VPA1500基因缺失对副溶血弧菌生物学特性和致病性的影响

Ⅵ型分泌系统（T6SS）是细菌的一种毒力因子分泌系统,通过分泌蛋白参与调控细菌的环境适应性和毒力。副溶血弧菌具有两个T6SS系统（T6SS1和T6SS2）。[目的] 前期通过差异蛋白质组学技术筛选到副溶血弧菌T6SS1相关的分泌蛋白,本文选择其中的VPA1500为研究对象,研究其基因缺失对副溶血弧菌的生物学特性及致病性的影响。[方法] 利用同源重组技术构建缺失株ΔVPA1500和互补株CΔVPA1500;分析各菌株生长特性、在体外的细菌竞争能力、运动性、细菌鞭毛相关基因的转录水平及生物被膜形成能力的差异,比较各菌株对细胞毒性、小鼠毒力、动物组织载菌量以及组织病理学变化的影响。[结果] 与野生株相比,VPA1500基因缺失后不影响细菌的生长能力、生物被膜形成能力和群集运动,然而ΔVPA1500的浮泳运动能力显著下降;进一步通过透射电镜观察和实时定量PCR检测发现,VPA1500缺失影响副溶血弧菌鞭毛的形成;细菌竞争实验显示缺失VPA1500基因降低了副溶血弧菌野生株体外对大肠杆菌的杀伤能力;ΔVPA1500对细胞毒性、小鼠毒力以及在动物组织的定殖能力均显著低于野生株,互补株毒力基本恢复至野生株水平;组织病理学结果进一步表明,缺失VPA1500基因能够降低副溶血弧菌对小鼠组织的损伤。[结论] VPA1500参与副溶血弧菌的体外细菌竞争能力、浮游运动能力和致病性。     

外膜蛋白OmpR对副溶血弧菌致病特性的影响

[目的]探究OmpR在副溶血弧菌生物学特性和致病性中发挥的作用。[方法]利用同源重组技术构建了副溶血弧菌ompR基因缺失株(ΔompR)和互补株(CΔompR),分析各菌株的生长特性、运动性和生物被膜形成能力的差异;比较各菌株对细胞黏附、细胞毒性和小鼠致病性的影响。[结果]ompR基因缺失对副溶血弧菌的生长特性、运动性以及细胞毒性无显著影响。但与野生株相比,ΔompR的生物被膜的形成能力显著降低;感染ΔompR的小鼠存活率升高了25%,病变程度更低;ΔompR在小鼠心脏、肝脏和肾脏中的载菌量显著低于野生株,互补株毒力基本恢复至野生株水平。[结论]OmpR参与副溶血弧菌生物被膜形成和致病过程,是副溶血弧菌潜在的毒力因子。     

副溶血弧菌VP2918基因缺失株的构建及功能研究

[目的] 以副溶血弧菌VP2918为研究对象,研究其对副溶血弧菌的生物学特性和致病性的影响。[方法] 利用同源重组技术构建了vp2918基因的基因缺失株（Δvp2918）和互补株（CΔvp2918）,并对野生株、缺失株和互补株的细菌生长曲线、运动性、生物被膜形成能力、对HeLa细胞的黏附能力、细胞毒性、对小鼠的致死率和组织载菌量进行分析。[结果] 缺失vp2918基因不影响副溶血弧菌的生长特性、运动性、生物被膜形成能力以及对HeLa细胞的黏附能力。但与野生株相比,Δvp2918对HeLa细胞的毒性作用显著降低;感染Δvp2918的小鼠症状明显减轻,存活率更高;Δvp2918在小鼠脾脏和肝脏中的载菌量显著低于野生株,互补株毒力基本恢复至野生株水平。[结论] vp2918不参与副溶血弧菌的运动性和生物被膜形成能力等过程,但与该菌的致病性相关,为潜在的毒力因子。     

组氨酸氨解酶HutH对副溶血弧菌生物学特性及致病性的影响

组氨酸氨解酶(HutH)作为组氨酸代谢通路上的第一个代谢酶,控制细菌内部组氨酸的代谢。HutH在多数细菌中高度保守,参与细菌的能量代谢平衡。【目的】选取HutH作为研究对象,探究其对副溶血弧菌生物学特性以及致病性的影响。【方法】利用同源重组的方法构建缺失株ΔhutH和回补株CΔhutH。研究HutH对副溶血弧菌生长特性、组氨酸利用能力、组氨酸代谢相关基因表达水平、运动性、生物被膜、环境耐受、细胞毒性以及对小鼠毒力的影响。【结果】与野生型菌株相比,hutH基因缺失不影响副溶血弧菌的生长特性、耐酸耐碱能力、耐盐能力和群集运动。但ΔhutH在组氨酸作为唯一碳源的M9极限培养基中生长受到显著抑制。另外,我们证实,hutH基因缺失使组氨酸代谢操纵子内的相关基因转录水平显著下降,基因VP0889的表达水平提高。hutH基因缺失导致副溶血弧菌生物被膜形成能力下降、泳动能力下降、对HeLa细胞的毒性降低、对ICR小鼠的致死率显著降低。【结论】本研究表明,hutH基因缺失影响副溶血弧菌代谢组氨酸的能力,而且首次证实,HutH在副溶血弧菌的生物被膜形成、运动性和对小鼠毒力等方面具有重要作用,为从调控组氨酸...     

T3SS1和T3SS2影响副溶血弧菌生物学特性及细胞致病性的比较

【目的】探究两套Ⅲ型分泌系统T3SS1和T3SS2影响副溶血弧菌生物学特性及细胞致病性的差异和相关性。【方法】以T3SS1和T3SS2主要结构基因vcrD1和vcrD2为研究对象,利用同源重组技术分别构建单基因和双基因缺失株ΔvcrD1、ΔvcrD2、ΔvcrD1-vcrD2,以及互补株CΔvcrD1和CΔvcrD2;分析各菌株的生长特性、生物被膜形成能力、运动性的差异;比较各菌株对细胞毒性以及对细胞炎性因子转录水平的影响。【结果】与野生株相比,各缺失株的生长速度无显著差异。缺失株ΔvcrD1生物被膜形成能力、运动性和细胞毒性均极显著下降;缺失株ΔvcrD2主要表现为细胞炎性因子IL-1β和IL-6转录水平的显著上调,同时对细胞毒性作用下降。双基因缺失株ΔvcrD1-vcrD2在缺失株ΔvcrD1的基础上,生物被膜形成能力、运动性、细胞毒性均进一步显著下降,但在细胞炎性因子的转录水平上,则与ΔvcrD1一致,与野生株相比均无显著差异。【结论】T3SS1和T3SS2对副溶血弧菌生物学特性和细胞致病性的影响存在差异。T3SS1主要影响细菌的生物被膜形成、运动性及细胞毒性作用;T3SS2不影响生物被膜形成、运动性等生物学特性,参与细菌对细胞炎性反应中的负调控作用,同时具有一定的细胞毒性作用。T3SS1有助于副溶血弧菌在环境中的生存,而T3SS2可有利于细菌在宿主体内免疫逃避的过程。T3SS1和T3SS2对副溶血弧菌生物学特性和细胞致病性的影响可能存在一定的相关作用,具体机制有待进一步研究。     

副溶血弧菌海产品和临床分离株的表型及溶血素相关基因分析

副溶血弧菌是(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)常见的食源性病原菌,可污染多种水产品,并引起人的食物中毒,其致病性与溶血素密切相关,如直接耐热溶血素(TDH)、TDH-相关溶血素(TRH)、不耐热溶血素(TLH)。用PCR方法对分离自浙江省部分地区的副溶血弧菌临床和海产品分离株的3种溶血素基因进行检测。结果表明,所有副溶血弧菌菌株均可检测到tlh基因;11株临床分离株均检测到tdh基因,而42株水产品分离株中只有1株检出tdh基因,携带tdh的分离株神奈川试验(KP)均为阳性。所有分离菌株中均未检测到trh基因以及其尿素酶试验呈阴性,由此可知trh基因可能与尿素酶基因连锁。副溶血弧菌分离株中致病性相关毒力因子TDH的阳性率极低,然而副溶血弧菌性食物中毒发生率较高,它们之间的关系及其发病机制还有待深入研究。     

拟态弧菌金属蛋白酶基因PrtV缺失株的构建及生物学特性分析

【背景】研究发现PrtV基因编码含多囊肾病(polycystic kidney disease)结构域的金属蛋白酶,其在多种细菌的致病过程中具有重要作用。拟态弧菌是一种感染多种水生动物的重要病原菌,PrtV基因在拟态弧菌致病中的作用尚不清楚。【目的】探究PrtV基因对拟态弧菌致病相关生物学特性的影响。【方法】采用自然转化的方法构建拟态弧菌PrtV基因缺失株(ΔPrtV),同时通过基因与质粒重组后电转化导入缺失株构建回补株(ΔPrtV/pPrtV),对突变株的生长特性、生化特征、生物被膜形成、自聚集能力、胞外产物卵磷脂酶和蛋白酶活性,以及致病性和细胞毒性等进行分析。【结果】与野生株相比,缺失株的生长特性、生物被膜形成、自聚集能力和卵磷脂酶活性无变化,但分解尿素、甘氨酸、香豆酸盐、鸟氨酸和赖氨酸的理化特性改变;胞外产物蛋白酶活性显著降低(P<0.05),细胞毒性显著下降(P<0.05),对杂交鲇的致病力下降10倍。【结论】PrtV基因与拟态弧菌的细胞毒性及致病性等多种生物学特性有关。该结果为进一步解析拟态弧菌PrtV基因功能及其致病机制提供了依据。     

副溶血弧菌Ⅲ型分泌系统vscG基因缺失株的构建及其生物学特性

【背景】副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)是一种重要的食源性病原微生物,Ⅲ型分泌系统(TypeⅢSecretionSystem,T3SS)在致病过程中发挥重要作用。vscG基因编码的Vsc G蛋白是Ⅲ型分泌系统的伴侣蛋白。vscG基因在副溶血弧菌中的生物学功能尚未确定。【目的】构建副溶血弧菌vscG基因的缺失株和回补株,研究vscG基因对副溶血弧菌生物学特性的影响。【方法】在副溶血弧菌POR-1菌株基础上利用同源重组法构建vscG基因的缺失株ΔvscG和回补株CΔvscG,分析比较POR-1、ΔvscG和CΔvscG在生长性能、生物被膜形成能力、运动性、溶血活性、细胞黏附和细胞毒性等方面存在的差异。【结果】与POR-1菌株相比,缺失株ΔvscG和回补株CΔvscG的生长特性和溶血活性无明显差异,缺失株ΔvscG的生物被膜形成能力下降,运动性较POR-1菌株和回补株CΔvscG增强。细胞感染试验显示,vscG基因的缺失明显降低了副溶血弧菌对HeLa细胞的黏附和毒性作用。【结论】vscG基因影响副溶血弧菌生物被膜的形成和运动性,在该菌黏附细胞和发挥细胞毒性过程中具有重要作用,为进一步探讨副溶血弧菌T3SS的致病机理奠定基础。     

yeaI基因对奶牛源大肠杆菌NJ17生物学特性的影响

c-di-GMP是细菌中广泛存在的第二信使,可通过效应蛋白参与调控细菌的生物被膜形成、运动性和毒力等生物学特性。YeaI因含有能结合c-di-GMP分子的EGEVF基序,可能作为c-di-GMP效应蛋白发挥作用。[目的] 研究yeaI基因缺失对奶牛源大肠杆菌临床分离株NJ17生物学特性的影响。[方法] 构建NJ17的yeaI缺失株（NJ17ΔyeaI）及回复株cNJ17ΔyeaI,分析yeaI对NJ17生物学特性（如生长特性、生物被膜形成能力和对小鼠乳腺上皮细胞（EpH₄-Ev）的黏附）的影响。[结果] 成功构建NJ17的yeaI缺失株（NJ17ΔyeaI）及其回复株（cNJ17ΔyeaI）;与野生株NJ17相比,缺失株NJ17ΔyeaI生长特性及耐药性无显著变化,生物被膜形成能力显著下降,运动性显著升高（P<0.05）;透射电镜检测结果表明,yeaI缺失影响NJ17菌毛和鞭毛的形成;实时定量PCR（qPCR）结果显示,yeaI基因显著抑制NJ17鞭毛基因filG和motB的转录水平（P<0.05）;血清杀菌实验表明,yeaI缺失能显著增强其抵抗血清杀菌作用（P<0.05）;对EpH₄-Ev细胞黏附实验表明,yeaI缺失对NJ17黏附性无显著影响（P>0.05）。[结论] yeaI对奶牛源大肠杆菌NJ17的生物学特性具有重要的调控作用。     

ToxR负调控副溶血弧菌中c-di-GMP的合成

副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)是世界范围内引起海产品相关食物中毒的主要致病菌,具有很强的生物膜形成能力。ToxR是一种膜结合调控蛋白,对副溶血弧菌生物膜形成具有一定的调控作用,但具体机制尚未见报道。c-di-GMP是一种普遍存在于细菌中重要的第二信使,参与调控细菌的多种生物学行为包括生物膜的形成。本文探究ToxR对副溶血弧菌中c-di-GMP代谢的调控作用。利用酶联免疫吸附法(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)测定副溶血弧菌野生株(wild-type,WT)和toxR突变株(ΔtoxR)中c-di-GMP水平的差异。挑选c-di-GMP代谢相关基因scrA、scrG和vpa0198为进一步研究的靶标,采用实时定量qPCR实验检测靶基因在WT和ΔtoxR中的转录水平差异;将靶基因调控区DNA序列克隆入pHRP309质粒中无启动子的β半乳糖苷酶基因上游,采用lacZ报告基因融合实验进一步研究ToxR对靶基因的转录调控关系;将重组质粒分别导入含有pBAD33或pBAD33-toxR的EC100lpir中,采用lacZ报告基因融合实验研究ToxR是否能在异体宿主中调控靶基因的表达;PCR扩增靶基因上游调控区DNA序列,并纯化His-ToxR蛋白,用凝胶阻滞实验(electrophoresis mobility shift assay,EMSA)研究His-ToxR与靶基因启动子区DNA序列是否具有结合作用。ELISA结果显示ΔtoxR中c-di-GMP含量显著性高于WT中的,说明ToxR抑制c-di-GMP的产生;实时定量qPCR结果表明WT中scrA、scrG和vpa0198的转录水平显著性高于ΔtoxR中的,表明ToxR抑制它们的转录;lacZ报告基因融合实验结果表明ToxR可抑制副溶血弧菌和EC100lpir中scrA、scrG和vpa0198的启动子区活性;EMSA实验显示His-ToxR能特异性地结合到scrA和scrG的上游调控区DNA序列上,而对vpa0198的上游调控区DNA序列无结合作用。综上所述,ToxR通过直接调控相关酶蛋白基因的转录来抑制副溶血弧菌内c-di-GMP的合成,从而有助于精确调控生物膜形成等细菌行为。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogenetic investigations of Sordariaceae based on multiple gene sequences and morphology

The family Sordariaceae incorporates a number of fungi that are excellent model organisms for various biological, biochemical, ecological, genetic and evolutionary studies. To determine the evolutionary relationships within this group and their respective phylogenetic placements, multiple-gene sequences (partial nuclear 28S ribosomal DNA, nuclear ITS ribosomal DNA and partial nuclear β-tubulin) were analysed using maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses. Analyses of different gene datasets were performed individually and then combined to generate phylogenies. We report that Sordariaceae, with the exclusion Apodus and Diplogelasinospora, is a monophyletic group. Apodus and Diplogelasinospora are related to Lasiosphaeriaceae. Multiple gene analyses suggest that the spore sheath is not a phylogenetically significant character to segregate Asordaria from Sordaria. Smooth-spored Sordaria species (including so-called Asordaria species) constitute a natural group. Asordaria is therefore congeneric with Sordaria. Anixiella species nested among Gelasinospora species, providing further evidence that non-ostiolate ascomata have evolved from ostiolate ascomata on several independent occasions. This study agrees with previous studies that show heterothallic Neurospora species to be monophyletic, but that homothallic ones may have a multiple origins. Although Gelasinospora and Neurospora are closely related and not resolved as monophyletic groups, there is insufficient evidence to place currently accepted Gelasinospora and Neurospora species into the same genus.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Changes of dung beetle communities from rainforests towards agroforestry systems and annual cultures in Sulawesi (Indonesia)

Little is known about how tropical land-use systems contribute to the conservation of functionally important insect groups, including dung beetles. In a study at the margin of Lore Lindu National Park (a biodiversity hotspot in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia) dung-beetle communities were sampled in natural forest, young secondary forest, agroforestry systems (cacao plantations with shade trees) and annual cultures (maize fields), each with four replicates (n = 16 sites). At each site we used 10 pitfall traps, baited with cattle dung, along a 100 m transect for six 3-day periods. The number of trapped specimens and species richness at the natural forest sites was higher than in all land-use systems, which did not significantly differ. Each land-use system contained, on average, 75% of the species richness of the natural forest, thereby indicating their importance for conservation. However, a two-dimensional scaling plot based on NESS indices (m = 6) indicated distinct dung beetle communities for both forest types, while agroforestry systems and annual cultures exhibited a pronounced overlap. Mean body size of dung beetles was not significantly influenced by land-use intensity. Five of the six most abundant dung beetle species were recorded in all habitats, whereas the abundance of five other species was significantly related to habitat type. Mean local abundance and number of occupied sites were closely correlated, further indicating little habitat specialisation. The low dung beetle diversity (total of 18 recorded species) may be due to the absence of larger mammals in Sulawesi during historical times, even though Sulawesi is the largest island of Wallacea. In conclusion, the dung beetle fauna of the lower montane forest zone in Central Sulawesi appears to be relatively robust to man-made habitat changes and the majority of species did not exhibit strong habitat preferences.     

安徽牯牛降的丝孢菌Ⅰ

本文报导作者采自安徽枯牛降自然保护区的18种丝孢菌,分属于5个属,其中有3个新种:牛皮冻生尾孢(Cercospora paederiicola),山鸡椒假尾饱(Pseudocercospora litseae-cubebae),鸡血藤生假尾孢(P. millettiicola)和2个中国新纪录。文中对新种进行了描述及绘图,新记录种作了简要说明。研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。