陕西红碱淖同域分布遗鸥与棕头鸥巢址选择比较

2009—2011年4—7月在陕西红碱淖对同域分布的遗鸥和棕头鸥巢参数特征、巢群空间分布和巢址生境选择进行了对比分析。结果表明:巢外径、巢深、巢高等参数均存在显著差异,这主要是与营巢生境和巢址空间分布上有关;从巢群空间分布上来看,两者均选择于湖心岛上营巢繁殖,巢群呈斑块状分布,但彼此没有混巢现象,有时甚至通过压缩种间巢间距来达到共存,由于遗鸥繁殖群体数量占优势,遗鸥总是占据最佳的巢域,棕头鸥巢群通常被排挤至湖心岛边缘部分;在巢址生境选择上,植被类型、植被高度、植被盖度、巢离水面高度和巢距最近水边距离均存在显著差异。这表明两者巢址生境选择上具有特异性,这种特异性使得巢址生境选择上存在生态位差异,促成了遗鸥和棕头鸥能在同一湖心岛上营巢繁殖因素之一。     

放牧干扰下高原鼢鼠栖息地选择因素

以祁连山东段高寒草甸栖息的高原鼢鼠(Myospalax baileyi)为研究对象,探讨放牧干扰下高原鼢鼠适合栖息地选择的影响因素,为合理控制草原鼠害和保护生物多样性提供科学依据。在5个不同放牧强度小区中,连续3年监测高原鼢鼠相对种群密度变化,同时获取植被和土壤的变化数据。分析高原鼢鼠相对种群密度、植被(盖度、高度、频度、植被生物量、植被均匀度、丰富度、多样性和地下根系生物量)和土壤(紧实度、容重、水分)之间的关系。中度放牧干扰下,高原鼢鼠相对种群密度最低,不利于对栖息地的选择,轻度、次轻度放牧区的高原鼢鼠相对种群密度高于重度、次重度放牧区的;轻度放牧干扰的草地有利于高原鼢鼠种群数量的增加。高原鼢鼠相对种群密度与土壤紧实度、容重呈显著负相关(R=﹣0.921、﹣0.883,P0.05);与土壤水分呈显著正相关(R=0.879,P0.05);高原鼢鼠相对种群密度与地下根系生物量呈极显著正相关(R=0.982,P0.01),与植被丰富度呈显著正相关(R=0.921,P0.05),与地上植被总盖度呈显著正相关(R=0.909,P0.05),与地上生物量、均匀度、多样性呈不显著正相关(P0.05)。在草地放牧干扰系统中,非生物因素土壤紧实度、水分可能是高原鼢鼠栖息地选择的首要选择因素,食物资源也许是次要选择因素。     

西藏南部羊卓雍错水鸟群落及斑头雁活动区域特征

2009年4月至2010年1月,对西藏南部羊卓雍错的水鸟资源状况进行了调查。采用定点观察的方法,沿湖选择了24个观察点,分别在繁殖前期、中期和后期,以及秋季和冬季进行了6次调查。采用核密度分析(Kernel analysis)的方法,对两只卫星跟踪斑头雁(Anser indicus)的活动区进行了分析。调查期间,记录到水鸟32种31044只,隶属于6目10科。雁鸭类和鸥类分别占水鸟总数73.9%和19.1%,主要是斑头雁、赤嘴潜鸭(Rhodonessa rufina)、赤麻鸭(Tadorna ferruginea)、棕头鸥(Larus brunnicephalus)等。水鸟多样性较高的季节是春秋迁徙季节。羊卓雍错夏季主要的繁殖种群是斑头雁和棕头鸥,也有少量黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis)的繁殖个体;冬季主要物种是赤嘴潜鸭,经常聚集在融化的冰面上。春季斑头雁的数量增加趋势较为明显;进入繁殖期后,斑头雁处于孵卵阶段,繁殖种群的数量达到2000余只;繁殖后期,斑头雁换羽结束,成鸟带领幼鸟在鸟岛附近的湖边取食,此时观察到斑头雁的数量又有明显的增加;秋季斑头雁的南迁致使种群数量呈下降趋势;冬季许多斑头雁从北方如青海湖等地迁来越冬使得种群数量有所增加,多分布于湖西浪卡子县城附近的沼泽湿地和湖南部的绒波臧布河流的入口处。卫星跟踪结果表明,羊卓雍错是青海湖繁殖的斑头雁重要的越冬地之一,湖西部沼泽湿地和湖南部的河流入口处是其主要活动区域,而且该湖与雅鲁藏布江河谷之间通过斑头雁的往来移动存在着联系,因而是西藏南部禽流感监测的重要地点。     

飞播马尾松林林下植被盖度与环境因子的关系

采用主成分分析、冗余分析和方差分解法研究飞播马尾松林林下植被盖度与环境因子的关系.结果表明： 选取的环境因子共解释飞播马尾松林林下植被盖度信息的74.2%.在低海拔处,林分因子是影响林下植被盖度的主要因素.林分因子、土壤因子及地形因子对林下植被盖度的解释率分别为55.0%(包含29.1%的单独解释率和25.9%的交互作用)、38.9%(包含12.1%的单独解释率和26.8%的交互作用)和9.0%(包含5.6%的单独解释率和3.4%的交互作用).平均胸径和郁闭度对苔藓类、禾本类和灌木类盖度影响程度较大,且呈显著正相关,芒萁类盖度与非毛管孔隙度和土壤含水量呈显著正相关,与平均胸径、郁闭度、土壤养分及酶活性呈显著负相关.禾本类盖度、苔藓类盖度以及灌木类盖度三者紧密联系,相互促进,而芒萁类盖度与这3类林下植被盖度呈显著负相关.     

不同放牧模式下高原鼠兔洞口的空间分布格局变化

2019年4-11月,在四川省若尔盖县选取全年禁牧、冬季放牧、全年放牧3种放牧模式样地,对高原鼠兔（Ochotona curzoniae）洞口的数量、空间分布格局变化及影响因子进行了研究。计算平均最近邻指数和S²/m比值来分析样方（10 m×10 m）和样地水平下的空间分布格局,通过非参数检验评估空间分布格局在不同放牧模式间和月份间的差异显著性。结果显示：（1）高原鼠兔的洞口总数和有效洞口数在不同放牧模式间均存在显著差异,以冬季放牧模式的洞口数量最多;冬季放牧和全年禁牧模式的洞口数量在月份间有显著变化;（2）无论样方和样地水平,洞口空间分布格局在不同放牧模式间都存在显著差异;在同一放牧模式下,所有洞口和有效洞口的分布型存在差异;（3）植被高度和盖度与高原鼠兔的洞口数量和洞口分布格局相关;（4）洞口数量与平均最近邻指数有显著正相关关系。研究结果说明：不同放牧模式会影响高原鼠兔的空间利用模式及种群动态;高原鼠兔洞口数量及分布型受到植被高度和盖度的影响。     

青海湖裸鲤体腔寄生蠕虫种群动态与宿主食性的关系

对盲囊线虫在青海湖中以锯缘真剑水蚤作为第一中间宿主,舌状绦虫和裂头绦虫都以咸水化镖水蚤和锯缘真剑水蚤作为第一中间宿主,青海湖裸鲤对咸水北镖水蚤的摄食量随体长增加而增加,对锯缘真剑水蚤摄食量随体长增加的变化则不明显。因而提出：舌状绦虫在不同大小的青海湖裸鲤中的种群数量变化不是由于宿主的摄食习性改变引起的。裂头绦虫和对盲囊线虫在青海湖裸鲤中的种群数量随宿主生长而增加的变化与较大宿主对中间宿主的较大摄取量以及它们在宿主体内的积累有关。     

青海湖棕头鸥(Larus brunnicephalus)夏秋季活动区研究

2006年4～9月,采用无线电遥测技术对青海湖重要繁殖水鸟棕头鸥(Larus brunnicephalus)在不同繁殖阶段的活动性,以及与人和鸟的关系进行了研究.对6只棕头鸥个体的遥测结果表明,繁殖初期棕头鸥的活动区较大,进入繁殖中期,活动区明显变小;随后繁殖后期的活动区面积有所增加,到了迁徙前期,活动区面积已接近繁殖初期.不同阶段活动区核心面积(50%Fixed Kernel)与活动区变化趋势基本一致.繁殖初期、中期、后期和迁徙前期活动区面积分别为(15.48 km2±4.54 km2)、(1.61 km2±0.41 km2)、(3.53 km2±2.63 km2)和(11.61 km2±9.36 km2).棕头鸥在不同繁殖阶段的日活动区大小有显著差异.繁殖初期,棕头鸥经常活动于鸬鹚岛、蛋岛和布哈河口,它们都是棕头鸥较好的取食地,鸬鹚岛和蛋岛由于有许多游客投喂食物;在繁殖中期,棕头鸥进入孵化阶段,活动区较繁殖前期明显缩小.由于湟鱼返回布哈河口一带产卵繁殖,棕头鸥经常聚集在此地取食;在繁殖后期,棕头鸥需要寻找大量的食物进行育雏,因此活动范围再度扩大;进入迁徙前期,幼鸟已经长大并学会飞翔,其活动区进一步扩大,与繁殖初期较为接近.     

乌素沙地水源圈植物群落的分布格局

水源圈是干旱地区普遍存在的现象.以毛乌素沙地围栏牧场水源点为中心,在辐射状样带上等间距取样调查10户围栏牧场的植物群落,并对植物群落及植物功能群的丰富度、盖度与其距水源点距离进行回归分析和间接梯度分析.结果表明：随着距水源点距离的增加,毛乌素沙地植物群落的特征呈现出明显的梯度变化,植物群落及其功能群的丰富度增大,植物群落总盖度、灌木和禾草的盖度均表现出增加趋势,而杂类草的盖度却呈现下降趋势.植物群落结构和组成的变化反映了水源点附近沙地上的放牧梯度.水源圈是研究我国北方地区草场退化格局及其驱动因素的切入点.     

毛乌素沙地水源圈植物群落的分布格局

水源圈是干旱地区普遍存在的现象.以毛乌素沙地围栏牧场水源点为中心,在辐射状样带上等间距取样调查10户围栏牧场的植物群落,并对植物群落及植物功能群的丰富度、盖度与其距水源点距离进行回归分析和间接梯度分析.结果表明:随着距水源点距离的增加,毛乌素沙地植物群落的特征呈现出明显的梯度变化,植物群落及其功能群的丰富度增大,植物群落总盖度、灌木和禾草的盖度均表现出增加趋势,而杂类草的盖度却呈现下降趋势.植物群落结构和组成的变化反映了水源点附近沙地上的放牧梯度.水源圈是研究我国北方地区草场退化格局及其驱动因素的切入点.     

萧氏松茎象种群发生与植被盖度的关系

在江西赣州发生萧氏松茎象HylobitelusxiaoiZhang危害的松林内 ,对不同虫株率松林灌木层群落多样性和植被盖度进行测定 ,在此基础上对松林的虫株率分 3次 ( 1 1月 ,次年 5月和次年 8月 )进行调查 ,最后结合各调查因子组建了萧氏松茎象种群发生量预测模型 ,植被盖度与虫口密度间存在显著相关性 ,虫口密度随植被盖度降低而减少 ,不同月份间虫口密度间均达到极显著水平。进一步对各因子进行多元回归分析 ,得到线性回归方程 :Y =-2 0 62 6+1 41 7T2 +0 2 3 3T1 -0 1 4 1G ;逐步回归分析得到最优回归方程Y=-0 0 91 1 +1 2 5 82 ,R =0 992 ,P <0 0 1。由逐步回归方程可知 ,次年 5月份虫口密度与次年 8月份虫日密度关系最为密切。     

青海可鲁克湖水鸟季节动态及渔鸥活动区分析

2008-2010年,对青海可鲁克湖的水鸟季节动态进行了调查。共记录到54种34828只水鸟,隶属于6目11科,雁鸭类水鸟最多,共统计到28445只,占水鸟总数的81.7%;其次是鸥类和鸻鹬类。可鲁克湖在水鸟春秋季迁徙高峰期在4月和10月,这也是水鸟多样性较高的两个月,其主要原因是由于迁徙鸭类数量和种类的增加。卫星跟踪表明,可鲁克湖是青海湖繁殖渔鸥重要的停歇地,渔鸥在可鲁克湖的停歇天数每年也有所不同,2007年和2008年秋季较2006年停歇时间短一些,初步判断与当地的人为干扰有关。当地政府对道路进行修建,其正好位于渔鸥的活动区内,这对渔鸥的日常活动造成较大影响,迫使渔鸥提前离开可鲁克湖。春季停歇天数的不同主要与青海湖面冰融的时间有关,若青海湖由于温度较高,冰融的时间早一些,渔鸥可能提前离开可鲁克湖,前往青海湖进行繁殖活动。     

贺兰山马鹿冬季取食和卧息生境选择

2007 年12 月至2008 年1 月,在贺兰山地区,利用痕迹检验法和直接观察法对马鹿阿拉善亚种的冬季取食和卧息生境选择进行研究。通过在选定的15 条沟段里进行调查,共测定了72 个取食利用样方,59 个卧息利用样方和131 个对照样方的18 种生态因子。结果表明,马鹿在冬季偏好的取食地为平滑起伏坡,以酸枣、柳为优势乔木、混合型树林或空地,乔木高大稀疏、间距较远,灌木密度大,草本盖度较高,位于< 15°的半阴半阳坡的下坡位,距裸岩远,隐蔽度高;偏好的卧息地在山地疏林草原带的平滑起伏坡上,以酸枣、柳为优势乔木、混合型树林或空地,乔木高大稀疏,灌木矮小、稀疏且距离较远,草本盖度较高,位于< 15°阳坡的下坡位,远离裸岩,隐蔽程度高。马鹿冬季的取食和卧息生境在草本盖度和隐蔽度上差异极显著。相对于卧息生境,马鹿冬季的取食生境对草本盖度和隐蔽度要求更低一些。马鹿冬季取食地的资源选择函数为1.155 - 0.149 × 乔木高度- 0.066 × 草本盖度+ 0.190 × 坡度,模型的正确判别率为86.8% ;马鹿冬季卧息地的资源选择函数为- 30.936
+ 0.494 × 乔木高度+ 0.257 × 坡度-0.002 × 海拔高度+ 0.387 × 隐蔽度,模型的正确判别率为95.8% 。食物、隐蔽条件以及贺兰山的独特地形特征是影响马鹿冬季取食和卧息生境选择的主要因素。     

A sampling design and model for estimating abundance of Nile crocodiles while accounting for heterogeneity of detectability of multiple observers

As part of the development of a management program for Nile crocodiles in Lake Nasser, Egypt, we used a dependent double-observer sampling protocol with multiple observers to compute estimates of population size. To analyze the data, we developed a hierarchical model that allowed us to assess variation in detection probabilities among observers and survey dates, as well as account for variation in crocodile abundance among sites and habitats. We conducted surveys from July 2008–June 2009 in 15 areas of Lake Nasser that were representative of 3 main habitat categories. During these surveys, we sampled 1,086 km of lake shore wherein we detected 386 crocodiles. Analysis of the data revealed significant variability in both inter- and intra-observer detection probabilities. Our raw encounter rate was 0.355 crocodiles/km. When we accounted for observer effects and habitat, we estimated a surface population abundance of 2,581 (2,239–2,987, 95% credible intervals) crocodiles in Lake Nasser. Our results underscore the importance of well-trained, experienced monitoring personnel in order to decrease heterogeneity in intra-observer detection probability and to better detect changes in the population based on survey indices. This study will assist the Egyptian government establish a monitoring program as an integral part of future crocodile harvest activities in Lake Nasser. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.     

基于数字地形模型的斑头雁潜在生境分析

建立了青藏高原地区的数字地形模型,并将其应用在斑头雁(Anser indicus)的潜在生境提取与分析中。通过数字高程模型、水系模型、湖泊及环湖活动区模型和植被模型的GIS叠置,提取了斑头雁的潜在生境,并对来自青海湖的11只斑头雁的卫星跟踪数据进行了验证分析。结果表明,斑头雁的潜在生境(湖泊与环湖活动区构成)共有275处(以湖泊为单位),湖泊水体总面积约为10306.4km2,59处生境已验证有斑头雁停留的踪迹,其中部分湖泊周围的验证点可能是斑头雁飞行时的定位点而不是停留定位点,目前还无法证实。繁殖地、迁徙停留地和越冬地比较集中,迁徙路线较固定。     

Occupancy and detectability of Snowy Plovers in western Utah: an application to a low density population

Occupancy modeling can be used to identify habitat characteristics associated with species occurrence. Additionally, occupancy sampling can provide measures of detection probability, increasing confidence in monitoring efforts. Little is known about the distribution and habitat preferences of a small population of Snowy Plovers (Charadrius nivosus) in western Utah. We conducted a study to estimate occupancy and detection probability of Snowy Plovers in western Utah during 2011 and 2012. We made repeated visits to randomly selected survey plots during the breeding period, sampling 84 64‐ha plots in 2011 and 100 64‐ha plots in 2012 and recording the number of adults and habitat characteristics in each plot. We then modeled the relationship between detection, occupancy, and covariates that included distance to water, distance to roads, land cover types, and characteristics of the vegetation. We also included covariates for observer, Julian date, temperature, cloud cover, and wind speed when modeling detection probability. Detection probability was high (0.74, 95% CI = 0.57–0.86) and positively influenced by temperature. Occupancy of 64‐ha plots was low (0.27, 95% CI = 0.18–0.39) and did not vary by year. Occupancy of Snowy Plovers was negatively associated with distance to water (β = ?0.62 ± 0.31, 95% CI = ?1.23 to ?0.01) and percent shrub cover (β = ?0.28 ± 0.02, 95% CI = ?0.58 to ?0.01). Land cover types also influenced plot occupancy. Management actions that conserve shallow water and adjacent habitats or minimize disturbance in these areas are likely to have conservation benefits for Snowy Plovers where water is scarce. Because our detection probabilities were high, investigators involved in future monitoring efforts can achieve reasonable precision with limited revisits to sample plots.     

普氏原羚生境选择的数量化分析

1998 年8 月至1999 年8 月, 在湖东种羊场地区开展了普氏原羚生境选择的研究。在湖东—克图沙丘和草原交界处沿约30 km的样线开展种群调查, 在调查过程中, 共发现582 只普氏原羚。在研究中选择了8 类与普氏原羚生境选择相关的生态因子: 植被类型、食物丰富度、草原围栏、隐蔽条件、人为干扰、距公路距离、距沙丘距离和距农业用地距离, 研究了普氏原羚的生境选择。在研究中, 将这些生态因子分别分成3 个等级, 进行回归分析, 建立普氏原羚在不同生境中出现的概率的预测性方。通过对生态因子和普氏原羚在不同生境中出现的概率进行方差分析, 判断影响普氏原羚生境选择的主要生态因子是人为干扰和围栏, 其次为食物丰富度、距沙丘距离和农业用地距离, 植被类型、隐蔽条件和与公路距离对普氏原羚生境选择的影响不明显。     

Environmental factors shaping the distribution of common wintering waterbirds in a lake ecosystem with developed shoreline

In this study, we tested whether the spatial distribution of waterbirds is influenced by shoreline urbanization or other habitat characteristics. We conducted monthly censuses along shoreline sections of a continental lake (Lake Balaton, Hungary) to assess the abundance of 11 common species that use this lake as a feeding and staging area during migration and winter. We estimated the degree of urbanization of the same shoreline sections and also measured other habitat characteristics (water depth, extent of reed cover, biomass of zebra mussels, distances to waste dumps and to other wetlands). We applied linear models and model averaging to identify habitat variables with high relative importance for predicting bird distributions. Bird abundance and urbanization were strongly related only in one species. Other habitat variables exhibited stronger relationships with bird distribution: (1) diving ducks and coots preferred shoreline sections with high zebra mussel biomass, (2) gulls preferred sites close to waste dumps, and (3) the abundances of several species were higher on shoreline sections close to other wetlands. Our findings suggest that the distribution of waterbirds on Lake Balaton is largely independent of shoreline urbanization and influenced by food availability and connectivity between wetlands.     

Detection probability in aerial surveys of feral horses

Observation bias pervades data collected during aerial surveys of large animals, and although some sources can be mitigated with informed planning, others must be addressed using valid sampling techniques that carefully model detection probability. Nonetheless, aerial surveys are frequently employed to count large mammals without applying such methods to account for heterogeneity in visibility of animal groups on the landscape. This often leaves managers and interest groups at odds over decisions that are not adequately informed. I analyzed detection of feral horse (Equus caballus) groups by dual independent observers from 24 fixed-wing and 16 helicopter flights using mixed-effect logistic regression models to investigate potential sources of observation bias. I accounted for observer skill, population location, and aircraft type in the model structure and analyzed the effects of group size, sun effect (position related to observer), vegetation type, topography, cloud cover, percent snow cover, and observer fatigue on detection of horse groups. The most important model-averaged effects for both fixed-wing and helicopter surveys included group size (fixed-wing: odds ratio = 0.891, 95% CI = 0.850–0.935; helicopter: odds ratio = 0.640, 95% CI = 0.587–0.698) and sun effect (fixed-wing: odds ratio = 0.632, 95% CI = 0.350–1.141; helicopter: odds ratio = 0.194, 95% CI = 0.080–0.470). Observer fatigue was also an important effect in the best model for helicopter surveys, with detection probability declining after 3 hr of survey time (odds ratio = 0.278, 95% CI = 0.144–0.537). Biases arising from sun effect and observer fatigue can be mitigated by pre-flight survey design. Other sources of bias, such as those arising from group size, topography, and vegetation can only be addressed by employing valid sampling techniques such as double sampling, mark–resight (batch-marked animals), mark–recapture (uniquely marked and identifiable animals), sightability bias correction models, and line transect distance sampling; however, some of these techniques may still only partially correct for negative observation biases. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.     

高黎贡山羚牛生境选择初步研究

2004年1月~2005年12月,在高黎贡山自然保护区内开展了羚牛指名亚种的生境调查研究,在调查点内对与羚牛生存有关的生境因子(植被型、郁闭度、坡向、坡位、水源、人为干扰、距主要公路距离、距农用地距离)进行了调查统计。在研究中,将这些生态因子分别分成了3个等级进行回归分析,建立羚牛在不同生境中出现概率的预测方程,通过分析后发现,影响高黎贡山羚牛生境选择的主要生态因子是人为干扰和隐蔽条件,其次是距农业用地距离、距主要公路距离和水源,坡度、坡向和植被型对羚牛生境选择的影响不明显。