河北夏蝗大发生与气象条件的关系

利用合成分析和秩相关系数2种方法,分析了河北2种生态类型蝗区中夏蝗LocustamigratoriaL.发生程度与气象条件的关系,以确定影响夏蝗大发生的关键气象因子。结果表明:2个类型蝗区大发生年以前一年5月至当年夏蝗出土以前的气温偏高、降水偏少为主;前一年6月下旬、7月上旬、8月上旬、8月中旬气温、6月上旬降水、当年3月下旬降水、4月下旬气温为沿海蝗区关键影响因子,前一年7月上旬和8月下旬气温、5月中旬降水及当年2月中、下旬气温、4月下旬和5月上旬气温为洼淀蝗区的关键影响因子。     

桂西北右江盆地玉米播种期与玉米螟为害的初步考察

一、引言 百色在广西丘陵区与云南高原的交接地带,是右江河流两岸的典型低洼盆地(海拔自110—130米)。这个地区,一年内种早、晚两造玉米(有的也种一造中玉米),早玉米多在2月上旬至3月下旬播种,晚玉米7月上旬至8月下旬种植。玉米螟为害比海拔高的土石山区(海拔500—900米)和高寒山区(海拔1200—1500米)严重,晚玉米重于早玉米,早玉米常年被害株率在20—60％左右,晚玉米在40—95％,损失很大。 右江盆地玉米螟一年发生6个完整世代(个别有7代)。越冬代蛾出现在3月中旬至4月下旬,一代蛾在5月上旬至下旬,二代蛾在6月中旬至7月上旬,三代蛾在7月中旬至8月上旬,4代蛾在8月中旬至9月中旬,5代蛾在10月上旬至下旬,6代蛾(少数)在11月上旬至中旬。绝大部分以第6代幼虫在玉米、高粱、小米秆内越冬。 群众对王米不同播种期与玉米螟的为害关系说法不同:有的说提早播种能减轻受害;有的说推迟播种螟害轻。为了探索这个问题,我们于1962—1963年进行了考察,现将结果简报于下。     

杭州湾及钱塘江河口水鸟群落组成、季节动态及种间相关性分析

2007年7月-2010年11月,对杭州湾曹娥江口至甬江口间潮间带及其附近海涂水库的水鸟群落进行定期监测,共记录9目18科128种.其中,候鸟119种,占总数的93％;而国家重点保护鸟类11种.对13种鸻鹬类和9种鸭类进行种群数量随时间变化的种间相关性分析,两个类群各有21对和23对显著相关.通过对水鸟季节动态及其迁徙模式分析,将其迁徙过程分为6个阶段,即:4月上旬-5月中旬、7月下旬-9月下旬(旅鸟迁徙高峰期)、2月下旬-3月下旬、10月上旬-12月中旬(冬候鸟迁徙高峰期)、12月下旬-次年2月中旬(越冬期)和5月下旬-7月中旬(繁殖期).种间吸引作用可能是影响该区域迁徙季节鸻鹬类和越冬地鸭类群落组成的重要原因,而该区域特殊地理位置和水鸟群落构成可能是造成鸻鹬类春秋季迁徙高峰数量巨大差异的主要因素.     

珍稀濒危植物金花茶种子繁殖和生物学特性研究

对金花茶进行种子繁殖和生物学特性研究。结果表明:以含水6%湿沙贮藏,采用粒径大的种子(2.05cm×1.51cm×1.92cm)于3月进行播种繁殖,其发芽率最高,且幼苗长势健壮。金花茶从北热带季雨林中引种到中亚热带桂林雁山的自然环境条件下,植株能正常生长及开花结实。物候期比原产地推迟40d左右。成龄植株通常每年只有一次秋梢,于9月下旬开始展叶抽梢,10月中旬新梢停止生长。6月下旬至7月上旬开始现蕾,1月上旬至2月上旬为开花始期,2月下旬至3月中旬为开花盛期,3月下旬至4月上旬为开花末期。果实于11月下旬至12月成熟,生长期约9～10个月。17年生实生苗平均高(313.60±15.92)cm,基径(4.51±0.71)cm,平均冠幅(东西×南北)277.6cm×219.2cm。金花茶主要病害有赤叶枯病、炭疽病、白绢病等,4～6月高温湿热季节容易发病。虫害主要有蚜虫、卷叶蛾、天牛和木囊蛾等。     

北京地区铜绿金龟子发生规律与防治

1974—1975年,我们在我院大兴分校,进行了铜绿金龟子的发生规律与综合防治的研究。现将所得结果整理出来,供参考。 一、生活史 铜绿金龟子在北京地区一年发生一代,以幼虫越冬。从7月上旬即出现初孵化的蛴螬,一直到第二年7月中、下旬才进入末期。5月下旬开始化蛹,6月中旬进入盛期,7月中、下旬为末期。成虫于6月上旬始见,6月下旬至7月上、中旬进行入盛期,直到9月中、下旬为末期。6月中旬开始产卵,6月下旬至7月上、中旬为即盛期,9月中、下旬才结束(详见右图)。     

旅游活动对扬州凤凰岛国家湿地公园戴胜的影响研究

为了研究旅游活动对戴胜(Upupa epops)的影响,于2011年2月20日-4月17日,根据扬州凤凰岛国家湿地生态旅游区的特点,按功能划分为4个区域:大众旅游区(距核心保护区4 000 m以外)、生态旅游区(距核心保护区1 200-4 000 m)、缓冲区(距核心保护区600-1 200m)和核心保护区(半径600 m区域内)。并选取12个监测点,利用双筒望远镜、单筒望远镜采用定点直接计数法记录发现戴胜的时间、地点、生境、行为习性、数量等,用爱华AWA5633A型声级计监测湿地生态旅游各功能区噪音,分析旅游活动对戴胜栖息和生存的影响,提出科学管理旅游活动和环境保护冲突的解决原则和思路。     

夹竹桃天蛾的生物学特性

夹竹桃天蛾Daphnis nerii(Linnaeus)是夹竹桃上的重要害虫,具有间歇性爆发的特点。该虫在湖南省衡阳地区1年发生2～3代,以蛹在寄主附近的枯枝落叶层、表层松土及土壤缝穴中越冬。越冬代成虫于6月上旬出现,6月中下旬产卵。6月下旬第1代幼虫孵化;第1代成虫于7月中旬出现,7月下旬产卵。第2代幼虫8月上旬孵化,8月下旬至9月上旬幼虫危害最历害,9月中旬开始化蛹,化蛹持续到10月中旬。第2代蛹发生分化,一部分成为越冬蛹,另一部分则羽化为成虫。第2代成虫于10月上旬开始产下第3代卵。10月上旬第3代幼虫开始孵化,11月中旬第3代幼虫开始化蛹、越冬。     

云南稻纵卷叶螟的发生与种群消长特点

2009—2012年,对滇西、滇西南、滇南、滇东南、滇东和滇东北6个稻区的稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée种群发生特点进行了研究,结果表明:(1)云南主要稻区均没有采集到稻纵卷叶螟的各越冬虫态,表明云南稻区的稻纵卷叶螟早期虫源主要来自境外;(2)灯下虫源始见期在4月中旬到7月中旬,不同稻区的虫源迁入期变化较大,相差近3个月。滇西沧源和滇东南富宁虫源始见期最早,在4月中旬—5月下旬,滇西南勐海灯下始见期最晚,为6月上旬—7月中旬;(3)滇西、滇西南、滇东北和滇南为稻纵卷叶螟轻发生区,主要在中晚稻上发生危害,田间卷叶率在30%以下,田间发生量少于300头/667m2。滇东和滇东南为中等和重发生区,田间卷叶率在30%以上,高的达80%以上,田间虫量最高可达7 000头/667m2;(4)云南稻纵卷叶螟田间种群发生高峰期主要集中在5月下旬至9月下旬。滇东南高峰期为6月下—7月中旬,正值水稻孕穗期到抽穗开花期,应做好田间监测与防治工作。     

蝗卵的研究,Ⅰ.亚洲飞蝗蝗卵孵育期中胚胎形态变化的观察及野外蝗卵胚胎发育期的调查

一.引言 亚洲飞蝗(Locusta migratoria manilensis Meyen)(以下简称飞蝗)在我国沿海诸省每年一般发生两代。根据在洪泽湖与微山湖蝗区观察的结果,夏蝗在6月下旬和7月上旬产卵,至同年7月中、下旬孵化;秋蝗在9月上、中旬产卵,到次年6月上旬孵化。越冬蝗卵在土中停留8个月左右的时间,这使它们有充分的机会去领受当地环境因素如寒冷、干,湿、天敌等的作用,从而左右次年飞蝗发生时间     

朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)的繁殖习性

文章概述了朱鹮的濒危状况及陕西省洋县1981—1986年的繁殖数量,计6年9窝27幼,已知死亡4只,人工喂养3只。 朱鹮在洋县为留鸟,越冬期间偶尔返回繁殖地,2月中旬后不再离开。有显著的领域性。3月上旬开始营巢,中旬至4月初产卵,多数3枚(1—4枚)。孵卵期30天左右,育雏期约为40天,均由雌雄亲鸟共同承担。6月中下旬全窝育成后一起飞离巢区。     

Study of the toxicological mechanism of acidified aerosols

More than 30 aerosol samples were collected from 1 place near Zaojiaban Road (downtown of Shanghai) and 1 village near Jiading country (suburb) by a stacked-filter air sampler. The coarse particulates (>2.5 μm) and the fine particulates (PM_2.5) and their unsoluble parts were analyzed by proton-induced X-ray emission. The cytotoxicity of particulates from the two places was evaluated by malondialdehyde (MDA) and thiazolyl blue (MTT) methods. The results show that the transition metal Fe, Cr, and Mn compounds from downtown are more easily soluble than those from the suburb, both in coarse and fine particulates, and the S content is much higher in particulates from downtown than that from the suburb. The cytotoxicity of the particulates from downtown is higher than that from the suburb and the cytotoxicity of acidified particulates is significantly higher than that of the controls. Because there are higher-soluble transition metal compounds that can induce free radicals in acidified particulates, the soluble transition metals may be one of the main factors for cytotoxicity.     

长沙城市斑块湿地资源的时空演变

利用GIS技术,对长沙市1955、1972和1990年地形图湿地数据及2007年长沙市湿地资源普查数据进行提取和分析,选取最具代表性的斑块湿地作为研究对象,从时间与空间、动态与静态、规模与填埋等视角,研究50年来城市斑块湿地生态系统各层次要素的时空演变过程和变化规律.结果表明:(1)时间层次上,长沙城市斑块湿地总面积呈现先增后减、总体增加的态势;斑块湿地面积变化幅度不断加大,速率逐步加快;(2)规模层次上,面积在32 hm2规模以下的斑块湿地呈增加态势,32 hm2规模以上斑块湿地呈减少态势;(3)动态空间层次上,被填埋斑块湿地的比例在建成区和郊区呈相反的演变结果;(4)静态空间层次上,斑块湿地密度在建成区范围和郊区范围演变结果相背.研究显示,伴随着城市化进程,不同时间尺度、不同规模尺度、不同空间属性、不同空间状态的城市斑块湿地常常呈现差异很大、甚至是截然相反的演变结果;无论是动态空间还是静态空间,建成区与郊区的空间分界线往往是城市斑块湿地演变态势的分水岭.     

基于多源数据的福州市中心城区人居环境质量评价

城市内部居住环境的客观性评价有助于发现城市发展中暴露出的问题,有针对性地进行调整进而改善城市环境。以福州市中心城区为研究区,居住区为研究单元,利用气象监测数据、遥感影像数据、地图兴趣点数据、国土规划数据等多源数据,从环境健康舒适性、交通便捷性、城市安全性和生活方便性4方面构建城市人居环境监测体系,并使用优劣解距离法进行人居环境质量综合评价。结果表明: 福州市中心城区人居环境水平差异性较大,整体上呈现出中心区域高、边缘地区低的特点。城区中部人居环境指数较高,东部和南部区域较低,西部和北部区域人居环境高值与低值混杂分布。各指标层中,交通便捷性和生活方便性的高-高集聚以及低-低集聚特征与人居环境高低值聚类分布较为一致,便捷的交通以及完备的服务设施对人居环境评价的影响较大;环境健康舒适性呈现城市内部低、边缘高的特点,而城市安全性呈现内部高、边缘低的特点。     

近50年京津冀气候舒适度的区域时空特征分析

受气候变化影响,区域气候舒适期势必会发生不同程度的变化。从气候舒适性的视角出发,利用京津冀地区1966—2015年的170个观测站点50年逐日气象资料,以温湿指数、风效指数、着衣指数及其综合指数为气候舒适性的评价指标,统计分析区域气候舒适期的起止日期、天数及其年际间变化规律,揭示京津冀区域气候舒适度的时空变化特征,为区域人口合理分布和气候资源评价提供科学依据。此外,以日为时间尺度进行气候舒适期分析,有利于气候变化背景下区域间横向和区域内纵向的比较研究。结果显示:(1)京津冀气候舒适度指数近50年来的变化趋势基本相同,综合指数呈显著增加趋势;但各地间变幅存在一定差异,其中天津气候舒适度指数变化幅度最为明显,北京变化相对平稳。(2)从气候舒适度综合指数来看,京津冀地区气候舒适期年内分布呈"M"型,舒适期相对集中在4—5月、9—10月,舒适和较舒适等级的月累计日数均达到28 d以上,其中5月气候最为舒适,舒适等级日数最多,达到24—26 d;北京年平均舒适天数最多(100 d),天津最少(91 d)。(3)从单一气候舒适度指数来看,京津冀舒适和较舒适等级的初始日期大多呈显著的提前趋势;终止日期和天数大多略有增加,但变化趋势不显著。而综合指数显示,1966—2015年较舒适等级的初始日期变化最为显著,大约每10年提前3—4 d;天津和河北终止日期变化也达到显著水平,大约每10年推迟1—2 d,北京增加趋势不明显。(4)京津冀气候舒适期的空间分布显示,舒适等级的日数从西北向东南地区呈减少特征,河北北部舒适等级的年平均日数最多达115—120 d,东南部最少,不足90 d。     

Remote European mountain lake ecosystems: regionalisation and ecological status

1. A survey of c. 350 remote high altitude and high latitude lakes from 12 different mountain regions across Europe was undertaken to explore ecosystem variability, climate forcing, environmental conditions and pollution threats at a scale not previously attempted.
2. Lakes were sampled for a range of contemporary and sub-fossil organisms including planktonic crustaceans, rotifers, littoral invertebrates, chironomids, diatoms and cladocerans. Survey and cartographic data were used to determine environmental characteristics at each site. Organic pollutants and trace metal concentrations were measured in the lake sediment.
3. A number of separate studies were undertaken which examined the environmental characteristics of the surveyed lakes (climate forcing and chemical composition), distribution of biota relative to local, regional and biogeographical factors and pollution threats (acidification, heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants) to these sensitive ecosystems.
4. There is a strong regional element to the way that environmental factors combine (including climate and pollution threats) and the biota responds in mountain lakes across Europe. From a management perspective it is clear that lake classification and the development of useful typologies and assessments of reference conditions should be undertaken at regional rather than pan-European scales.
5. There are some common features across lake districts related to the timing of industrialisation, but the studies carried out on metals, organic pollutants and nitrate deposition indicate that each lake district has distinct pollution threats. Climate warming already affects most of the lake districts and there are considerable uncertainties as to how this will modify conditions in remote European mountain systems.
6. The lake district concept goes beyond a geographical construct and merits further theoretical and experimental development as an ecological concept.     

Age-related changes in rat thymic epithelial cells

We investigated age-related changes in immunocytochemical localisation of cytokeratin 16 (CK16) in thymuses of female Wistar rats at various stages of adult life (months 1, 3, 6, 12). Within the 1 st month of life, distribution of CK typical for individual subsets of thymic epithelial cells (TEC) was observed. The most numerous CK16+ TEC were observed in the outer region of medulla, in the outer cells of Hassall's corpuscles and in the superficial epithelial layer neighbouring the connective tissue of the capsule, septa and vessels of the thymus. In the 3rd month of life, increased intensity of CK16 reaction in superficial TEC was accompanied by increased numbers of CK 16+ TEC in the outer region of the medulla. Age-related alterations in the distribution of the studied markers were evident beginning from the 6th month of life and involved increased expression of CK16 in the superficial layer of TEC, which at the interface with the septa formed stratified epithelium. In parallel, decreased numbers of CK16+ TEC were observed in the outer region of the medulla. Changes in CK16+ TEC distribution of a similar type developed in 12-month old rats and they probably reflected altered functions of some TEC populations and decreased or increased biological activity of other TEC populations.     

Do chimpanzees build comfortable nests?

Nests built by wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) were studied at the Fongoli research site in southeastern Senegal from January 2004-May 2004 to investigate the role of comfort in nest building behavior by relating measures of nest comfort and building effort. Nest comfort across zones of the nest surface were compared with construction effort for 25 nests. Several variables of nest comfort were assessed: (1) physical discomfort, (2) visible discomfort, and (3) softness. Physical discomfort was used as a representative measure of nest discomfort. Building effort was measured by (1) construction force, (2) complexity, and (3) added material. Spearman rank correlations compared Effort and Comfort measures for both whole nests and central versus edge zones. The results show that construction force and complexity do not influence comfort of the nest as a whole. Greater Construction force correlates with more nest edge discomfort, yet the central area shows no difference. More complex nests do result in a more comfortable central area in the nest. Nests built with greater force may result in more discomfort, whereas complexity may allow chimpanzees to maintain comfort in a central area for sleep. Chimpanzees may place additional leaves or twigs over hard branches, protruding from the nest surface after construction, to increase comfort of the central nest area. Functions of chimpanzee nest building are likely to be several, but these results suggest comfort is a factor in nest building behavior.     

Corrections in grasp posture in response to modifications of action goals

There is ample evidence that people plan their movements to ensure comfortable final grasp postures at the end of a movement. The end-state comfort effect has been found to be a robust constraint during unimanual movements, and leads to the inference that goal-postures are represented and planned prior to movement initiation. The purpose of this study was to examine whether individuals make appropriate corrections to ensure comfortable final goal postures when faced with an unexpected change in action goal. Participants reached for a horizontal cylinder and placed the left or right end of the object into the target disk. As soon as the participant began to move, a secondary stimuli was triggered, which indicated whether the intended action goal had changed or not. Confirming previous research, participants selected initial grasp postures that ensured end-state comfort during non-perturbed trials. In addition, participants made appropriate on-line corrections to their reach-to-grasp movements to ensure end-state comfort during perturbed trials. Corrections in grasp posture occurred early or late in the reach-to-grasp phase. The results indicate that individuals plan their movements to afford comfort at the end of the movement, and that grasp posture planning is controlled via both feedforward and feedback mechanisms.     

基于贝叶斯二项式模型分析棕头鸥种群多度与环境因子间的关系

传统的种群多度调查方法由于默认观察率 p 等于 1,因此极有可能低估种群大小,进而误判种群多度与环境因子间的关系。为了了解禽流感爆发后青海湖棕头鸥种群与环境因子间的关系,为棕头鸥管理提供有效依据,于 2010 年和 2011 年的 4 ～6 月调查了青海湖保护区 23 个观测点的棕头鸥种群数量及环境因子。通过包含观察率的贝叶斯二项式混合模型分析棕头鸥种群多度与环境因子间的关系,采用 DIC 准则进行因子筛选。结果表明: 种群数量亚模型包含取样面积、放牧强度、距公路距离和植被盖度 4 个参数,种群数量随取样面积、距公路距离和植被盖度的增加而增加,随放牧强度的增加而减少; 观察率亚模型包含观察经验和棕头鸥的行为月节律 2 个参数,观察率随观察月的递增而降低,随观察经验的增加而升高,高经验观察者平均每千米观察到 18. 1 只棕头鸥,低经验观察者可以平均观察到 13. 7 只。天气状况不影响观察率,这可能与棕头鸥的觅食栖息地距岸边较近,不影响观察者的观察有关。     

环境因子对上海城市园林春季鸟类群落结构特征的影响

2004年3—5月,对上海8个园林绿地的春季鸟类做了研究。在调查中共观察到55种鸟类,其中留鸟31种,候鸟24种。运用回归与相关统计分析方法分析了鸟类群落结构和分布特征与8个园林绿地的公园面积、水体比例、植被种数、乔木层盖度、灌木层盖度、草本层盖度、地形坡度异质性、临主干道状况、人流量、行道宽度10项环境指标的关系。结果表明：(1)公园面积、植被种数、灌木层盖度、草本层盖度、地形坡度异质性、临主干道状况、行道宽度等7个因子在影响园林鸟类群落结构和分布中起关键性作用;(2)上海城市鸟类数量、多样性呈单一化趋势,而且公园绿地内大面积水体等建设方案并不利于鸟类的栖息。