多联体单位点整合及单拷贝或多拷贝在多位点整合。分析了不同整合方式对表达的影响。详细讨论了植物转基因的整合机制,阐述了以基因组的双链断裂修复为基础的整合模型。最后介绍了国内外的研究者对不同的整合方式所采取的研究策略。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.