影响小麦成熟胚再生频率因素的研究(简报)

以小麦成熟胚为外植体,研究了基本培养基、预处理类型、接种方式、植物激素的浓度和不同组合以及分化培养基中是否添加抗生素对愈伤组织诱导和分化的影响．在此基础上建立了一套高效的小麦成熟胚植株再生系统。经过试验,我们选择在MS培养基上接种经无菌水预处理的纵切成熟胚作为起始的试验条件。在含2mg／L2,4-D的MS培养基上．初级愈伤组织的诱导频率可达80％以上．在继代培养基中添加0．5mg／L6-BA和0．2mg／LNAA可以显著提高胚性愈伤组织的产生。而在再生培养基中加入适当浓度的头孢霉素可以有效提高胚性愈伤组织再生出小植株的比例。利用该再生系统,我们从5个小麦优良主栽品种的成熟胚再生出了可育的植株,再生频率达15．3％-34．5％。     

枸杞花药愈伤组织悬浮培养条件下胚状体发生与植株再生

采用枸杞花药进行离体培养,建立细胞系,诱导植株再生,结果在含不同激素的4种培养基上都诱导出了愈伤组织,诱导率为17%～169%。愈伤组织在MS 2,4D05mg/L的固体培养基上,经2～3次培养后,获颗粒状胚性愈伤组织,颗粒状胚性愈伤组织转入含相同成分的液体培养基中进行振荡培养,24h后获得大量单细胞。单细胞液经过多次继代培养,建立起稳定的悬浮系。悬浮细胞在液体培养基中培养8～10d可获得含有大量胚状体的愈伤组织块,收集悬浮培养物转移到MS 6BA02mg/L的固体培养基上,胚状体能够萌发形成大量绿色小芽,小芽转入生根培养基(MS NAA02mg/L)中20d后得到完整植株。植株根尖细胞经细胞学鉴定为单倍体。     

枸杞原生质体培养及高效成株体系的建立

由枸杞髓部组织诱导出胚性愈伤组织,并由此愈伤组织建立起稳定的细胞悬浮系,从悬浮细胞游离的原生质体在改良KM培养基（1．5mg/L 6-BA,0.5mg/L NAA和0．5mg/L2,4-D)中进行液体浅层培养,3－4d后出现第一次分裂,第7d统计分裂频率为50．3％,15d左右可形成细胞团,3－4周后形成肉眼可见的愈伤组织,愈伤组织植板率为1．25％,将细胞团转移到液体分化培养基（MS＋6－BA 1．5mg/L 2,4-D 0.2mg/L)8-10d可形成大量胚状体,及时将胚性愈伤组织块转移到固体分化培养基上（MS 6-BA 0.2mg/L)可形成大量绿芽,分化率54．17％。绿芽在生根培养基（MS＋NAA 0．2mg/L)可形成完整植株,移栽后成活良好。     

银杏幼嫩茎段培养诱导愈伤组织及其细胞学研究

将银杏幼嫩茎段培养于含NAA和BA的MS和改良MS培养基中获得球型胚。培养基类型对愈伤组织的诱导和分化有明显影响,MS培养基优于DCR培养基。所有的MS和改良MS培养基上有胚性细胞的分化。在含有4mg／L的NAA的MS和改良MS培养基中,有三细胞和四细胞的原胚出现,并在MS 2mg／L NAA 0．1mg／L BA的培养基中观察到球形胚的分化。     

牡丹子叶离体再生体系研究

以日本牡丹品种“太阳”为试验材料,研究不同激素组合对牡丹胚初代培养、愈伤组织诱导、分化及植株再生的影响。结果表明：牡丹胚初代培养在1．0mg／L6-BA＋0．25mg／LTDZ的MS培养基上,牡丹胚诱导率最高可达96．1％;剪取无菌子叶转接到附加含有2．0mg／L6-BA＋2．0mg／L2,4-D＋0．2mg／LTDZ的MS培基养上进行愈伤组织培养．诱导率可达100％;愈伤组织在MS＋0．5mg／LKT培养基上分化出芽,分化率达26．6％：不定芽在1／2MS＋1．0mg／LNAA＋4．0mg／LIBA生根培养基上的生根率达27％．     

新疆雪莲体细胞胚胎发生

通过体细胞胚胎发生途径实现了新疆雪莲（Saussurea involucrata Kar．et Kir．）的植株再生。选用新疆雪莲子叶为外植体,接种于MS＋0．5mg·L^-12,4-D＋0．05—1mg·L^-1BA的固体培养基上,进行愈伤组织的诱导。从第1次继代培养的愈伤组织中挑选出黄绿色、颗粒状、质地致密的腔陛愈伤组织,转移到含0．05—0．1mg·L^-1 2,4-D的MS液体培养基中进行悬浮培养,20天后可分化产生大量球形胚。继代过程中相继加入PEG和GA3,可以促进体细胞胚的分化和生长。体细胞胚在含有5mg·L^-1 GA3的MS固体培养基上,可发育成完整的植株。     

从香蕉胚性细胞悬浮系获得再生植株

2个主栽香蕉品种的未成熟雄花诱导产生的胚性愈伤组织接种至液体培养基中,经3～4个月的继代培养后长成质地均匀的胚性细胞悬浮系(ECS),悬浮系中60%～80%是胚性细胞团.ECS接种至体胚再生培养基上约4～5周后开始出现再生体胚,萌发的体胚以MS培养基培养后可获得再生植株.     

防风组织培养中畸形胚状体的发生和控制

采用组织培养和石蜡切片法,分析多种因素对防风畸形胚状体发生和发育过程的影响及控制。结果表明,诱导正常体细胞胚高频发生的培养基组合是：启动胚性愈伤组织的培养基是MS 0．5mg／L 2．4-D,蔗糖浓度3％;分化培养基是MS 1mg／L 6-BA 0．2mg／L NAA 0．5mg／L ABA,蔗糖浓度4％～5％;成熟培养基是MS培养基,蔗糖浓度3％。结论：一定浓度的生长素是诱导防风胚性愈伤组织的关键因素,细胞分裂素在体细胞胚的分化和发育过程中起协同作用;蔗糖浓度、ABA、接种方法以及适宜的培养条件和培养容器等均可有效降低畸形胚状体的发生率。     

2,4-D、BA对人参体细胞胚胎发生过程的影响研究

以人参芽胞、二年生人参根、实生苗（茎、叶）为外植体研究了体细胞胚的发生条件,并对其发生过程中可溶性蛋白、相关酶活性及内源激素的变化等进行了研究。结果表明,诱导愈伤组织的培养基为MS＋2,4-D4．0mg／L＋BA0．2mg／L;在MS＋2,4-D1．0mg／L＋KT0．2mg／L培养基上继代培养,可获得胚性愈伤组织;在无2,4-D的培养基上可诱导出胚状体。将胚状体转入无任何激素的MS培养基上继续培养,之后转入1／2MS培养基上获得再生植株。在体细胞胚胎发生过程中,可溶性多糖和可溶性淀粉含量在早期胚时较低,可溶性蛋白含量、POD及PPO活性在早期胚时最高;IAA在早期胚时期含量最高,在成熟胚时期ABA含量最高,而ABA／IAA比值在成熟胚时较高,利于体细胞胚的发育成熟。     

悬浮培养的谷子细胞的胚胎发生和植株再生(简报)

由谷子的胚性愈伤组织在附加2mg/l2,4-D和5%椰乳的UM液体培养基中建立了细胞悬浮培养,降低培养基中2,4-D的浓度,利于胚状体的形成。当液体培养中的细胞转移到MS琼脂培养基上后,通过改变激素的组成及浓度,可以促进胚性细胞团的增殖,进而再生出大量完整植株。这种通过形成胚状体而再生植株的能力,巳在该悬浮培养系中保持一年多,从由幼穗培养建立胚性愈伤组织开始,此细胞系的旺盛的再生能力至今巳保持了近三年。     

新疆天山雪莲体胚诱导与分化研究

以新疆天山雪莲的叶片为外植体,分别用不同配方培养基诱导愈伤组织,后进行体胚诱导和分化培养形成再生雪莲植株.结果表明,诱导愈伤组织的最适培养基为MS 2,4-D 0.5 mg/L BA 1.5 mg/L,诱导率可达到100%;愈伤组织转移至MS 2,4-D 0.5 mg/L BA 1.5 mg/L培养基进行继代培养,增殖后的愈伤组织转移到MS 2,4-D 0.2 mg/L的液体培养基后成功诱导出雪莲体胚,出胚率达40%;将体胚接至MS ABA 0.5 mg/L培养基后,结果分化生长出大量的再生雪莲幼苗.     

Somatic embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration in the soybean Glycine max

A tissue culture procedure for the regeneration of somatic embryos and plantlets from somatic cells of the soybean Glycine max is described. Bean pods of soybean cv. TGM119 were immersed in liquid nitrogen for 20 minutes. Young embryos were excised from the immature seeds and cultured to form calli. Calli grown from the young embryos were incubated in liquid culture for two weeks. The liquid suspension culture was filtered to obtain single cells. The soybean cells were cultured for one month in a liquid medium in hanging drop cultures for development into proembryoids. The proembryoids were maintained on a solid growth medium for 40 days. The resultant callus tissue was transferred into MS media containing selected combinations and concentrations of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Naphthaleneacetic acid, Kinetin, Benzyladenine and Indoleacetic acid. In the presence of Benzyladenine (0.2 mg/l) and Indoleacetic acid (0.01 mg/l), globular and heart shaped somatic embryos were formed on the surface of the calli. Calli containing somatic embryos were transferred into liquid medium and incubated under low light conditions. After six months further incubation, more than 1,000 plantlets and a large number of somatic embryoids at various developmental stages were obtained per flask.Abbreviations KT kinetin - CM coconut milk - BA benzyladenine - NAA napthalene acetic acid - IAA indole acetic acid - 2,4-D 2,4 dichlorophenoxy acetic acid - MS Murashige and Skoog medium     

中国木薯栽培种通过器官发生再生植株研究

本文研究了中国木薯栽培种四种外植体通过器官发生再生植株的条件。结果表明:在MS附加0.05mg/L TIBA,1mg/L BA的培养基上“NZ 188”初步的萌发胚状体“切头”后切口处可直接产生丛芽,出芽率为43%。“SC201”胚状体子叶块在MS附加0.5 mg/L NAA,0.5mg/L BA的培养基上可直接出芽,出芽率为42%,在MS附加0.5mg/L IBA,1.5mg/L BA培养基上·出芽率为31%,AgNO_3和ABA单独使用或配合使用均不利于芽的再生。“NZ188”胚状体下胚轴在MS附加0.5mg/LNAA,0.5mg/L BA的培养基上形成的愈伤组织转入MS附加1mg/L NAA,2mg/L BA的培养基上,3周后大多数愈伤组织有绿点出现、仅4.4%外植体分化出芽。“HZ188”无菌苗茎段接种在MS附加0.05mg/L TIBA,2mg/LBA的固体培养基上,2周后形成大量愈伤组织,4周后仅见一块愈伤组织分化出芽。     

小麦组织培养中体细胞胚胎发生的细胞胚胎学及淀粉消长动态的研究

小麦幼胚在附加2,4-D 2 mg/L+KT0.5 mg/L+LH 300 mg/L+3%蔗糖的MS 培养基上诱导出愈伤组织,继代2—3次后,降低2,4-D 的浓度,该愈伤组织约以60%的频率转变为胚性愈伤组织,继而形成不同发育期的体细胞胚。这些体细胞胚是起源于愈伤组织表层或近表层的单个胚性细胞,体细胞胚经球形胚、梨形胚、盾片胚、成熟胚而成再生植株。在胚性细胞内淀粉粒大最积累,淀粉颗粒大而密集。随着胚性细胞的分裂,淀粉逐渐被消耗,到多细胞原胚期,胚体细胞内淀粉粒趋于消失。球形胚期淀粉粒又开始积累,但到成熟胚期,淀粉积累只限于生长点区域,尔后随着胚体萌发,淀粉含量又趋于减少。这一消长动态过程与小麦合子胚发生中淀粉代谢动态基本一致。     

Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration from Protoplasts of Cowpea (Vigna sinensis)

Immature cotyledons of cowpea (Vigna sinensis Endlo) were used for protoplast isolation. Enzyme solution for protoplast isolation contained 40% cellulase Onozuka R-10,0.30% Macerozyme R-10 and 2% hemicellulase. The purified protoplasts were cultured in Bs,MS or KM8p liquid medium in dark (25℃) at a density of 1 × 105–5 × 105/ml. The protoplasts started cell division in 3–5 days . Sustained cell divisions resulted ill formation of cell clusters and small calli,with cell division frequency reaching 23%–28% in MS medium . Calli of 2 mm in size were transferred onto MSB (MS salts+B5 vitamins) medium with 2 mg/L 2,4-D, 0. 5mg /L BA forfurther growth. Embryogenic calli appeared on this medium. After passage to fresh medium with the same composition, the embryogenic calli were transferred into MSB liquid medium to establish suspension culture. When the suspended calli were transferred back onto MSB agar medium with 0. 1 mg /L IAA, 0.5mg/L KT, 5% mannitol (cultured in light,2000 lx,12h/d), a lot of adventitious roots formed in 7–10 days, and then somatic embryos formed from the protoplast derived calli. But only a few embryoids developed further into the cotyledonary stage ,and the others died at globular, heart-shaped, or torpeto stage . Finally, some cotyledonary embryoids germinated and developed into plantlets or shoots with leaves.     

火炬松成熟合子胚培养直接器官发生和植株再生

基因型Ｈｂ,Ｍａ和Ｍｃ的火炬松成熟合子胚在附加１．０ｍｇ／ＬＮＡＡ,４．０ｍｇ／ＬＢＡ,５００ｍｇ／ＬＬＨ和５００ｍｇ／Ｌ谷氨酰胺的ＴＥ培养基上培养１２周后,在子叶和胚轴部位形成不定芽原基。然后将合子胚转移到附加０．５ｍｇ／／ＬＮＡＡ,０．０５ｍｇ／ＬＩＢＡ,２ｍｇ／ＬＢＡ,５００ｍｇ／ＬＬＨ和５００ｍｇ／Ｌ谷氨酰胺的ＴＥ不定芽分化培养基上,６周后分化产生大量不定芽,３种基因型中,Ｈｂ的直接不定芽     

羊草与灰色赖草F1代细胞悬浮系的建立及植株再生

本研究以羊草(L eym us ch inensis)与灰色赖草(L eym us cinereus)杂种F1代幼穗为外植体诱导愈伤组织,在3.0 m g/L 2,4-D M S培养基上继代1次后,转入不同浓度激素(2,4-D、IAA、KT)配比和不同浓度蔗糖的M S液体培养基进行振荡培养,建立杂种F1代细胞悬浮系和植株再生体系.结果表明,细胞悬浮培养时,M S 1.0 m g/L2,4-D 0.1 m g/L KT 4%蔗糖的液体培养基最佳;悬浮细胞分化时,1.0 m g/L 2,4-D 0.1 m g/L KT 4%蔗糖 M S和1.0 m g/L 2,4-D 4%蔗糖 M S培养的悬浮细胞在1.0 m g/L NAA 0.5 m g/L KT M S分化培养基上的绿苗分化率分别达到83%和80%.细胞悬浮系及再生体系的建立为杂种F1代育性恢复的研究奠定了基础.     

Establishment of a System with High Synchronous Frequency of Somatic Embryogenesis and Embryo Seedling Formation in Camellia sinensis var. assamica

The system of high synchronous frequency of somatic embryogenesis and somatic embryo seedling formation was established by means of embryonic cell hne 1 ( CL1 ) of Camellia sinensis var. assamica Kitamura. Modified MS was used as the basic medium. Cultures of CL1 was transferred to the aqueous induced medium (0.05 mg/L 2,4-D + 0.50 mg/L 6-BA) from the maintenance medium (0.1 mg/L 2,4-D + 0.5 mg/L 6-BA) for somatic embryos induction under dark condition. 28 days later, they were cultured in the liquid differentiation medium. Various kinds of somatic embryos were obtained after another 28 days. The frequency of somatic embryos was 81.5 %. Various mesh sizes of sieves were applied to collect the somatic embryos in different developmental stages which could develop to mature stage in the aqueous growth medium ( 1/2 MS + 1.0 mg/L GA3 + 0.5 mg/L 6-BA). ABA was effective to promote the formation of highly qualified somatic embryo. The mature somatic embryos sized 20 to 70 mesh had the conversion frequency 75 %. The development of somatic embryogenesis studied under a cell suspension culture system was similar to the zygotic embryogenesis.     

云南大叶茶体细胞胚发生及体细胞胚苗形成体系的建立

利用云南大叶茶(Camellia sinensis var.assamica Kitamura)胚性细胞系(CL_1)中悬浮培养物,建立了高频率同步化体细胞胚发生及体胚苗形成体系。以改良的MS为基本培养基,将CL_1中培养物由液体保持培养基(0.1mg/L 2,4-D 0.5mg/L 6-BA)继代转入液体诱导培养基(0.05mg/L 2,4-D 0.50mg/L6-BA),暗培养诱导28d,转入不含任何激素的液体分化培养基中再培养28d,获得了不同发育时期的体细胞胚,其发生频率为81.5％。不同发育时期的体细胞胚用不同目的细胞筛收集,在液体生长培养基(1/2 MS 1.0mg/L GA_3 0.5mg/L 6-BA)中培养发育成熟。ABA有利于高质量体细胞胚的形成。20～70月大小的体细胞胚在固体生长培养基中成苗转换率为75％。在液体悬浮培养条件下观察记录了体细胞胚发育过程,证实其过程与合子胚的形态发生过程相似。