半干旱雨养区不同覆膜方式对冬小麦土壤水分利用及产量的影响

在黄土高原半干旱雨养条件下,于2008—2009、2009—2010两个年度,以露地种植为对照(CK),研究了不同覆膜方式(全膜覆土穴播,全膜穴播,垄膜沟播)对旱地冬小麦产量和水分利用的影响。结果表明:两年度覆膜平均较CK产量分别显著提高49.4%和53.2%,水分利用效率提高11.8%和14.3%。覆膜的高产建立在高生长量、高耗水基础上,产量与生育期耗水量显著正相关(r=0.952*—0.958*),两年度覆膜分别平均较CK多耗水33.5%和34.1%。覆膜处理中以全膜穴播较CK的增产幅度和WUE提高幅度最大,耗水量也最大。由于覆膜耗水量大,覆膜各处理收获期0—200 cm土壤贮水量均显著低于CK,但通过全年连续覆膜和夏闲期降水补充,在下茬秋播时,覆膜各处理0—200 cm土壤贮水量均超过CK,夏闲期覆膜的水分休闲效率两年度分别平均高出CK 41.8和86.4个百分点,覆膜有利于土壤水分恢复和下茬作物的可持续生产。覆膜方式中,以全膜覆土穴播种植效益最高,两个年度纯收益平均达5531.6元/hm2,较CK增收2542.2元/hm2。综合考虑,全膜覆土穴播是一种高产高效兼顾、操作简单、适宜于半干旱雨养区推广应用的冬小麦覆膜种植方式。     

覆盖方式对旱地冬小麦土壤水分的影响

在黄土高原半干旱雨养条件下,研究了不同覆盖方式(夏季覆膜,T₁;秋季覆膜,T₂;小麦碎秆覆盖,T₃;小麦整秆覆盖,T₄;夏季覆膜+麦秆还田,T₅;旧膜二茬利用,T₆;无覆盖对照,CK)对旱地冬小麦土壤水分的影响.结果表明: T₆在各时期、各土层土壤含水量普遍高于CK,其他5个覆盖处理可明显改善开花前0～90 cm土壤墒情,但开花后0～90 cm土层以及全生育期90～200 cm土层含水量普遍低于CK.全生育期0～200 cm土层平均含水量T₆显著高于CK,两者差值为0.9%,其余处理均低于CK.0～200 cm土层平均含水量秸秆覆盖处理高于覆膜处理,旧膜二茬利用高于新覆膜.覆膜处理单位面积籽粒产量较CK提高20.3%～29.0%,秸秆覆盖处理较CK提高5.0%～16.7%,冬小麦产量与生育期耗水量呈显著正相关(r=0.77^*).     

宁南旱区耕作覆盖对马铃薯产量及土壤水热特征的影响

为探究耕作覆盖对土壤水热及旱作马铃薯产量的影响,连续2年在宁南旱区不同耕作深度结合覆盖模式下开展了研究工作。结果表明: 耕作深度、覆盖材料对马铃薯播种期0～100 cm土层土壤贮水量有极显著影响,而二者交互作用无显著影响;2019年土壤贮水量以深松30 cm覆盖地膜处理最高,2020年以深松40 cm覆盖秸秆处理较高,分别较翻耕15 cm不覆盖处理(对照)显著提高16.9%和33.4%;耕作深度、覆盖材料可显著影响马铃薯关键生育期土壤贮水量;同一耕作深度下土壤贮水量以秸秆、地膜覆盖处理效果较好,同一覆盖材料下以深松30～40 cm处理最佳。覆盖材料、耕作深度与覆盖材料二者交互作用对播种-现蕾期0～25 cm土层土壤有效积温影响显著;同一耕作深度下覆盖地膜处理土壤有效积温平均较不覆盖处理显著增加9.3%,而覆盖秸秆处理较不覆盖处理显著降低18.7%;2019和2020年各处理全生育期土壤有效积温分别以深松30 cm和深松40 cm覆盖地膜处理最高。2019年马铃薯总产量和经济效益以深松30 cm覆盖秸秆处理较高,分别较对照显著提高84.6%和107.9%;2020年以深松40 cm覆盖秸秆处理最佳,分别较对照显著提高81.7%和105.7%。耕作深度、覆盖材料对作物水热利用效率均有显著影响,水分利用效率以深松30～40 cm覆盖秸秆处理较高,而积温利用效率不同耕作深度结合秸秆覆盖各处理均较翻对照显著提高。相关分析表明,块茎形成期的土壤水分和有效积温对马铃薯总产量的形成至关重要,而全生育期土壤水分对总产量的影响高于土壤有效积温。可见,深松30～40 cm覆盖秸秆处理可改善土壤水热状况,实现马铃薯增产增收和水热资源的高效利用,在宁南半干旱区马铃薯生产中有一定的应用推广价值。     

不同覆盖方式对黄土高原旱地土壤水分及糜子生长、光合特性和产量的影响

为探索黄土高原旱地覆盖栽培模式下糜子田土壤蓄水保墒和节水增产效果,于2011—2013年连续3个糜子生长季在陕西横山县小杂粮试验示范基地,研究了不同覆盖栽培方式对农田土壤水分、糜子生长发育、光合特性、产量及水分利用效率的影响.试验设置4种覆盖栽培处理,分别是“W”垄覆地膜+垄间覆秸秆(SG)、垄覆地膜+垄间覆秸秆(LM)、双垄面覆地膜+垄间覆秸秆(QM)、秸秆覆盖(JG)处理,以传统平作无覆盖(CK)为对照.结果表明：各覆盖处理均较CK显著提高了糜子各生育期0～100 cm土层土壤含水量,其中以SG处理蓄水保墒效果最好,其次依次为LM、QM和JG处理,且各覆盖处理间差异达到显著水平.在各覆盖处理中,SG处理对糜子生长发育和光合能力的影响最大,增产效果最显著,3年平均产量和水分利用效率分别较CK提高55.9％和64.9％,其中各覆盖处理之间差异达到显著水平.因此,“W”垄覆地膜垄间覆秸秆的二元沟垄集雨覆盖种植模式提高糜子产量和水分利用效率的效果最为明显,适宜在黄土高原旱地糜子生产中应用和推广.     

秸秆带状覆盖对半干旱雨养区冬小麦田地温和产量的影响

为了明确秸秆带状覆盖对西北半干旱雨养区冬小麦田地温和产量形成的影响,于2013-2015年连续进行2年定位试验,设不覆盖露地(CK)、全膜覆土穴播(PM)、秸秆带状覆盖(覆盖带和种植带各30 cm,播种3行,SM₁)、(覆盖带和种植带各40 cm,播种4行,SM₂)、(覆盖带和种植带各50 cm,播种5行,SM₃)5个处理.结果表明: 各处理在不同生育时期、不同土层土壤温度存在显著差异.与CK相比,SM₁、SM₂和SM₃处理全生育期0～25 cm土层土壤温度分别比CK显著降低1.0～1.3 ℃、0.7～0.9 ℃和0.7～1.1 ℃.不同时期比较,覆盖处理存在增温和降温的双重效应,秸秆覆盖在苗期-越冬期具有提高地温的作用,返青期-成熟期具有降温效应,增温效应覆膜>秸秆覆盖,而降温效应秸秆覆盖>覆膜.同时,秸秆覆盖降低了全生育期土壤有效积温和日变化幅度,全生育期有效积温较CK降低3.4～33.5 ℃·d,土壤温差较CK降低0.6～2.0 ℃;秸秆覆盖在越冬期平均温度比CK高0.2～0.3 ℃、负积温比CK高0.4～17.0 ℃·d.秸秆覆盖较CK增产11.9％～19.5％,处理间单位面积穗数的差异是引起产量差异的主要结构因素.因此,秸秆带状覆盖适宜在西北雨养区旱地冬小麦产区推广应用.     

Yield and yield components of maize and soil physical properties as affected by tillage practices and organic mulching

Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important grains cereal crop. Lots of farmers using tillage and mulching practices influence the final yield, to maintain up with the growing demand for food, fuel and feed. Field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of tillage practices (i.e. conventional tillage CT, reduced tillage RT, deep tillage DT) and wheat straw mulching (i.e. no mulch and wheat straw mulch of 4, 8 and 12 Mg ha⁻¹, SM0, SM1, SM2 and SM3 respectively) on the growth, yield and yield components of maize and some of soil physical properties. The results showed that compared with RT, DT and CT decreased soil bulk density, as well as led to increase soil water content. Application of mulch treatments increased soil water content. DT and CT have been associated with greater plant height, yield components, grain and biomass yield than RT treatment. Plant height, yield components, grain and biomass yield as well as soil water content increased following mulching treatments. Mulching treatment of SM2 had the largest positive effects on maize yield. DT and CT that have potential to break the compacted zone in soil leading to a better soil environment and crop yield. The application of wheat straw mulch could be an efficient soil management practice for corn production in arid subtropical climate region.     

Long-Term Monitoring of Rainfed Wheat Yield and Soil Water at the Loess Plateau Reveals Low Water Use Efficiency

Increasing crop yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in dryland farming requires a quantitative understanding of relationships between crop yield and the water balance over many years. Here, we report on a long-term dryland monitoring site at the Loess Plateau, Shanxi, China, where winter wheat was grown for 30 consecutive years and soil water content (0–200 cm) was measured every 10 days. The monitoring data were used to calibrate the AquaCrop model and then to analyse the components of the water balance. There was a strong positive relationship between total available water and mean cereal yield. However, only one-third of the available water was actually used by the winter wheat for crop transpiration. The remaining two-thirds were lost by soil evaporation, of which 40 and 60% was lost during the growing and fallow seasons, respectively. Wheat yields ranged from 0.6 to 3.9 ton/ha and WUE from 0.3 to 0.9 kg/m³. Results of model experiments suggest that minimizing soil evaporation via straw mulch or plastic film covers could potentially double wheat yields and WUE. We conclude that the relatively low wheat yields and low WUE were mainly related to (i) limited rainfall, (ii) low soil water storage during fallow season due to large soil evaporation, and (iii) poor synchronisation of the wheat growing season to the rain season. The model experiments suggest significant potential for increased yields and WUE.     

Gravel-sand mulch thickness effects on soil temperature,evaporation, water use efficiency and yield of watermelon in semi-arid Loess Plateau,China

Mulch thickness is one of the important factors affecting soil moisture and temperature. Two field experiments were conducted at Gaolan, Gansu, China, to investigate the influence of gravel-sand mixture mulch thickness on soil temperature, evaporation, evapotranspiration, water use efficiency (WUE) and yield. There were 5 levels of gravel-sand mulch thickness in Experiment 1 (3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 cm; without crop) and 4 levels of gravel-sand mulch thickness plus 80% plastic film mulch in Experiment 2 (3, 5, 8 and 11 cm; cropped to watermelon). There was a close negative relationship between mulch thickness and soil evaporation, with exponential function. Mulch decreased soil evaporation up to a thickness of 7 cm. The soil temperature from 11:00 to 18:00 was slightly lower with mulching compared to no mulching and, as a result, mulch not only decreased the temperature difference between day and night, but also it had a lag. In addition, the peak soil temperature at 5 cm depth was reduced and the soil temperature at night was raised with increased mulch thickness. Mulch had no further effect on soil temperature when thickness is greater than 7 cm. With 80% plastic film mulch, a significant effect on watermelon yield and WUE was detected among the different treatments used in this study, with the highest yield and WUE obtained with the 8 cm mulch thickness treatment. Therefore, 7–8 cm of mulch thickness appears to be the most appropriate option for gravel-sand mulch to sustain high watermelon yield and WUE.     

Influence of mulching on the pattern of growth and water use by spring wheat and moisture storage on a fine textured soil

Eight tonnes ha^–1 of stubble were used to mulch spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) on a fine textured soil with the aim of controlling both transpiration and soil evaporation during the wet pre-anthesis phase to increase moisture supply during grain filling in the eastern wheatbelt of Western Australia. Mulching reduced leaf area per plant by reducing the culm number; consequently the green area index was reduced. Reduced culm number was associated with low soil temperature which at 50 mm depth averaged 7°C lower under the mulched crop relative to the control crop in mid-season. The smaller canopies of the mulched crop used 15 mm less water than those of the control before anthesis; this difference in water-use was due equally to reduced transpiration and soil evaporation. However, the mulched crop was unable to increase ET during grain filling, a response associated with the persistence of low soil temperature for most of the growth period. Hence, total ET for the season was significantly lower (18 mm) under the mulched crop than the control crop. At harvest, mulching did not have significant effects on total above-ground dry matter and grain yields, but it increased water use efficiency for grain yield by 18%, grain weight by almost 17% and available moisture in both uncropped and cropped plots by an average of 43 mm.To determine whether there was any residual effects of soil treatment on moisture storage during the summer fallow period, soil moisture was monitored both in cropped plots and uncropped plots, that were either mulched or unmulched during the growing season, from harvest in October 1988 until next planting in June 1989. Available moisture at next planting was correlated with moisture storage at harvest despite the differences in run-off, soil evaporation and fallowing efficiency (increase in moisture storage as a percentage of rainfall) between treatments during fallowing. Therefore, the mulched treatments had more moisture available (30 mm), mostly as a result of less water use during cropping in the previous growing season, than the unmulched treatment.The study shows that mulching may be used to restrain both transpiration and soil evaporation early in the season to increase availability of soil moisture during grain filling. Secondly, mulching during the previous growing season had little effect on soil moisture during the summer fallow period, however, the moisture saved by mulching during cropping was conserved for the following season. These results indicate the importance of evaluating mulching of winter crops in terms of crop yield in the subsequent growing season as well as in the current season in which the soil was treated.Abbreviations D through drainage - DAS days after sowing of the crop on 31 May 1988 - DM dry matter produced in the above-ground portion of the crop (kg ha^–1) - E₀ evaporation from Class A pan (mm) - E_s evaporation from uncropped soil (mm) - E_sc evaporation from soil beneath the wheat canopy (mm) - ET evapotranspiration (mm) - FE fallowing efficiency (gain in soil moisture storage/rainfall) - GAI green area index (area of green vegetation per unit land area) - GWUE water-use efficiency for grain production (grain yield/total ET, kg ha^–1mm^–1) - K extinction coefficient (see equation 1) - RO run-off of moisture from soil surface during/following rainfall (mm) - SM available soil moisture (mm) at harvest (SMh) or at planting (SMp) - WUE water-use efficiency for total above-ground dry matter yield (see GWUE)     

西南喀斯特区坡耕地秸秆覆盖对土壤生态化学计量特征及产量的影响

土壤养分亏缺是限制作物生长的关键因素,同时也是制约作物产量的重要影响因子。为提高西南喀斯特区坡耕地土壤肥力和作物产量,于2018—2019年连续两年在贵州省黔西县开展了野外原位径流小区观测试验。通过该试验探讨不同秸秆覆盖率下土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)含量及其生态化学计量特征,揭示不同秸秆覆盖率下土壤养分状况及土壤改良效果。共设6个秸秆覆盖梯度,玉米单作+秸秆覆盖(SM₀—SM₅,0,1111、2222、3889、5556,6944 kg/hm~2),其中SM₀为对照组(CK)。结果表明：(1)秸秆覆盖不同程度增加了土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)及全磷(TP)含量,总体上随覆盖量的增加而增加,尤其是覆盖量较多的情况下(SM₄,SM₅),均显著高于对照(P<0.05),但两者之间差异不显著(P> 0.05),而全钾(TK)则随着覆盖量的增加而减少。(2)在高秸秆覆盖条件下(SM₄,SM₅),除了N∶P外,两...     

秸秆还田对土壤有机碳不同活性组分储量及分配的影响

通过田间试验,研究了不同秸秆还田模式下土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)和矿物结合有机碳(MOC)储量及其在总有机碳(TOC)中的分配比例.结果表明: 相对于翻压还田(WR),小麦秸秆覆盖还田(WM)0～20 cm耕层TOC和MOC储量显著降低,降幅为4.1%和9.7%,DOC和POC储量显著提高,增幅为207.7%和11.9%;20～40 cm犁底层TOC和POC储量显著提高.玉米秸秆覆盖还田(MM)与MR相比,犁底层TOC和MOC储量显著提高,增幅为13.6%和14.6%.小麦-玉米秸秆均覆盖还田(WM-MM)相对于均翻压还田(WR-MR),耕层TOC和MOC储量显著降低,降幅为8.5%和10.3%.玉米秸秆还田耕层TOC和POC储量显著高于小麦秸秆还田.与对照(秸秆不还田)相比,6种还田模式耕层TOC储量增幅为5.2%～18.0%,差异达显著水平;除WM和MM模式外,犁底层TOC储量显著降低(降幅8.0%～11.5%).6种还田模式下土壤耕层DOC储量及DOC/TOC比值显著降低,在WM和WM-MM还田模式下耕层POC储量显著提高、POC/TOC比值增大,WR模式的耕层MOC储量显著提高、MOC/TOC比值增大,其余3种模式耕层POC和MOC储量均显著提高.秸秆覆盖还田有利于土壤有机碳活性组分积累,翻压还田有利于较稳定性有机碳组分积累.在提高关中地区农田TOC储量方面,玉米秸秆还田好于小麦秸秆还田、小麦-玉米秸秆翻压还田好于覆盖还田.     

秸秆覆盖旱作瓜田土壤水分的空间变化及对西瓜产量的影响

为了探明秸秆覆盖栽培对西瓜产量及土壤水分的影响,选用玉米秸秆在生育期设置地表全覆盖（WM）、行间覆盖（SM）和根域覆盖（RM）3个覆盖处理,以不覆盖为对照（CK）,研究不同秸秆覆盖方式对旱作西瓜不同生育时期土壤总贮水量、不同深度土壤含水量及产量的影响.结果表明：秸秆地表全覆盖和根域覆盖处理显著提高了西瓜全生育期根域和行间0～120 cm的土壤含水量和贮水量,且伸蔓后期以后的土壤贮水量根域高于行间;秸秆覆盖处理对西瓜伸蔓后期至膨大前期的土壤含水量影响最大,随着西瓜的生长发育,秸秆覆盖处理提高根域土壤含水量的幅度增加,深度下延.秸秆覆盖处理提高西瓜产量主要受根域土壤水分条件改善的影响;各覆盖处理均显著提高了西瓜的产量和水分利用效率,WM、SM和RM处理的增产幅度分别为24.8%、11.5%和15.1%,水分利用效率分别提高了42.7%、24.3%和294%.以地表全覆盖13500 kg·hm^-2秸秆量的处理蓄水保墒、提高西瓜产量和水分利用效率的效果最显著.     

耕作和覆盖对黄土高原果园土壤水分和温度的影响

研究了几种不同耕作方式（免耕、旋耕和翻耕）和覆盖措施（覆草、生草和覆膜）对黄土高原果园土壤水分和温度的影响.结果表明：5月不同耕作方式下0～1 m土层土壤水分差异极显著,表现为免耕（14.28%）>旋耕（14.13%）>翻耕（13.57%）,9月差异不明显;不同覆盖措施中,覆草处理的土壤水分最高,且与生草、覆膜、裸地处理间差异极显著;不同耕作方式和覆盖组合处理中以免耕覆草保水效果最好.不同覆盖处理白天土壤平均温度表现为覆膜>裸地>生草>覆草,土壤温度变幅表现为裸地>覆膜>生草>覆草.各覆盖处理的蓄水量与其土壤温度并不都呈负相关,而是由不同覆盖物的保水效果和保温性质共同决定.综上所述,黄土高原果园的保护性耕作体系应以免耕覆草为主.     

秸秆带状覆盖对半干旱雨养区冬小麦耗水特征和产量的影响

为探索半干旱雨养区小麦高产高效的覆盖种植技术新途径,于2013—2015年连续进行定位试验,设秸秆带状覆盖3行(覆盖带和种植带各30 cm,播种3行,SM₁)、秸秆带状覆盖4行(覆盖带和种植带各40 cm,播种4行,SM₂)、秸秆带状覆盖5行(覆盖带和种植带各50 cm,播种5行,SM₃)、全膜覆土穴播(PMF)、不覆盖露地(CK)5个处理,研究不同覆盖方式对西北雨养区冬小麦的耗水特性、产量和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明: 覆盖能显著改善作物土壤墒情,秸秆带状覆盖处理的土壤墒情好于地膜覆盖处理,且SM₁＞SM₂＞SM₃,0～2 m土壤贮水量在小麦开花期分别平均比CK高15.4%～20.8%、11.2%～14.7%和10.1%～14.5%;秸秆带状覆盖显著提高了生育期耗水量,降低了播种至开花阶段耗水量,增加了开花至成熟阶段耗水量及其占总耗水量的比例;覆盖会提高小麦对120 cm以下深层贮水的调用比例.与CK相比,秸秆带状覆盖和地膜覆盖处理籽粒产量分别显著增加11.9%～19.5%和26.9%～27.1%,水分利用效率分别显著提高9.8%～13.9%和18.4%～22.0%.因此,秸秆带状覆盖种植模式有利于降低冬小麦前期耗水比例,改善土壤墒情,显著提高冬小麦籽粒产量和水分利用效率,是适宜于西北黄土高原半干旱区冬小麦的绿色种植技术.     

保护性耕作对陇中旱作农田水分特征的影响

陇中旱农区生产力水平低而不稳,而保护性耕作措施是农业可持续发展的重要途径.本研究依托2001年建立在陇中旱农区的长期不同耕作措施的定位试验,研究了不同耕作措施对土壤水分入渗、蒸发、作物产量和水分利用效率的影响.该试验共设6个处理,分别为传统耕作(T)、免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)、免耕(NT)、传统耕作+秸秆翻入(TS)、传统耕作+覆膜(TP)、免耕覆膜(NTP),春小麦和豌豆年间轮作.结果表明:与T处理相比, NTS处理的小麦地和豌豆地的土壤容重显著降低,总孔隙度显著增加.保护性耕作措施降低了豌豆地0～5 cm土壤渗吸率,NTS处理渗吸率比T处理降低56.2%.保护性耕作提高了土壤饱和导水率,无论小麦地和豌豆地,NTS均比T处理显著提高了饱和导水率,增幅为52.8%～107.1%.保护性耕作显著降低了作物生育期棵间蒸发量,NTP、TP、NTS比T处理降低了14.4%～50.8%,并减弱了雨后土壤蒸发.保护性耕作提高了作物产量和水分利用效率,NTS、TP、NTP的产量比传统耕作提高了9.5%～62.8%,水分利用效率比传统耕作提高了0.4%～50.9%.因此,在陇中旱农区,保护性耕作措施可以提高水分利用效率,增加作物产量.     

甘肃旱作大豆全膜双垄种植的土壤水热及产量效应

以晋豆23为材料,在甘肃省农业科学院镇原试验站进行田间试验,研究了全膜双垄沟播(FMRFC)、覆膜沟播(FMFC)、覆膜条播(FMSC)和露地条播(NMSC,CK)4个处理的水热及产量效应.结果表明: 在大豆生育期降水量为246.3 mm(干旱年)和407 mm(丰水年)两种年型下,各覆盖处理0～20 cm土层平均地温在24 h内呈“S”型变化,并随生育进程波动振幅缩小.各覆盖处理使大豆苗期(VE～V3)至鼓粒期(R6)0～20 cm土层平均土壤温度显著提高0.5～2.5 ℃,并使全生育期平均地温提高1.3～1.6 ℃.各覆盖处理分别加速了大豆植株对0～120 cm土层土壤水分的消耗,但使0～200 cm土层的平均含水量和贮水量分别提高了1.2%～1.4%和62.7～70.3 mm.与CK相比,FMRFC和FMFC在旱年增温增湿作用显著,改善了大豆株高、分枝数、单株荚数和百粒重等经济性状,使水分利用效率分别提高47.7%～56.3%和33.3%～35.4%,产量分别提高27.7%～51.1%和10.2%～25.2%,是旱作大豆优选的抗寒抗旱覆盖种植方式.     

不同施肥处理黑土覆膜后秸秆碳氮在团聚体中的固存特征

地膜覆盖是提高作物产量的重要措施,理解覆膜条件下黑土团聚体中外源碳和氮的固存特征,为深刻认识地膜覆盖措施的可持续应用提供理论依据。选取长期定位试验站(29年)不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)和有机肥配施化肥(MNPK)3个典型施肥处理,表层土壤(0—20 cm)添加¹³C¹⁵N双标记玉米秸秆后设置裸地和覆膜的田间原位微区培养试验,探讨不同施肥处理结合覆膜黑土团聚体中有机碳和全氮对秸秆来源碳和氮的响应。结果表明,与裸地相比,所有处理覆膜后微团聚体(<0.25 mm)中秸秆来源碳和氮的含量平均降低了26.49%和32.05%。覆膜MNPK与裸地处理相比大团聚体(>0.25 mm)中秸秆来源碳和氮的含量显著降低了35.58%和15.97%,但大团聚体中原土壤有机碳的含量提高了9.16%。在CK和NPK处理微团聚体中,秸秆来源碳占该粒级团聚体有机碳的比例表现为覆膜>裸地,而在MNPK处理各粒级团聚体中则表现为裸地>覆膜。无论覆膜与否,秸秆来源碳对团聚体有机碳和秸秆来源氮对团聚体全氮的贡献率受施肥处理的影响表现为CK>N...     

秸秆带状覆盖对旱地冬小麦产量及土壤水热利用的调控效应

秸秆带状覆盖技术是一种利用玉米整秸秆进行局部覆盖种植的新型旱地覆盖栽培技术.为明确西北黄土高原典型旱作条件下秸秆带状覆盖对冬麦田土壤水热动态特征和产量的影响,在2013—2016年3个生长季,比较了秸秆带状覆盖(BSC)、免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)、全膜覆土穴播(PFM)和露地种植(CK)下麦田土壤水温动态、小麦耗水特征、产量和水分利用效率的差异.结果表明: PFM显著增加了拔节前5～20 cm土壤温度,而BSC和NTS的增温效应主要在越冬期,但拔节后3种覆盖方式均具有显著的降温效应.BSC和PFM显著提高休闲期土壤蓄水效果,BSC显著改善全生育期0～200 cm土壤墒情,但PFM和NTS对生育期土壤墒情的改善主要集中在抽穗期以前,抽穗后PFM土壤墒情逐渐低于CK.BSC和PFM在保持周年耗水与CK无显著差异的基础上,显著提高生育期耗水量,增加拔节至开花期阶段耗水量,促进对120 cm以下土壤水分的利用.与CK相比,BSC、NTS和PFM显著增加单位面积穗数和成熟期生物量,籽粒产量分别显著增加19%～52%、14%～30%和15%～60%,周年水分利用效率分别显著提高19%～61%、14%～31%和15%～58%.BSC取得与PFM相近的产量和水分利用效率双增潜力.综合冬小麦产量、水温利用状况、周年耗水等因素,BSC是一种高产高效且利于西北旱作农业可持续发展的种植方式.     

黄土高原半干旱区轮作休耕模式对土壤真菌的影响

通过田间试验,研究休耕（CK）、残膜覆盖、伏天深耕、施有机肥、秸秆还田和绿肥还田对土壤微生物量碳氮、酶活性及真菌群落的影响。结果表明,除过氧化氢酶外,不同处理对土壤微生物量碳氮、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、脱氢酶、pH及有机质均有显著影响。从门水平上看,土壤真菌群落主要由子囊菌门、担子菌门和被孢霉门构成。其中伏天深耕、玉米秸秆粉碎还田+施牛羊粪+深翻耕后连续休耕3年处理的子囊菌相对丰度分别为43.23%和69.38%,显著高于CK （33.71%）;从纲水平上看,座囊菌纲、粪壳菌纲、伞菌纲和被孢霉纲为优势菌纲,其中玉米秸秆粉碎还田+施牛羊粪+深翻耕后连续休耕3年处理以座囊菌纲为主（60.69%）,其余处理以粪壳菌纲为主（4.11%-24.79%）;真菌多样性指数施牛羊粪+深翻耕+连续3年种植豌豆（拌根瘤菌粉8.5 g/kg种子）并在盛花期翻压还田、玉米秸秆粉碎还田+施牛羊粪+深翻耕后连续休耕3年、玉米秸秆粉碎还田+施牛羊粪+深翻耕+连续3年种植箭筈豌豆并在盛花期翻压还田处理显著低于CK和其他处理,丰富度指数玉米秸秆粉碎还田+施牛羊粪+深翻耕+连续3年种植毛苕子并在盛花期翻压还田处理显著高于CK和其他处理;真菌营养类型玉米秸秆粉碎还田+施牛羊粪+深翻耕后连续休耕3年处理以腐生营养型为主（62.9%）,其他处理以病理营养型和腐生营养型为主。冗余分析和Monte Carlo置换检验结果显示,土壤微生物量碳、微生物量氮、pH和有机质含量对土壤真菌群落结构影响显著（P<0.05）。与休耕（CK）、残膜覆盖、伏天深耕相比,施有机肥、秸秆还田、绿肥还田结合深耕均降低了土壤中病理营养型真菌的相对丰度,利于保持农田土壤生态系统健康。     

不同覆盖施肥措施对黄土旱塬冬小麦土壤水分的影响

于2007年9月—2008年7月在位于黄土高原渭北旱塬的王东沟试验区进行冬小麦不同覆盖施肥措施（包括不施肥、农民习惯施肥、推荐施肥、推荐施肥+有机肥、推荐施肥+垄上覆膜、推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草、推荐施肥+全区覆草7个处理）田间试验,并采用水分中子仪定期观测土壤含水量,研究黄土高原旱塬区不同栽培措施下土壤水分的变化特征.结果表明：在干旱季节（春季）,推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草措施有利于贮存更多的土壤水分,其土壤储水量约比最低值（推荐施肥+有机肥）高48.2 mm,并可将土壤水分保持到冬小麦需水的关键期,而且推荐施肥+垄上覆膜措施仅次于推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草,表明这两种措施能够在田间蓄积较多天然降水,有利于黄土高原旱区雨养农业的发展.