水分胁迫对银中杨耗水特征与水分利用的影响

在不同供水条件下,采用LI-6400光合作用系统(LI-COR,1995,USA)和电子天平等仪器,对银中杨苗木气体交换、蒸腾耗水量和水分利用效率及其有关环境因子进行了测定。结果表明,在研究的诸环境因子中,土壤含水量是制约苗木蒸腾耗水的主导因子;苗木的蒸腾耗水量随土壤干旱胁迫的加重而减少,并且当土壤含水量低于田间持水量的50%时,气象因子对苗木蒸腾耗水的影响不再明显;土壤含水量为田间持水量的70%时,银中杨苗木的净光合速率和蒸腾速率下降不显著,而水分利用效率有所提高,为2.579μmol.mmol-1,在土壤含水量大于田间持水量的70%的水分条件下,银中杨苗木可以正常生长。     

油松幼苗对干旱胁迫的生理生态响应

在适宜水分(田间持水量为80%)、轻度干旱(60%)、中度干旱(40%)和重度干旱(20%)4种土壤水分条件下研究了油松的生理生态特征,结果显示; 油松各器官(根、茎、叶)的干物质积累量、干物质积累总量、相对生长率、株高和基径均表现为适宜水分＞轻度干旱＞中度干旱＞重度干旱,而根冠比大小顺序与其相反.气体交换参数(净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率) 随干旱程度的加剧显著下降,并且净光合速率的下降主要受气孔因素限制.油松的瞬时水分利用效率和长期水分利用效率(稳定碳同位素含量,δ13C)表现适宜水分＜轻度干旱＜中度干旱＜重度干旱,而且中度和重度干旱显著提高油松的水分利用效率.另外,单位干重叶片氮元素含量(N%)随胁迫增加呈下降趋势,而单位干重碳元素含量(C%)却与之相反,从而导致碳氮比随胁迫增加而增加,并且我们的结果显示光合速率与氮含量存在显著正相关. 结果表明,油松可以通过调节自身生长特征、生物量分配模式和叶片营养元素的含量及提高水分利用效率而增强应对干旱胁迫的能力.     

干旱胁迫下转基因甘薯块根膨大期水分利用效率和生理代谢特征

以转Cu/Zn-SOD和APX基因及其非转基因甘薯进行盆栽试验,在甘薯块根膨大期进行正常供水(田间最大持水量的80%)、中度缺水(田间最大持水量的60%)和重度缺水(田间最大持水量的40%)3种水分处理,分别测定转基因植株和对照植株在薯块膨大期的第20天和第70天的抗氧化酶系统、可溶性糖含量、光合系统之间的差异,以及在不同水分胁迫处理下产量和水分利用效率之间的差异。以此研究外源基因的超表达是否可以提高甘薯的产量及水分利用效率。结果显示:(1)转基因甘薯(TS)的SOD、APX活性以及可溶性糖含量均高于非转基因对照株(NT),但POD活性低于NT;TS和NT植株的APX活性、可溶性糖含量、净光合速率以及蒸腾速率均随干旱胁迫加重呈递减趋势。(2)干旱胁迫70d时,TS和NT植株光合参数均较胁迫20d时降低,且TS和NT间的净光合速率没有明显差异。(3)TS和NT两株系的块根产量在中度胁迫下最高而在重度胁迫下最低,而TS具有较高的块根产量且在重度胁迫下产量降低幅度较小。(4)TS的气孔导度和蒸腾速率显著低于NT,且TS的水分利用效率较NT更高。研究表明,Cu/Zn-SOD和APX基因可以显著增加干旱胁迫下甘薯块根膨大期的SOD、APX活性和可溶性糖含量,提高其水分利用效率,从而减轻干旱胁迫对产量的影响。     

干旱胁迫对宁夏枸杞叶片蔗糖代谢及光合特性的影响

以宁夏枸杞品种‘宁杞1号’为材料,采用防雨棚内盆栽控水法研究了轻度干旱(LD)、中度干旱(MD)、重度干旱(SD)和正常灌水(CK)4种土壤水分条件下枸杞叶片糖分含量、蔗糖代谢酶活性和光合参数的响应规律,为宁夏枸杞在干旱地区高产栽培提供参考依据。结果显示:(1)干旱胁迫降低了枸杞青果期叶片蔗糖和淀粉含量,轻度干旱胁迫可提高枸杞色变期叶片果糖和蔗糖含量,而成熟期叶片淀粉含量则随着干旱加重而升高。(2)干旱胁迫降低了青果期枸杞叶片中性转化酶(NI)、蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)和蔗糖合成酶(SS)的活性,降低了色变期和成熟期叶片酸性转化酶(AI)和SS的活性,但提高了色变期和成熟期叶片NI的活性。(3)随着干旱胁迫的加剧,叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)呈降低趋势,瞬时水分利用率(WUE)呈现:LD>CK>SD>MD的变化趋势。研究认为,轻度干旱胁迫能促进宁夏枸杞成熟期叶片蔗糖积累和水分利用率提高,有利于更多光合同化物输送到果实中。     

NaCl胁迫下宁夏枸杞光合作用相关基因差异表达分析

宁夏枸杞是著名的耐盐药用植物,该研究通过室内水培试验,利用高通量测序技术和qRT-PCR技术检测了不同浓度NaCl胁迫(0、100、200、300 mmol/L)下宁夏枸杞叶片光合作用相关基因差异表达,并分析了其叶绿素含量、净光合速率、Rubisco活性的变化,以揭示宁夏枸杞在盐胁迫条件下光合机构及光合作用相关基因差异表达规律,为深入解析宁夏枸杞响应盐胁迫的光合机理奠定基础。结果表明：(1)用100、200、300 mmol/L NaCl胁迫处理7 d时宁夏枸杞分别有14、26、55个光合作用相关基因差异表达,且随着NaCl胁迫程度的增加下调表达基因多于上调表达基因。(2)qRT-PCR结果显示,宁夏枸杞的3个光合作用相关基因ATPε、CLH2、Lhcb3的相对表达量均随着NaCl胁迫程度的加深总体呈显著下降的趋势,qRT-PCR验证结果与RNA-seq测序结果基本一致。(3)随着NaCl胁迫程度的增加,宁夏枸杞叶片中的叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量以及净光合速率和Rubisco活性均呈显著下降的趋势,而类胡萝卜素含量变化不显著。研究认为,宁夏枸杞能通过诱导光合作用相关基因的差异表达来调控叶片...     

光照和水分对四季米仔兰幼苗生长的影响

四季米仔兰栽培历史悠久,是重要的造景树种。以1年生四季米仔兰幼苗为研究对象,设置3个光照处理(透光度为70%、50%、30%)和3个水分处理(田间持水量为70%、50%、30%),以透光度90%、田间持水量90%为对照,分析不同环境条件下四季米仔兰幼苗的生长状况和光合生理指标。结果表明：干旱胁迫和遮光抑制四季米仔兰幼苗的生长,且干旱胁迫的影响大于遮光。随着土壤水分的减少,株高增量、地径增量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和叶绿素含量均显著降低,最大降幅分别为71.4%、81.2%、93.2%、71.5%、70.6%、30.4%;适当遮光(透光度50%)可缓解严重水分亏缺(田间持水量30%)对四季米仔兰幼苗生长的不利影响。透光度70%和田间持水量70%条件下株高增量、叶面积、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度最大。最大荧光、可变荧光、PSⅡ潜在活性、PSⅡ最大光能转化效率随着水分减少呈先上升后下降趋势。四季米仔兰幼苗能够通过调整生长、提高叶绿素含量和调节光合系统来维持光合作用以适应胁迫环境。透光度70%和田间持水量70%有利于四季米仔兰幼苗光合作用的发挥,对其生长有积极影响。     

干旱胁迫对夏蜡梅光合特性的影响

以2年生夏蜡梅(Sinocalycanthus chinensis)苗木为材料,通过盆栽试验,研究土壤干旱胁迫对夏蜡梅叶片光合特性的影响,结果显示:随着干旱胁迫程度的加重,夏蜡梅叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度显著降低;胞间CO2浓度在轻度和中度胁迫下显著低于对照,但在重度胁迫下显著高于对照;水分利用效率在胁迫下提高,且以中度胁迫为最大.温度升高使叶片净光合速率和水分利用效率降低、蒸腾速率升高,加重了干旱对光合作用的不利影响.对照及轻度和中度干旱胁迫处理的净光合速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率日变化曲线均为双峰型,但重度胁迫下净光合速率和气孔导度日变化转变为峰值很小的单峰型;各处理的蒸腾速率日变化曲线为单峰型并以午间最高.表明夏蜡梅光合作用对干旱胁迫有一定的适应能力,但重度胁迫对其造成严重影响.     

干旱生境中接种丛枝菌根真菌对三叶鬼针草

为阐明丛枝菌根真菌对石灰岩地区适生植物三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa L.)光合作用的影响,设置正常浇水(A)、中度干旱胁迫(B)和重度干旱胁迫(C)3个水分处理梯度,比较了不同水分处理条件下接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus mosseae和未接种三叶鬼针草之间净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间CO2浓度、羧化效率、水分利用效率等特征的差异.结果表明,水分胁迫显著降低三叶鬼针草的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和羧化效率.胞间CO2浓度在处理的前期(7d)因干旱胁迫而降低,在后期随土壤含水量的降低而升高;水分利用效率则是中度胁迫的植株、正常浇水处理植株、重度胁迫植株依次降低.在正常浇水条件下接种G. mosseae 对三叶鬼针草光合参数没有产生显著性影响;在中度胁迫条件下,接种植株较未接种植株在水分处理的前28d有更高的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和羧化效率;在重度胁迫条件下,虽然净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和羧化效率接种植株高于未接种植株,但是二者并不显著.研究认为,干旱胁迫对三叶鬼针草光合作用的影响在水分处理的前期表现为气孔因素制约,在后期则主要是非气孔因素的影响;在正常浇水条件下接种G. mosseae 对三叶鬼针草的光合作用没有显著性影响,在干旱胁迫条件下,丛枝菌根真菌通过改善三叶鬼针草气孔导度和羧化效率等减弱干旱胁迫对植株的伤害,但是这种保护作用因为土壤水分的严重匮乏以及土壤干旱的时间延长而受到限制.     

干旱胁迫对小紫珠光合生理的影响

以小紫珠(Callicarpa dichotoma)幼苗为试验材料,采用盆栽控水法设置4个水分梯度,分别为田间最大持水量的95%(对照)、75%(轻度干旱)、55%(中度干旱)和35%(重度干旱),研究土壤水分对小紫珠光合参数的影响。结果显示:(1)随着干旱胁迫的加剧,小紫珠的净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)和水分利用效率(WUE)逐渐下降,其胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)在轻度和中度干旱胁迫下逐渐下降,在重度干旱胁迫下显著升高。(2)随着干旱胁迫的加剧小紫珠的光饱和点(LSP)、最大净光合速率(Pnmax)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)和表观量子效率(AQY)显著减少,光补偿点(LCP)极显著增加(P0.01)。(3)随着胁迫程度的增加,小紫珠的最大荧光(F_m)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和PSⅡ的量子效率(Fv/Fo)逐渐减少,初始荧光(Fo)显著升高(P0.01);随着干旱胁迫的加剧小紫珠能量分配比率参数φPo、Ψo、φEo逐渐下降,φDo逐渐增加;代表单位反应中心活性的参数ABS/RC、TRo/RC、ETo/RC和DIo/RC逐渐升高。(4)随着胁迫程度的增加,小紫珠叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总量和叶绿素a/b逐渐减少。研究表明,干旱胁迫下小紫珠光合速率的降低既有气孔因素也有非气孔因素,但轻度和中度干旱胁迫下以气孔限制为主,而在重度干旱胁迫下以非气孔限制为主。     

干旱胁迫对金花茶幼苗光合生理特性的影响

以金花茶一年生实生苗为材料,采用盆栽控水试验,研究不同水分处理(CK、T1、T2、T3,土壤含水量分别为田间持水量的85%~90%、65%~70%、50%~55%、35%~40%)对金花茶幼苗光合生理指标的影响。结果显示:(1)在重度干旱胁迫(T3处理)下,金花茶植株都因干旱而死亡,表明金花茶幼苗对干旱胁迫的耐受极限为田间持水量的50%~55%(土壤含水量为15.04%~16.54%)。(2)随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,金花茶幼苗叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔限制值(Ls)和PSⅡ实际光化学量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)均显著降低,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和水分利用效率(WUE)无显著变化,干旱胁迫下金花茶光合速率降低的主要原因是由非气孔因素所致。(3)与CK相比,T1处理下叶片初始荧光(F0)、最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和丙二醛(MDA)含量均无显著变化,而T2处理下F0、MDA含量显著升高,Fm、Fv/Fm显著降低;T1处理下金花茶的PSⅡ反应中心还未受到伤害,而T2处理下其光合机构发生了不可逆的破坏。(4)叶片叶绿素总量(Chl)、叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)、类胡萝卜素(Car)含量、Chl a/Chl b、Car/Chl、叶片相对含水量(RWC)均随干旱胁迫的增强而降低,脯氨酸(Pro)含量随干旱胁迫的加剧呈现出先升高后降低的趋势。研究表明,金花茶对干旱胁迫极为敏感,水分稍有亏缺,便会明显抑制其光合作用;金花茶不耐干旱的生理特性可能是限制其种群扩散的一个重要原因。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

Evaluation of antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of the resin glycosides and the other metabolites of Scrophularia cryptophila

Resin glycosides are secondary metabolites exclusive to the convolvulaceous plants. In this study, crypthophilic acids A–C (1–3), the first resin glycosides occurring in another family (Scrophulariaceae), and the other constituents of Scrophularia cryptophila were examined for in vitro antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial potentials. Except for crypthophilic acid B (2), all tested compounds exhibited growth-inhibitory effect against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, with l-tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7) being the most potent ones (IC₅₀'s 4.1 and 9.7 μg/ml). In contrast, the activity towards Trypanosoma cruzi was poor, and only crypthophilic acid C (3), 6 and 7 were trypanocidal at concentrations above 40 μg/ml. With the exception of 2 and 6, all compounds were active against Leishmania donovani. Harpagide (4) and 3 emerged as the best leishmanicidal agents (IC₅₀'s 2.0 and 5.8 μg/ml). Only compounds 3, 6 and 7 showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ values of 4.2, 16.6 and 22.4 μg/ml. Overall the best and broadest spectrum activity was presented by compounds 3 and 7, as they inhibited all four parasitic protozoa. None of the isolates had significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MICs >100 μg/ml) or were toxic towards mammalian (L6) cells. This is the first report of antiprotozoal activity for natural resin glycosides, as well as for harpagide (4), acetylharpagide (5), tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7).     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

The effect of cyanobacteria and azolla on the performance of rice under different levels of fertilizer nitrogen

Cyanobacteria and/or azolla were inoculated, with urea at 0, 72 or 144 kg N/ha, in plots in which azolla-free Indica rice var. IR 28 was grown. Productive tillers, yield and nitrogen contents of grain and straw positively responded to inoculation with cyanobacteria or azolla, even with fertilizer-N up to 144 kg N/ha. Inoculation improved colonization by cyanobacteria. Azolla were superior to the asymbiotic cyanobacteria in enhancing rice performance. Urea at a rate of 72 kg N/ha was found to support the best colonizations when applied with cyanobacteria or azolla or, to give maximum rice yields, both inoculants.