Na2CO3胁迫对芦荟幼苗叶片叶绿体保护酶和渗透调节物质的影响

以盆栽耐盐碱芦荟'不夜城'幼苗为材料,采用不同浓度Na2CO3溶液(不同渗透势)处理芦荟幼苗7 d后,测定其叶片叶绿体保护酶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸氧化酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)活性以及叶绿素、丙二醛(MDA)、渗透调节物质含量和电解质外渗率等的变化,以探讨芦荟抵抗盐碱胁迫伤害的机制.结果显示:当溶液渗透势较高时(大于-7.19×105 Pa),Na2CO3胁迫下的芦荟幼苗叶片叶绿体保护酶活性都呈显著上升趋势,而叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白、MDA含量以及电解质外渗率却无明显变化;在溶液渗透势较低时(小于-7.19×105 Pa),Na2CO3胁迫下芦荟幼苗的渗透调节物质含量显著增高,叶绿体保护酶活性特别是叶绿素含量显著下降,而MDA含量和电解质外渗率却呈上升的趋势.研究表明:一定浓度的Na2CO3胁迫下,芦荟幼苗可以通过提高自身叶绿体保护酶的活性来降低活性氧的积累量,同时提高渗透调节能力来增强其抗逆性;但在过高浓度的盐碱胁迫下,过高的Na+浓度和pH也会对芦荟幼苗叶片造成一定的氧化伤害.     

水杨酸对大花三色堇幼苗耐热性的影响

大花三色堇性喜冷凉、忌酷热。该研究以大花三色堇3个自交系08H 、HAR 和 E01为材料,分别测定了40℃高温处理4、8和12 h 时不同基因型大花三色堇幼苗的生理指标,以及不同浓度(0.1、1、2 mmol?L-1)水杨酸预处理对热胁迫下大花三色堇幼苗耐热性的影响。结果表明：在高温胁迫下大花三色堇电解质外渗量增加,随着处理时间的延长,电解质外渗更多,可溶性糖含量先增加后降低,POD 酶活性先提高后降低;与其他2个自交系相比,HAR 表现出较好的耐热性,其可溶性糖含量、POD 酶活性的增加均较高,而电解质外渗率偏低;与对照相比,3种浓度 SA 预处理均显著降低了大花三色堇幼苗的电解质外渗率,增加了幼苗体内可溶性糖含量,提高了大花三色堇的幼苗体内脯氨酸含量和 POD 酶活性;其中1 mmol?L-1的 SA 预处理对高温胁迫下大花三色堇幼苗体内可溶性糖的含量增加最高,最大程度减缓幼苗体内的电解质外渗量,08H 和 HAR 的脯氨酸含量和 POD 酶活性达到最大值。而对 E01而言,0.1 mmol?L-1的水杨酸预处理的脯氨酸含量和 POD 酶活性最高。该研究结果探讨了高温胁迫下不同基因型大花三色堇幼苗的生理表现,以及外施水杨酸对增强大花三色堇幼苗耐热性的效果,为大花三色堇抗热栽培提供重要的基础资料。     

低温胁迫对不同倍性不结球白菜生长及生理生化特征的影响

在田间自然低温条件下对二、四倍体不结球白菜的生长特性进行了比较研究,并在光照培养箱中于-5~5℃条件下,分析低温胁迫对它们生理生化特征的影响。结果表明:(1)四倍体不结球白菜的10叶厚、叶柄宽和厚、单株重、单株叶重、叶重/叶柄重及小区产量等农艺性状均显著高于其同源二倍体;(2)随温度的降低,二、四倍体不结球白菜的叶片可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖及游离脯氨酸等渗透调节物质含量明显上升,电解质外渗率增大,丙二醛(MDA)含量升高,保护酶SOD、POD和CAT活性则先升高后降,而且四倍体材料的渗透调节物质含量和保护酶活性在低温胁迫过程中始终明显高于二倍体,但电解质外渗率和丙二醛含量低于二倍体。研究发现,低温胁迫下渗透调节物质含量升高和保持较高的保护酶活性是四倍体不结球白菜抗寒性强的主要原因。     

半夏细胞悬浮培养中生理生化指标的测定

目的：了解半夏细胞悬浮培养中生理生化指标的变化以及它们之间的关系。方法：以半夏幼嫩叶片和叶柄为材料,诱导和筛选愈伤组织,在光照和黑暗条件下进行细胞悬浮培养。每3d取样,冰浴匀浆,于4℃、10000g离心20min,取上清液进行测定。结果：光照条件利于半夏悬浮细胞的生长,其最佳收获期为24d,细胞的生长曲线呈“S”形;在不同的条件下,其培养液pH都呈先上升后下降趋势;培养细胞中可溶性蛋白质和过氧化物酶的活性均出现两个峰值,但出现的时间不同;MDA(丙二醛)的含量先升高后下降随后又上升。结论：光照有利于半夏细胞的生长并且蛋白质含量和酶活性呈正相关性,MDA含量和细胞的生长、分化呈负相关性。     

氯化钠胁迫下嫁接黄瓜叶片SOD和CAT mRNA基因表达及其活性

研究了NaCl胁迫下嫁接和自根黄瓜叶片Cu/Zn-SOD、Mn-SOD和CAT mRNA的表达与其酶活性变化及其MDA含量和电解质渗漏率变化.结果表明：在NaCl胁迫条件下,嫁接黄瓜叶片Cu/Zn-SOD mRNA、Mn-SOD mRNA和CAT mRNA的相对表达量均高于自根黄瓜,SOD、Cu/Zn-SOD、Mn-SOD和CAT活性也均高于自根黄瓜,说明与自根黄瓜相比,嫁接黄瓜叶片较高的Cu/Zn-SOD mRNA、Mn-SOD mRNA和CAT mRNA相对表达量是其维持较高Cu/Zn-SOD、Mn-SOD和CAT活性的重要原因;随着NaCl胁迫时间的延长,嫁接和自根黄瓜叶片Cu/Zn-SOD- mRNA、Mn-SOD mRNA和CAT mRNA的相对表达量均呈上升趋势,但其酶活性变化并不完全一致,说明还有其他因素参与相关酶活性的调控;嫁接黄瓜叶片MDA含量和电解质渗漏率均低于自根黄瓜,说明嫁接黄瓜具有较高的活性氧清除系统,可以减少活性氧物质的危害,提高其耐盐性.     

二斑叶螨为害对草莓叶片H2O2、MDA含量以及部分防御酶活性的影响

本文旨在探究二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae为害对草莓Fragaria×ananassa Duch.叶片内过氧化氢（H2O2）、丙二醛（MDA）含量以及部分防御酶活性的影响。在草莓苗上接种不同数量（5~25头）的二斑叶螨,分别在接种后的24 h、48 h和72 h取样,分析草莓叶片内H2O2、MDA的含量以及部分防御酶的活性。结果显示,二斑叶螨为害的草莓叶片内H2O2和MDA的含量以及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性随着时间的延长而呈现先升后降的趋势,在二斑叶螨持续为害草莓叶片24 h、48 h和72 h时,受损草莓叶片中H2O2的含量均显著高于对照（P<0.05）,不同密度二斑叶螨为害的草莓叶片中H2O2的含量均显著高于对照（P<0.05）,但与取食时间关系不大。当为害时间达到48 h时,MDA的含量和SOD的活性均达到最高峰,此时它们均与二斑叶螨的密度密切相关。当二斑叶螨为25头/叶时,MDA的含量和SOD的活性分别约是对照的3.6倍和10倍。过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性随时间延长不断升高,均在二斑叶螨为害72 h时达到最高峰。同时,二斑叶螨的为害时间和为害密度之间存在一定的交互作用。以上结果表明草莓叶片主要通过调节其体内H2O2和MDA的含量以及各种防御酶活性的变化,对二斑叶螨的为害产生应激反应。     

PEG模拟干旱胁迫对糜子幼苗生理特性的影响

以'榆糜1号'和'榆糜3号'为试验材料,采用PEG模拟水分胁迫方法,研究了干旱胁迫对糜子幼苗生理生化特性的影响.结果显示,(1)2品种幼苗叶片的细胞电解质外渗率、叶片的MDA含量、游离脯氨酸含量和可溶性糖含量均在胁迫2 d后逐渐上升,但保护酶SOD和POD的活性均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,2品种幼苗在不同强度PEG胁迫下总体变化趋势基本一致,且各胁迫处理间差异显著(P<0.05).(2)2品种在相同处理下差异显著(P<0.05),其中,10%～30 0A PEG胁迫8 d时,'榆糜3号'比'榆糜1号'的细胞电解质外渗率、叶片的MDA含量增加幅度小,而游离脯氨酸含量和可溶性糖含量增加幅度较大,但保护酶SOD和POD的活性下降幅度较小,说明相同渗透胁迫下'榆糜1号'比'榆糜3号'叶片的细胞膜透性增加幅度大,但渗透调节物质增加较少,细胞膜系统受干旱伤害会更大,其抗旱性相对较弱.综合各项生理指标的分析认为,'榆糜3号'具有较强的抗旱能力.     

水稻叶片Rubisco 活化酶表达的昼夜变化

在 48h的自然光照、连续光照和连续黑暗处理下 ,水稻幼苗rcamRNA的含量均表现出昼夜节奏特性 ,其中以自然光周期中变化最为明显。在光暗交替的条件下 ,RCA含量虽也表现出明显的昼夜变化 ,但连续黑暗处理其含量持续下降 ,连续光照则其含量先上升然后下降 ,说明它不发生节昼现象。这些结果表明RCA表达在转录和翻译水平上的调控机制不同 ,转录既由光暗交替控制又受内生节奏调节 ,而翻译则更大程度上由光调节     

干旱胁迫对菜苔叶片保护酶活性和膜脂过氧化的影响

以3个不同耐旱性的菜苔（Brassica parachinensis L.H.Bailey）品种为试材,研究了干旱胁迫对叶片保护酶活性和膜脂过氧化的影响及其与抗旱性的关系。干旱胁迫条件下,菜苔叶片的电解质外渗率和MDA含量呈上升趋势,叶绿素含量、抗坏血酸含量和SOD活性呈下降趋势,CAT活性表现为先上升后下降。耐旱品种比不耐旱品种具有较高的叶绿素含量和抗坏血酸含量,具有较低的电解质外渗率和MDA含量;耐旱品种的SOD活性比不耐旱品种下降幅度小。轻度干旱胁迫下,耐旱品种的CAT活性上升幅度比不耐旱品种高;重度干旱胁迫下耐旱品种的CAT活性下降程度比不耐旱品种低。耐旱品种的POD活性在干旱条件下先上升而后降低,不耐品种的POD活性处于下降趋势。干旱6d后,耐旱品种的SOD、CAT和POD活性显著高于不耐旱品种。     

低温胁迫对4种常绿阔叶植物膜脂过氧化及保护酶活性的影响

选取我国北方4种常绿园林树木大叶女贞、广玉兰、小叶女贞、黄杨的当年生枝条和叶片为试材,采用人工冷冻处理,经过对不同处理温度后各树种叶片的失水率、保护酶的活性、MDA含量和枝条及叶片细胞膜透性等指标进行测定分析。研究结果：表明随着处理温度的降低,各树种叶片和枝条的相对电导率值呈上趋势,在4个树种中黄杨上升得较缓慢,而小叶女贞上升的幅度最高,同一处理温度下,各树种枝条的相对电导率低于其叶片的相对电导率;黄杨MDA含量随处理温度的降低表现为先降低后增加的变化趋势,在-20~0℃之间MDA含量均有所下降,而其他树种MDA总体含量随处理温度的降低表现为增加的变化趋势;各树种叶片SOD酶活性均表现为随着温度的降低呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,但各树种SOD酶活性趋势发生变化的温度不同,而POD酶活性随处理温度的降低基本表现为逐渐降低的变化趋势。根据各项指标测定结果对4种树种的抗寒性强弱进行比较,结果为：黄杨＞广玉兰＞大叶女贞＞小叶女贞。     

外源GSH对盐胁迫下番茄幼苗生长及抗逆生理指标的影响

采用营养液栽培法,研究外源谷胱甘肽(GSH)对NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗生长、根系活力、电解质渗透率和丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸(Pro)、可溶性糖含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响,为利用外源物质减轻盐胁迫伤害提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)NaCl胁迫显著抑制了番茄幼苗的生长、根系活力和SOD、POD、CAT活性,提高了电解质渗透率及MDA、Pro、可溶性糖含量;(2)外源喷施GSH能够诱导NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗叶片抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT活性上调,电解质渗透率及MDA含量下降,Pro和可溶性糖含量恢复至对照水平;(3)外源喷施还原型谷胱甘肽抑制剂(BSO)使NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗的根系活力以及抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT活性下降,脯氨酸含量提高;(4)喷施GSH可诱导BSO和NaCl共处理番茄植株的根系活力、SOD、POD、CAT活性提高,MDA和Pro含量降低。研究表明,外源GSH可通过提高促进盐胁迫下番茄幼苗植株渗透调节能力及清除活性氧的酶促系统的防御能力、降低细胞膜脂过氧化程度、保护膜结构的完整性,从而有效缓解NaCl胁迫对番茄幼苗生长的抑制,提高其耐盐性。     

Impact of salicylic acid on the antioxidant enzyme system and hydrogen peroxide production in Cucumis sativus under chilling stress

Salicylic acid (SA) is a naturally produced compound and has been implicated to play important roles in defense of plants against diverse biotic and abiotic stresses. To understand how SA functions in the tolerance of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) to chilling stress, endogenous SA levels in two different cultivars with opposite chilling responsiveness were quantified. Membrane integrity, including malondialdehyde (MDA) content and leakage of electrolyte, was also examined in SA-pretreated cucumber plants under chilling conditions. In addition, activities of the two antioxidant enzymes peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) were quantified, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production was investigated histochemically in SA-treated leaves under chilling temperature. Chilling stress resulted in greater induction of SA levels in the chilling-tolerant cultivar Changchun mici in both leaves and seeds compared to the chilling-sensitive one Beijing jietou, while the former one contained higher levels of SA than the latter one in the seeds under normal conditions. Pretreatment with SA diminished the increased electrolyte leakage and MDA content caused by chilling in the leaves of both cultivars, while much less MDA and electrolyte leakage were produced in Changchun mici compared to Beijing jietou. Moreover, exogenous application of SA increased significantly the POD and CAT activities and soluble protein content. Most importantly, exogenous SA treatment could eliminate the accumulation of H202 in leaves and cotyledons of both cultivars caused by chilling stress. The data clearly demonstrated that the chilling-tolerant cultivar displays a higher SA level than the chilling-sensitive one, and that exogenous SA can enhance the chilling tolerance ability, which might be achieved through modulating the antioxidant system in cucumber.     

Regulation of Maize Leaf Nitrate Reductase Activity Involves Both Gene Expression and Protein Phosphorylation

Nitrate reductase (NR; EC 1.6.6.1) activity increased at the beginning of the photoperiod in mature green maize (Zea mays L.) leaves as a result of increased enzyme protein level and protein dephosphorylation. In vitro experiments suggested that phosphorylation of maize leaf NR affected sensitivity to Mg2+ inhibition, as shown previously in spinach. When excised leaves were fed 32P-labeled inorganic phosphate, NR was phosphorylated on seryl residues in both the light and dark. Tryptic peptide mapping of NR labeled in vivo indicated three major 32P-phosphopeptide fragments, and labeling of all three was reduced when leaves were illuminated. Maize leaf NR mRNA levels that were low at the end of the dark period peaked within 2 h in the light and decreased thereafter, and NR activity generally remained high. It appears that light signals, rather than an endogenous rhythm, account primarily for diurnal variations in NR mRNA levels. Overall, regulation of NR activity in mature maize leaves in response to light signals appears to involve control of gene expression, enzyme protein synthesis, and reversible protein phosphorylation.     

Diurnal changes in nitrogen assimilation of tobacco roots.

To gain an insight into the diurnal changes of nitrogen assimilation in roots the in vitro activities of cytosolic and plasma membrane-bound nitrate reductase (EC 1.6.6.1), nitrite reductase (EC 1.7.7.1) and cytosolic and plastidic glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2) were studied. Simultaneously, changes in the contents of total protein, nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium were followed. Roots of intact tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun) were extracted every 3 h during a diurnal cycle. Nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase and glutamine synthetase were active throughout the day-night cycle. Two temporarily distinct peaks of nitrate reductase were detected: during the day a peak of soluble nitrate reductase in the cytosol, in the dark phase a peak of plasma membrane-bound nitrate reductase in the apoplast. The total activities of nitrate reduction were similar by day and night. High activities of nitrite reductase prevented the accumulation of toxic amounts of nitrite throughout the entire diurnal cycle. The resulting ammonium was assimilated by cytosolic glutamine synthetase whose two activity peaks, one in the light period and one in the dark, closely followed those of nitrate reductase. The contribution of plastidic glutamine synthetase was negligible. These results strongly indicate that nitrate assimilation in roots takes place at similar rates day and night and is thus differently regulated from that in leaves.     

水稻耐铁毒性的生理指标研究

1　引　　言铁毒是热带和亚热带地区水稻栽培中常见的生理病害 ,主要原因是土壤溶液中积累过多的亚铁盐 ,严重影响了稻谷产量 .水稻遭受铁毒的外观症状是叶面产生棕褐色斑点 ,最初以叶片斑点的面积大小衡量铁毒伤害的严重程度[4 ] .但实际操作不方便 ,难以定量比较 ;且有试验表明 ,在部分品种中 ,叶片病斑面积和产量没有相关性[5] .目前普遍采用亚铁胁迫培养下植物干重相对受害 (减少 )率作为评价水稻耐铁毒能力的形态指标[1] ,但测定时会毁损植株 .为了在苗期筛选耐铁毒水稻时不毁损植株 ,建立评价水稻铁毒耐性的生理指标十分必要 .已有研…     

干旱胁迫下牛心朴子幼苗相对含水量、质膜透性及保护酶活性变化

牛心朴子(Cynanchum komarovii)幼苗用不同浓度PEG-6000(聚乙二醇)模拟干旱处理,测定处理12d和复水24h中根、叶的RWC、质膜相对透性、MDA含量及几种保护酶(SOD、CAT、POD)活性变化情况,结果表明：高浓度胁迫后期,RWC明显下降,MDA含量增大,致使膜脂过氧化引起膜损伤;低、中浓度胁迫下,RWC下降程度低,细胞膜脂过氧化及膜透性影响小,且可能对膜脂过氧化起到一定的防御作用。复水后,低、中度胁迫下,各项指标能迅速恢复到CK水平,而高浓度胁迫下,除叶质膜透性、MDA含量、SOD活性不能恢复外,根、叶的其余指标均能达到CK水平。保护酶系统的作用,在一段时间内,可能是通过它们之间的相互协调而保持一个稳定的平衡态进行的。     

Acclimatization of micropropagated plantlets induces an antioxidative burst: a case study with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ulmus minor</Emphasis> Mill.

In this article, the effects of increased light intensities on antioxidant metabolism during ex vitro establishment of Ulmus minor micropropagated plants are investigated. Three month old in vitro plants were acclimatized to ex vitro conditions in a climate chamber with two different light intensities, 200 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ (high light, HL) and 100 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ (low light, LL) during 40 days. Immediately after ex vitro transfer, the increase of both malondialdehyde (MDA) and electrolyte leakage in persistent leaves is indicative of oxidative stress. As the acclimatization continues, an upregulation of the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione reductase (GR) enzyme activities were also observed. Simultaneously, MDA content and membrane permeability stabilized, suggesting that the antioxidant enzymes decrease the deleterious effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Unexpectedly, newly formed leaves presented a different pattern of antioxidative profile, with high levels of MDA and membrane leakage and low antioxidant enzyme activity. Despite these differences, both leaf types looked healthy (e.g. greenish, with no necrotic spots) during the whole acclimatization period. The results indicate that micropropagated U. minor plantlets develop an antioxidant enzyme system after ex vitro transfer and that, in general, LL treatment leads to lower oxidative stress. Moreover, new leaves tolerate higher levels of ROS without the need to activate the antioxidative pathway, which suggests that the environment at which leaves are exposed during its formation determinate their ability to tolerate ROS.