利用转基因标记NPTⅡ快速、规模化纯合转基因番茄

利用卡那霉素喷施方法对带有NPTⅡ标记基因和双价外源基因(烟草渗调蛋白基因AP24和菜豆几丁质酶基因Chi)的转基因番茄的3个世代在温室或田间环境进行规模化筛选,成功获得8个单拷贝转基因纯合植株。含有单个拷贝NPTⅡ标记基因的转基因株系后代,对卡那霉素的抗感分离符合3:1的孟德尔分离比例,T₂代中一些株系表现为对卡那霉素全抗,表明这些株系的外源基因已经纯合,这一结果在T₃代中进一步得到证实。但对于含有两个拷贝外源基因的转基因株系,外源基因的遗传则比较复杂。同时,结合Km喷施和多重PCR技术对外源基因的异常遗传进行了初步分析。用PCR分析进一步证实了该方法的准确性,该方法是对转基因番茄进行大规模、快速遗传分析的理想方法。     

基因枪转化的bar基因表达盒在水稻中遗传行为复杂

基因枪介导基因表达盒(仅包括启动子、编码区和终止子)转化是基因枪转化植物的新趋势,它能消除质粒载体主干序列对转基因植物的不利影响。本文研究了基因枪转化的bar基因表达盒在转基因水稻T1～T3世代中的遗传行为。结果发现:作为筛选标记的bar基因表达盒在水稻基因组中多拷贝整合,遗传分离行为复杂,还出现了Basta抗感分离比在35:1～144:1之间的"假纯合体",但50%转基因株系中(5/10)bar基因可作为一个显性基因按孟德尔方式稳定遗传至自交T2代。虽然bar基因为多拷贝整合,30%的转基因株系(3/10)在自交低世代(T1)能获得纯合体。Southern杂交分析发现,多拷贝的bar基因表达盒倾向于连接成转基因串联子整合在水稻基因组内。我们发现在Basta抗性正常分离的株系后代中bar基因表达盒Southern杂交模式能稳定遗传,但异常分离的株系后代中bar基因表达盒的一些拷贝发生了丢失。我们推测,bar基因表达盒在水稻中遗传分离行为的复杂原因可能是bar基因表达盒多拷贝整合、基因丢失和基因表达互作。     

利用双T-DNA载体系统培育无选择标记转基因烟草

建立了一种利用双T-DNA载体培育无选择标记转基因植物的方法.通过体外重组构建了双T-DNA双元载体pDLBRBbarm.载体中,选择标记nptⅡ基因和另一代表外源基因的bar基因分别位于2个独立的T-DNA.利用农杆菌介导转化烟草(Nicotiana tabacum L.),在获得的转化植株中,同时整合有nptⅡ基因和bar基因的频率为59.2%.对4个同时整合有nptⅡ和bar基因植株自交获得的T1代株系进行检测分析,发现在3个T1代株系2个T-DNA可以发生分离,其中约19.5%的转基因T1代植株中只存在bar基因而不带选择标记nptⅡ.这一结果说明双T-DNA载体系统能有效地用于培育无选择标记的转基因植物.研究还利用位于2个不同载体上的nptⅡ基因与 bar基因通过农杆菌介导共转化烟草,获得共转化植株的频率为20.0%～47.4%,低于使用双T-DNA转化的共转化频率.     

利用双T-DNA载体系统培育无选择标记转基因烟草

建立了一种利用双T-DNA载体培育无选择标记转基因植物的方法。通过体外重组构建了双T-DNA双元载体pDLBRBbarm。载体中,选择标记nptⅡ基因和另一代表外源基因的bar基因分别位于2个独立的T-DNA。利用农杆菌介导转化烟草(Nicotiana tabacum L.),在获得的转化植株中,同时整合有nptⅡ基因和bar基因的频率为59．2％。对4个同时整合有nptⅡ和bar基因植株自交获得的T1代株系进行检测分析,发现在3个T1代株系2个T-DNA可以发生分离,其中约19．5％的转基因T1代植株中只存在bar基因而不带选择标记nptⅡ。这一结果说明双T-DNA载体系统能有效地用于培育无选择标记的转基因植物。研究还利用位于2个不同载体上的nptⅡ基因与bar基因通过农杆菌介导共转化烟草,获得共转化植株的频率为20．0％～47．4％,低于使用双T-DNA转化的共转化频率。     

花粉管介导的转bar基因水稻植株的获得及其遗传

采用花粉管通道法将bar基因导入籼稻品系E32,得到对除草剂Basta具有抗性的转基因水稻。遗传分析表明外源bar基因在受体植株后代中呈单基因显性遗传,在世代间可以稳定遗传。目前已分离出抗性稳定的株系。     

导入bar基因的水稻新植株可遗传

江苏省农业科学院粮作所王才林、赵凌、宗寿余等和中科院上海生化所龚蓁蓁等9位科研人员,用花粉管通道法将bar基因导入水稻获得可遗传的转基因植株。亦即他们利用花粉管通道法将抗Basta除草剂的bar基因导入水稻品系E32,获得转基因植株。但在T0代仅表现为部分抗性,T1代全部获得了抗性,T3代全部转基因植株能充分表达对Basta除草剂的抗性。通过对转基因植株后代进行PCR分析,证实了bar基因已整合到受体植株的基因组之中,以后又经过遗传分析表明,bar基因能在有性生殖过程中传递给后代植株,并在T3代开始就可分离出抗性一致的稳定株系。目前,其…     

转双价抗虫基因大白菜新种质的获得及其抗虫性分析

采用超声波辅助花粉介导方法,将双价抗虫基因BmkIT-Chitinase导入早熟型大白菜自交系20-19-3,最终获得了5个转基因大白菜优良自交系纯合株系Z1-5、Z2-7、Z9-6、Z11-6和Z20-13;以转基因大白菜株系和非转基因对照植株为材料,对BmkIT-Chitinase基因在大白菜中的遗传规律、基因表达及抗虫性进行进一步分析。结果显示:(1)转化株后代多代(T_1~T_4)PCR、Southern blotting等分子跟踪检测表明,目的基因已成功导入受体植株,且能够稳定遗传;用该转基因方法对大白菜进行基因转化所获得的转基因植株分析显示,外源基因多数以多拷贝形式整合于核基因组,少部分外源基因以单拷贝形式整合。(2)Elisa分析结果证明,所导入的外源基因可高效表达,T4代株系新鲜叶片中表达产物量最高达到0.069μg·g~(-1)左右。(3)转基因株系田间抗虫性统计分析表明,转化株系与对照在抗虫性方面有显著差异,其对小菜蛾及菜青虫抗性普遍提高2~3级。研究认为,转BmkIT-Chitinase基因大白菜中BmkIT-Chitinase基因的表达可有效提高大白菜的抗虫性。     

cryIAc基因在转基因玉米中的遗传规律及对抗虫性影响

旨在研究目的基因在转基因植株和后代植株(株系)中的遗传规律及其对转化植株抗虫性的影响。以花粉介导法将cryIAc基因导入玉米自交系‘郑58’和‘昌7-2’,对转化植株及其后代株系进行分子检测和田间抗虫鉴定。结果表明:(1)转化‘郑58’和‘昌7-2’,T1代分别获得转基因植株24和41个,转化率高达20%以上;(2)转基因T2代、杂交F2代及回交1代(B1)的分子检测结果证明,外源基因的遗传符合孟德尔的3∶1、3∶1和1∶1的遗传分离规律;(3)连续多带的分子检测结果还表明,外源基因可稳定遗传并有效表达,表达水平在9.8-14.3 ng/g叶片鲜重之间;(4)抗虫鉴定结果显示,在阴性对照全部感虫情形下,转基因纯合株系仍表现出较高抗虫活性;(5)此外,回交试验结果还证明外源基因通过杂交可传递给下一代;(6)最终经筛选得到SZ003、SZ005、SC001、SC004和SC007五个高抗虫转基因株系。结果表明,花粉介导法是一种高效、快捷的转化方法,cryIAc基因导入玉米自交系植株后赋予和提高了转基因植株的抗虫活性。     

甜菜（Beta vulearis L．）叶绿体转化体系建立及抗虫和抗除草剂植株的获得

为建立外源基因甜菜叶绿体转化体系,利用分子生物学方法构建了包含有编码苏云金芽孢杆菌晶体蛋白基因Bt crylAc和编码膦丝菌素乙酰转移酶基因bar的甜菜叶绿体转化载体pSKARBt／bar,以甜菜叶绿体基因组中atpB／rbcL做同源片段,以甜菜叶绿体16S启动子和终止子为调控基因,以bar基因为筛选标记基因．基因枪法转化甜菜叶柄,经筛选获得抗性转基因植株．对转基因植株进行外源基因Bt crylAc和bar的PCR检测、DNA印迹分析,结果表明：外源基因Bt crylAc和bar确已导入到甜菜叶绿体基因组中．转基因植株除草剂抗性鉴定及其离体叶片虫试鉴定结果表明：转基因植株具有较强的杀虫活性和抗除草剂特性,表达了相应的蛋白质．研究结果还表明：bar基因在植物叶绿体转化中,既可以用作抗性基因,又可用作转化体筛选的标记基因．建立了甜菜叶绿体转化体系．     

甜菜(Beta vulgaris L.)叶绿体转化体系建立及抗虫和抗除草剂植株的获得

为建立外源基因甜菜叶绿体转化体系,利用分子生物学方法构建了包含有编码苏云金芽孢杆菌晶体蛋白基因By crylAc 和编码膦丝菌素乙酰转移酶基因bar 的甜菜叶绿体转化载体pSKARBt/bar,以甜菜叶绿体基因组中atpB/rbcL做同源片段,以甜菜叶绿体16S启动子和终止子为调控基因,以bar矿基因为筛选标记基因.基因枪法转化甜菜叶柄,经筛选获得抗性转基因植株.对转基因植株进行外源基因 Bt crylAc和bar的PCR检测、DNA印迹分析,结果表明:外源基因Bt crylAc和bar确已导入到甜菜叶绿体基因组中.转基因植株除草剂抗性鉴定及其离体叶片虫试鉴定结果表明:转基因植株具有较强的杀虫活性和抗除草剂特性,表达了相应的蛋白质.研究结果还表明:bar基因在植物叶绿体转化中,既可以用作抗性基因,又可用作转化体筛选的标记基因.建立了甜菜叶绿体转化体系.     

基因枪转化获得的转基因水稻中外源基因整合与表达规律研究

通过基因枪法将cecropin B和bar基因共转化水稻,获得多个水稻优良品系的转化材料,对转基因的结构和表达的系统分析,发现外源基因的整合模式多种多样,有简单也有复杂,其中插入位点数的变化范围为1－7个,拷贝数的变化范围为1－10个,转基因拷贝数的多少与其表达和沉默不存在必然的联系,相同整合模式的转基因事件中基因的表达存在较大的差异,选择标记基因bar比非选择标记基因cecropin B的表达框的完整性和转录概率要高,但是发现大部分表达框完整的bar基因发生基因沉默,而在终止子发生序列丢失的cecropin B基因的表达则明显提高。     

Enhanced resistance to the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea conferred by expression of a cecropin A gene in transgenic rice

Cecropins are a family of antimicrobial peptides, which constitute an important key component of the immune response in insects. Here, we demonstrate that transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants expressing the cecropin A gene from the giant silk moth Hyalophora cecropia show enhanced resistance to Magnaporthe grisea, the causal agent of the rice blast disease. Two plant codon-optimized synthetic cecropin A genes, which were designed either to retain the cecropin A peptide in the endoplasmic reticulum, the ER-CecA gene, or to secrete cecropin A to the extracellular space, the Ap-CecA gene, were prepared. Both cecropin A genes were efficiently expressed in transgenic rice. The inhibitory activity of protein extracts prepared from leaves of cecropin A-expressing plants on the in vitro growth of M. grisea indicated that the cecropin A protein produced by the transgenic rice plants was biologically active. Whereas no effect on plant phenotype was observed in ER-CecA plants, most of the rice lines expressing the Ap-CecA gene were non-fertile. Cecropin A rice plants exhibited resistance to rice blast at various levels. Transgene expression of cecropin A genes was not accompanied by an induction of pathogenesis-related (PR) gene expression supporting that the transgene product itself is directly active against the pathogen. Taken together, the results presented in this study suggest that the cecropin A gene, when designed for retention of cecropin A into the endoplasmic reticulum, could be a useful candidate for protection of rice plants against the rice blast fungus M. grisea.     

过量表达水稻细胞质型OsAPXs基因提高转基因烟草的耐盐性

为了验证水稻(Oryza sativa L.)细胞质型APXs与细胞耐盐性的关系,实验分别将OsAPXa和OsAPXb（基因登录号：D45423、AB053297）转化到烟草(Nictiana tabacum,N.plum)植株中。Southern结果表明,二基因分别整合到烟草的基因组;Northern分析表明,外源基因在转基因烟草中得到高效表达;在碳酸盐逆境下,T2代转基因植株与野生型对照相比,其APX活性呈现显著的提高,T₂代品系的H₂O₂含量和叶片受害程度显著低于野生型;T₂代品系分别在含有10 mmol·L^-1 NaHCO₃、5 mmol·L^-1 Na₂CO₃的MS培养基上生长,根的生长受到抑制,叶片产生黄化;野生型烟草则难以存活。水稻细胞质型OsAPXs基因的过量表达提高了转基因烟草的耐盐性,揭示出OsAPXa和OsAPXb在碳酸盐逆境应答过程中发挥着重要的作用。     

Transformation of recalcitrant maize elite inbreds using in vitro shoot meristematic cultures induced from germinated seedlings

Two new methods of transformation for recalcitrant maize elite inbreds (B73 and a Pioneer Hi-Bred inbred) were successfully developed using shoot meristematic cultures (SMCs) derived from germinated seedlings. One of the methods - the sector proliferation method - involved in vitro induction and proliferation of SMCs from transgenic sectors. These transgenic sectors derived from the bombardment of shoot apical meristems in immature embryos. Using this method, transgenic T₁ and T₂ progeny were obtained from the Pioneer Hi-Bred maize inbred, PHTE4. The other method - the SMC method - involved direct bombardment of SMCs. Using the second method, transgenic T₁ and T₂ progeny were produced from the publicly held maize inbred B73. Cellular and molecular analyses showed that SMCs were mainly induced from the nodal regions within the elongating in vitro stem tissues. The induced SMCs, characterized by large numbers of cells expressing KN1, have the potential to produce multiple adventitious shoot meristems. The use of induction and maintenance media containing higher levels of Cu²⁺ or Zn²⁺, not needed in earlier investigations on sweet corn, was found to be critical for the successful in vitro culture and transformation of some maize inbreds.     

Transgenic Rice: Characterization of Protoplastderived Plants and their Seed Progeny

Thirty eight green and 2 albino plants were regenerated from400 kanamycin-resistant colonies derived from protoplasts isolatedfrom cell suspensions of Oryza sativa variety Taipei 309 andelectroporated with pCaMVNEO carrying the neomycin phosphotransferaseII (nptII) gene. Twenty of the green transgenic R_o plants weretransferred to the glasshouse, where 3 flowered after 7 months.Of 15 plants analysed by DNA hybridization, all carried thenptll gene, but only 2 of 11 plants assayed for NPTII activityexpressed the nptll gene. One transgenic R_o plant produced 59seeds following self-pollination. The seeds, when germinatedon medium containing kanamycin sulphate, gave 16 green transgenicR, plants. Five transgenic R₁ plants flowered and set seed,7 flowered but failed to produce seeds, while 4 did not producepanicles. Transgenic R_o and R₁ plants were shorter, requiredlonger to flower, and had reduced pollen viability comparedto non-transformed R₁ protoplast-derived plants. The nptII genewas present in all 16 transgenic R₁ plants, but NPTII activitywas detected in only 8 of these plants. Key words: Oryza sativa variety Taipei 309, rice, protoplasts, direct DNA uptake, kanamycin-resistant tissues, transgenic plants, DNA hybridization, neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII), gene expression and inheritance     

Overexpression of the Escherichia coli catalase gene, katE, enhances tolerance to salinity stress in the transgenic indica rice cultivar, BR5

Salinity stress is a major limiting factor in cereal productivity. Many studies report improvements in salt tolerance using model plants, such as Arabidopsis thaliana or standard varieties of rice, e.g., the japonica rice cultivar Nipponbare. However, there are few reports on the enhancement of salt tolerance in local rice cultivars. In this work, we used the indica rice (Oryza sativa) cultivar BR5, which is a local cultivar in Bangladesh. To improve salt tolerance in BR5, we introduced the Escherichia coli catalase gene, katE. We integrated the katE gene into BR5 plants using an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated method. The introduced katE gene was actively expressed in the transgenic BR5 rice plants, and catalase activity in T₁ and T₂ transgenic rice was approximately 150% higher than in nontransgenic plants. Under NaCl stress conditions, the transgenic rice plants exhibited high tolerance compared with nontransgenic rice plants. T₂ transgenic plants survived in a 200 mM NaCl solution for 2 weeks, whereas nontransgenic plants were scorched after 4 days soaking in the same NaCl solution. Our results indicate that the katE gene can confer salt tolerance to BR5 rice plants. Enhancement of salt tolerance in a local rice cultivar, such as BR5, will provide a powerful and useful tool for overcoming food shortage problems.