高产菊粉酶酵母筛选、发酵和酶学性质研究

筛选到1株菊粉酶高产克鲁维酵母菌株,采用酵母高密度细胞发酵方法,最高菊粉酶产量达到288.78u/mL,比80～90年代国际上报道的克鲁维酵母菊粉酶最高产量高6.8倍。该酶的菊粉酶/转化酶活性比为1/24.72;菊糖m=13.3mmol/L,蔗糖Km=62.6mmol/L;最适反应pH值为4.4,但在pH3.8～5.6的范围内均保持了较高的活性,相当于最适pH值下活性的90%;最适反应温度为55℃,在50～575℃范围内能够保持较高活性,50℃下酶的半衰期约为16h;外加Mg2+提高酶活性11.28%。     

重组枯草杆菌5-氨基酮戊酸脱水酶的纯化和性质研究

大肠杆菌中表达的枯草杆菌5-氨基酮戊酸脱水酶(5-aminolevulinate dehydratase, ALAD),其N端含有组氨酸标签,Ni-NTA 一步纯化至均一.纯化的酶比活为3.6 U/mg蛋白,酶的最适pH为8.0～10.0,Km为0.95 mmol,Vmax为16.7 mmol/h,在55 ℃温浴10 min,酶活保留85 %,2 mmol/L的K+、Zn2+、Mg2+、Li+、Fe3+和Mn2+提高酶活,2 mmol/L的Co2+和Ca2+对酶活没有显著影响,2 mmol/L的Cu2+和1 mmol/L的Hg2+完全抑制酶活.在2 mmol/L的EDTA存在下酶活性丧失,表明酶催化依赖金属离子.100 mmol/L的酮戊酸抑制酶活约50 %.10 mmol/L的2-巯基乙醇时提高酶活3倍,而100 mmol/L的二硫苏糖醇几乎完全抑制酶活.氨基酸修饰表明赖氨酸和半胱氨酸残基可能是酶催化必需的,组氨酸和丝氨酸残基对酶催化不起关键作用.     

3-氰基吡啶水合酶的反应条件及影响因子

研究了芳腈水合酶催化水合3-氰基吡啶生成尼克酰胺的反应条件及影响因子.酶反应的最适pH为8.0,最适温度为25℃.酶在pH8.5于25℃保温4小时或在25—30℃于pH8.0保温3小时是稳定的.反应液中加入Fe~(3+)(1.5 mmol/L)可使酶活力增加 50%,而加入NH_4~+(300 mmol/L)则使酶活降低了67%.Ag~+和 Hg(2+)”强烈地抑制酶反应活性,在浓度均为 5mmol/L时,抑制率分别为99.7%和100%.NaCN(50 mmol/L)和苯甲腈(100 mmol/L)对酶活性的抑制率分别为78%和85%.该酶作用于 3-氰基吡啶的Km为62.5 mmol/L,V_(max)为85.8 μmol·min~(-1)·mg~(-1).     

壳聚糖固定化木聚糖酶的研究

从青霉菌m8提取出木聚糖酶,将其固定在用戊二醛交联的壳聚糖载体上。1．0g壳聚糖与4％的二醛结合固定3．5mg蛋白,酶活回收率为46．6％。在酶的最适pH为4．6,固定化酶为pH3．8。原酶的最适温度为55℃,固定化酶在60－75℃都具有较高活性。固定化酶的耐热性优于原酶,固定化酶的表现Km值略低于原酶,前者为5．0×10－2g／L,后者为3．58×10－2g／L。     

3-氰基吡啶水合酶的反应条件及影响因子

研究了芳腈水合酶催化水合3-氰基吡啶生成尼克酰胺的反应条件及影响因子.酶反应的最适pH为8.0,最适温度为25℃.酶在pH8.5于25℃保温4小时或在25—30℃于pH8.0保温3小时是稳定的.反应液中加入Fe~(3 )(1.5 mmol/L)可使酶活力增加 50%,而加入NH_4~ (300 mmol/L)则使酶活降低了67%.Ag~ 和 Hg(2 )”强烈地抑制酶反应活性,在浓度均为 5mmol/L时,抑制率分别为99.7%和100%.NaCN(50 mmol/L)和苯甲腈(100 mmol/L)对酶活性的抑制率分别为78%和85%.该酶作用于 3-氰基吡啶的Km为62.5 mmol/L,V_(max)为85.8 μmol·min~(-1)·mg~(-1).     

固定化内切型肝素酶的研究

将提纯的一种内切型肝素酶固定于聚酯载体上 ,固定化效率达 78 8%。酶活力在pH为 7 5左右时表现最高 ,并且在此条件下固定化酶的稳定性最好。最适反应温度为 4 0℃。热稳定性试验表明 ,固定化酶的稳定性较差。固定化酶的使用半衰期比游离酶延长 4 4倍。固定化酶催化肝素底物反应的Km 值约为 95 4 μmol L而游离酶的Km 值约为 71 2 μmol L。固定化酶可以同时作用于肝素和硫酸乙酰肝素 ,而对硫酸软骨素没有催化能力。肝素经降解后 ,产生一定量的非硫酸化或低硫酸化的二糖和不同聚合度的寡糖混合物。     

高产天冬氨酸酶的大肠杆菌细胞的固定化

用聚乙烯醇凝胶包埋具有高活力天冬氨酸酶的大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)No.1细胞。该酶的表现活力高达1638 00u／g湿细胞,酶活力的回收率为97．5％。固定化细胞和游离细胞天冬氨酸酶的最适pH均为8．0,最适温度分别为40—45℃和40—55℃。二价金属离子Mn2+、Mg2+、Ca2+和Fe2+对热钝化的天冬氨酸酶活力具有保护作用。在37—45℃下,两种细胞的热稳定性相同。二者在pH6．0的柠檬酸缓冲液中比较稳定。固定化细胞在1mol／L、pH8．0的底物溶液(内含Mn2+1mmol／L)中于4℃冰箱保存6个月,天冬氨酸酶的活力保持不变。用固定化细胞柱连续生产L-天冬氨酸,底物转化为产物的转化率达95％以上;产物的总 收率为91．1％。固定化细胞柱连续运转40天,天冬氨酸酶活力仍保持最初酶活力的90％。     

产木聚糖酶白地霉培养特性及部分纯化的酶学特性

本文对白地霉Ref1的培养特性、产酶条件和酶学特性进行了初步研究。结果表明:该菌为低温型菌株,其最佳生长条件为pH6、20℃和酵母膏作为氮源;最佳产酶条件为pH3-7、15℃及以酵母膏氮源;条件优化后产酶可达118.7U/mL,可溶蛋白含量可达到60μg/mL,酶溶液的比活可达到1250U/mg蛋白质;该木聚糖酶的最适反应温度和pH分别为50℃和5,金属离子Mg2+、Na+和8mmol/L的Fe2+、Cu2+、Zn2+等对木聚糖酶的活性有抑制作用,而Ca2+、4mmol/L的Fe2+、Cu2+、Zn2+和8mmol/L的Mn2+等对该酶反应则有促进作用;该木聚糖酶在保温2h后在15-40℃范围内能保持80%以上的酶活性,在50℃时能保持68%的酶活性;用lineweaver-Burk作图法(双倒数作图法)求得该酶的最大反应速度Vmax和Km值分别为163.38mmol/mg/min和0.75mg/mL。     

颗粒状固定化青霉素酰化酶的研究

将巨大芽孢杆菌 (Bacillusmegaterium)胞外青霉素酰化酶通过共价键结合到聚合物载体EupergitC颗粒环氧基团上 ,制成的颗粒状固定化青霉素酰化酶表现活力达 1 40 0 μ/g左右。固定化酶水解青霉素的最适 pH8 0 ,最适温度为 55℃。在pH6 0～ 8 5、温度低于 40℃时固定化酶活力稳定。在 pH8 0、温度 37℃时 ,固定化酶对青霉素的表现米氏常数Ka为 2×1 0 - 2 mol/L ;苯乙酸为竞争性抑制剂 ,抑制常数Kip为 2 8× 1 0 - 2 mol/L ;6 APA为非竞争性抑制剂 ,抑制常数Kia为 0 1 2 5mol/L。固定化酶水解青霉素 ,投料浓度为 8% ,在使用 2 0 0批后 ,保留活力 80 %左右 ,6 APA收率平均达 89 48%。     

谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)的固定化及酶学特性研究

对谷胱甘肽硫转移酶的固定化、游离酶和固定化酶的酶学特性进行了研究,通过试验,确定谷胱甘肽硫转移酶的最佳固定化条件为先用2％壳聚糖吸附酶,然后再加戊二醛交联,交联用戊二醛浓度为1．2％,交联时间6h;游离酶的最适温度为45—55℃,最适pH值为6．5-7．0：固定化酶的最适温度为45-50℃,最适pH值为7．0;游离酶和固定化酶的最适酶促反应时间为30min。     

Immobilization of fructosyltransferase by chitosan and alginate for efficient production of fructooligosaccharides

The effective system of reusing mycelial fructosyltransferase (FTase) immobilized with two polymers, chitosan and alginate were evaluated for continuous production of fructooligosaccharides (FOS). The alginate beads were successfully developed by maintaining spherical conformation of using 0.3% (w/v) sodium alginate with 0.1% (w/v) of CaCl₂ solution for highest transfructosylating activity. The characteristics of free and immobilized FTase were investigated and results showed that optimum pH and temperature of FTase activity were altered by immobilized materials. A successive production of FOS by FTase entrapped alginate beads was observed at an average of 62.96% (w/w) up to 7 days without much losing its activity. The data revealed by HPLC analysis culminate 67.75% (w/w) of FOS formation by FTase entrapped alginate beads and 42.79% (w/w) by chitosan beads in 36 h of enzyme substrate reaction.     

纳米磁性壳聚糖微球固定化酵母醇脱氢酶的研究

建立了以纳米级磁性壳聚糖微球(magnetic chitosan microspheres , M-CS)为载体固定化酵母醇脱氢酶(yeast alcohol dehydrogenase,YADH)的方法,优化了YADH的固定化条件,考察了固定化酶的性质。结果表明,M-CS 呈规则的圆球形,粒径在30nm 左右,具有较好的磁响应性。酵母醇脱氢酶固定化适宜条件为:50 mg 磁性壳聚糖微球,加入20mL 0.25 mg/mL 酵母醇脱氢酶(蛋白质含量)磷酸盐缓冲液(0.05 mol/L ,pH 7.0) ,在4 ℃固定2h。M-CS 容易吸附酵母醇脱氢酶,但吸附的酶量受载体与酶的比例、溶液的离子浓度、溶液pH的影响明显,而温度对吸附的酶量的影响则相对较弱。相对于游离的酵母醇脱氢酶,固定化酶的最适温度略有升高,可明显改善其热稳定性、酸碱稳定性、操作稳定性和贮存稳定性。     

Immobilization of <Emphasis Type="Bold">β</Emphasis>-fructofuranosidase from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aspergillus japonicus</Emphasis> on chitosan using tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphine or glutaraldehyde as a coupling agent

A partially purified -fructofuranosidase from Aspergillus japonicus was covalently immobilized on to chitosan beads using either glutaraldehyde or tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphine (THP) as a coupling agent. Compared with the glutaraldehyde-immobilized and the free enzyme, the THP-immobilized enzyme had the highest thermal stability with 78% activity retained after 12 days at 37 ° C. The THP-immobilized enzyme also had higher reusability than that immobilized by glutaraldehyde, 75% activity was retained after 11 batches (or 11 days) at 37° C for the THP immobilized enzyme system. Less yield (48%) of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) were produced by the THP-immobilized enzyme compared with the free enzyme system (58%) from 50 (w/v) sucrose at 50 ° C.     

丝素蛋白膜固定β-葡萄糖苷酶及其改良食品风味的研究

从黑曲霉发酵液中提取β-葡萄糖苷酶酶液,用丝素蛋白将其固定,探讨酶固定化的影响因素及固定化酶的性质。β-葡萄糖苷酶的固定化条件为:取0.8 Uβ-葡萄糖苷酶与4.0%戊二醛和10%牛血清白蛋白混合(体积比为5:3:2),涂布于1cm2丝素蛋白膜上交联作用8h。在此条件下获得的固定化酶性质为:最适温度为60℃,比游离酶提高10℃;最适pH为5.0;t1/2为75℃,热稳定性比游离酶有明显改善;最佳反应时间为15 min;与游离酶相比,与底物亲和力降低。将固定化酶膜应用于果汁、果酒、茶汁等食品的增香,经感官鉴评,样品间存在显著差异,进一步经色谱一质谱联用仪分析,发现酶解后的样品,原有香气物质有不同程度的增加,4-萜品醇增加了107%、紫苏醇增加了42%,还有三种未知的香气组分分别增加了251%、79%和33%;并有新风味物质——芳樟醇、香叶醇和2-羟基-5-甲基苯乙酮产生,显示了较好增香效果。     

Colonization of Aspergillus japonicus on synthetic materials and application to the production of fructooligosaccharides

The ability of Aspergillus japonicus ATCC 20236 to colonize different synthetic materials (polyurethane foam, stainless steel sponge, vegetal fiber, pumice stones, zeolites, and foam glass) and to produce fructooligosaccharides (FOS) from sucrose (165 g/L) is described. Cells were immobilized in situ by absorption, through direct contact with the carrier particles at the beginning of fermentation. Vegetal fiber was the best immobilization carrier as A. japonicus grew well on it (1.25 g/g carrier), producing 116.3 g/L FOS (56.3 g/L 1-kestose, 46.9 g/L 1-nystose, and 13.1 g/L 1-β-fructofuranosyl nystose) with 69% yield (78% based only in the consumed sucrose amount), giving also elevated activity of the β-fructofuranosidase enzyme (42.9 U/mL). In addition, no loss of material integrity, over a 2 day-period, was found. The fungus also immobilized well on stainless steel sponge (1.13 g/g carrier), but in lesser extents on polyurethane foam, zeolites, and pumice stones (0.48, 0.19, and 0.13 g/g carrier, respectively), while on foam glass no cell adhesion was observed. When compared with the FOS and β-fructofuranosidase production by free A. japonicus, the results achieved using cells immobilized on vegetal fiber were closely similar. It was thus concluded that A. japonicus immobilized on vegetal fiber is a potential alternative for high production of FOS at industrial scale.     

Kinetics of sucrose conversion to fructo-oligosaccharides using enzyme (invertase) under free condition

The study reports the synthesis of fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) from sucrose using invertase derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The reaction was conducted in a batch mode under free enzyme condition. Fructo-oligosaccharide formation was detected at a high sucrose concentration of over 200 g/L. The investigation was extended to study the effect of different parameters such as initial sucrose concentration (ISC), pH, and enzyme concentration. A maximum FOS yield of 10 % (dry basis) was observed using 525 g/L of ISC, with 6 U/mL of the enzyme, and pH 5.5 at 40 °C. 1-Kestose was the major product of among different forms of FOS. The FOS yield increased with an increase in sucrose concentration up to 525 g/L, beyond which it started to decrease. However, the maximum FOS yield was not affected by the increasing concentration of the enzyme beyond a certain level (2 U/mL). Furthermore, the activity of enzyme slightly increased with an increase in the pH up to 6, and thereafter it declined. Addition of glucose decreased the FOS yield because of enzyme inhibition. A five-step, ten-parameter model was developed, for which the simulation was performed in COPASI. The results predicted by the model were consistent with the experimental data.     

Production of fructosyl transferase by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aspergillus oryzae</Emphasis> CFR 202 in solid-state fermentation using agricultural by-products

Fructosyl transferase (FTase) production by Aspergillus oryzae CFR 202 was carried out by solid-state fermentation (SSF), using various agricultural by-products like cereal bran, corn products, sugarcane bagasse,cassava bagasse (tippi) and by-products of coffee and tea processing. The FTase produced was used for the production of fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), using 60% sucrose as substrate. Among the cereal bran used, rice bran and wheat bran were good substrates for FTase production by A. oryzae CFR 202. Among the various corn products used, corn germ supported maximum FTase production, whereas among the by-products of coffee and tea processing used, spent coffee and spent tea were good substrates, with supplementation of yeast extract and complete synthetic media. FTase had maximum activity at 60°C and pH 6.0. FTase was stable up to 40°C and in the pH range 5.0–7.0. Maximum FOS production was obtained with FTase after 8 h of reaction with 60% sucrose. FTase produced by SSF using wheat bran was purified 107-fold by ammonium sulphate precipitation (30–80%), DEAE cellulose chromatography and Sephadex G-200 chromatography. The molecular mass of the purified FTase was 116.3 kDa by SDS-PAGE. This study indicates the potential for the use of agricultural by-products for the efficient production of FTase enzyme by A. oryzae CFR 202 in SSF, thereby resulting in value addition of those by-products.     

活性炭吸附固定化粪产碱杆菌青霉素G酰化酶

目的：以活性炭为载体固定化粪产碱杆菌来源的青霉素G酰化酶,考察固定化酶的性质。方法：对影响酶固定化的因素优化筛选,确定有显著影响的因素：pH、离子强度、酶量、固定化时间进行L934的正交实验,获得最佳固定化条件,并对固定化酶的最适反应温度、pH及批次稳定性进行研究。结果：最佳固定化条件为：载体0.3g,酶量5mL,总反应体系为12mL,离子强度1mol/L,温度4℃,pH 7.0,固定化40h;最高固定化酶活性为135.9U/g湿载体。固定化酶性最适反应温度为55℃,最适pH为10,重复使用12次后没有活性损失。结论：活性炭吸附固定化青霉素G酰化酶的活性高,批次反应稳定,具有工业应用潜力。     

α-环状糊精葡萄糖基转移酶的固定化及其性质研究

研究了一种α-环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶的固定化和固定化酶的性质。通过对戊二醛浓度、酶量和交联时间各单因素的考察,确定了最佳的固定化条件。与游离酶相比,以DEAE纤维素为载体的固定化酶最适pH向酸性偏移,最适温度不变,pH稳定性和热稳定性都有所提高。在40℃、150r/min下反应3h,转化率可以达到32%。固定化酶可以连续使用4次以上。固定化酶在4℃、5mmol/L CaCl2溶液里保存18d,还剩余80%以上的活力。     

S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶的组成型表达、产物纯化及鉴定

将大肠杆菌(E.coli K12) S 腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶(SAMS)基因克隆至质粒pBR322中,获得的重组质粒pBR322-SAMS转入大肠杆菌JM109菌株,构建了能高效组成型表达SAMS的重组菌E.coli JM109 (pBR322-SAMS)。将重组大肠杆菌破碎后上清液经20%~40%硫酸铵分级盐析、Phenyl-Sepharose Fast Flow疏水层析和Q Sepharose Fast Flow离子交换层析,即可得到纯度提高5倍,比活为48.7 μ/mg的SAMS,三步纯化的总回收率为62%,纯度达到92%。SAMS表达量为1 176μ/L,占到菌体可溶性总蛋白的20%。重组酶的最适反应pH为8.5,4℃下在pH 7.5的缓冲液中保温10h酶活性几乎不改变。重组酶反应的最适温度为55℃ ,酶活性稳定的温度范围为20~35℃。重组酶的KmL Met为0.22mmol/L,Vmax L-Met为1.07mmol/(L·h),Km ATP为0.52 mmol/L,Vmax ATP为1.05 mmol/( L·h)。