长鳍吻鮈胚胎发育特征观察

以人工繁殖获得的长鳍吻鮈Rhinogobio ventralis受精卵为材料,观察了长鳍吻鮈胚胎发育,分析了其发育特征。结果显示:成熟长鳍吻鮈卵的卵径为1.52 mm±0.07 mm,吸水膨胀后卵膜径达到6.44 mm±0.08 mm,为卵径的4.2倍。在水温17.35℃±0.24℃条件下,长鳍吻鮈受精卵历时73.50 h孵化出膜,出膜仔鱼全长6.25 mm±0.11 mm,从受精到孵化出膜的积温为1275.44℃·h。根据胚胎发育过程形态特征,将长鳍吻鮈胚胎发育过程分为受精卵、卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚、器官发生和出膜7个阶段26个时期。结果表明:长鳍吻鮈受精卵吸水后的卵膜径、出膜前胚体蜷曲程度等可作为长鳍吻鮈早期发育阶段形态学鉴定的依据。长鳍吻鮈胚胎发育阶段的积温高于一些产漂流性卵鱼类。     

黑龙江流域绥芬河水系野生洛氏鱥胚胎发育

采用活体观察和固定观察2种方法,对野生洛氏鱥胚胎发育进行了系统观察,分析了洛氏鱥胚胎及仔鱼发育过程及各时期特点。结果表明:洛氏鱥成熟卵为圆球形,米黄色,略透明,卵沉粘性,卵膜适中,略有弹性;受精卵吸水后极度膨胀,弹性增大明显;受精卵在水温15.0~17.1℃条件下,历经170 h孵出,整个发育期间所需积温为2612.8℃·h,整个胚胎发育过程可分为受精卵、卵裂、囊胚、原肠胚、神经胚、器官形成至破膜等6个阶段,各阶段发育所需积温分别为17.0、119.0、145.0、132.0、164.0、2035.8℃·h;在胚胎发育期间,许多器官分化形成,至孵化时,胚胎已具有较完善的内部器官,胸鳍、尾鳍、臀鳍均已形成,背鳍原基开始出现;初孵仔鱼卵黄囊为长椭圆形,鱼体透明,无色素,3日龄仔鱼黑斑呈块状,卵黄基本吸收完全,不久便可以摄食单胞藻、草履虫或蛋黄。     

赤水河四川华吸鳅的早期发育

四川华吸鳅Sinogastromyzon szechuanensis为长江上游特有鱼类.为了积累其生物学资料,为相关的保护措施提供参考,于2009年通过人工授精获得四川华吸鳅受精卵,对其胚胎和仔鱼的发育过程进行了观察和描述.四川华吸鳅的受精卵呈浅黄色,卵膜径较小(1.85 mm±0.23 mm),具粘性.在水温26.3~27.8℃下,胚体经历22 h 34 min发育成仔鱼出膜;初孵仔鱼全长4.39 mm±0.21 mm,肌节37对;日龄4 d时,卵黄囊吸收完毕,进入外营养期;日龄65 d时,鳞片长齐,进入幼鱼期.整个早期发育过程历时65 d 22 h 34 min.     

怀头鲇胚胎发育过程卵膜形态结构变化及对孵化影响

采用扫描电镜和光学解剖镜,对黑龙江水域怀头鲇(Silirus soldatovi)成熟卵膜层次构造和受精卵胚胎发育过程中卵膜形态结构变化进行观察,并比较未脱黏和人工脱黏卵受精卵膜的表面超微结构变化.结果显示,受精卵膜的胶膜表面由一层薄而致密的物质组成,上有微孔构造.未脱黏受精卵膜表面胶膜光滑致密,多孔隙,内有小梁相连,随胚胎发育逐渐膨胀、展开、变薄,破膜期自然脱落.人工脱黏几乎全部脱去鱼卵的胶膜层,从而使卵失去黏性.脱去胶膜层的受精卵膜表面由不规则的颗粒状结构紧密嵌合而成,表面粗糙,胚胎发育过程中颗粒形状变化不大,但颗粒层逐渐变薄而且疏松,直至胚胎破膜而出:胚胎发育后期颗粒层有过早脱落和破洞出现.同时对活体鱼卵进行连续比较观察,讨论了卵膜结构及动态变化与孵化效果的关系.     

仔鱼的开口摄食期及其饵料综述

鱼类的受精卵在完成胚胎发育的正常过程后经过脱膜孵化成为仔鱼。此时,初孵仔鱼(newly hatched larvae)一般消化道尚未与外界相通,均有较大的卵黄囊作为孵化后一段时间内继续发育的营养来源。但随着卵黄物质的逐渐消耗,消化管与口腔接通以后,仔鱼必需从外界环境中摄取必要的营养物质,以便进一步发育与生长,这就是仔鱼的开口摄食期。       

鲇（♀）× 南方鲇（♂）杂交F1胚胎发育观察

通过人工授精获得鲇(Silurus asotus)♀×南方鲇(Silurus meridionalis)♂杂交受精卵,对杂交F1胚胎发育进行了观察和记录,以期了解杂交鲇早期发育特征并进一步验证鲇与南方鲇杂交的可行性。用0.3%胰蛋白酶液对受精卵进行脱黏处理,在Leica MZ16 A体式显微镜下进行观察和拍照。早期每隔15 min观察一次,发育至原肠胚阶段后每隔30 min观察一次。受精卵及胚体大小长度等用Leica DC500照相系统自带软件进行测量。结果表明,鲇(♀)×南方鲇(♂)杂交受精卵呈圆球形,草绿色,吸水后膨胀,卵径(2.50±0.14)mm,卵膜外形成一层较厚胶膜且黏性较强。在水温(24.5±0.6)℃的情况下,受精卵在受精后48 min形成胚盘,1 h 35 min开始卵裂,4 h 23 min进入囊胚期,7 h 22 min时达到原肠胚期,11 h 23 min发育至神经胚期,随后进入器官分化和逐渐完善的阶段,28 h 49 min开始出膜,40 h 33 min全部出膜。杂交胚胎的平均受精率为89.7%,孵化率为55.3%,初孵仔鱼畸形率为5.9%,表明南方鲇与鲇的精卵不亲和性程度较小,二者杂交可行。总体上看,鲇(♀)×南方鲇(♂)杂交F1胚胎发育时序、器官分化进程与其母本鲇基本相同,呈现"偏母遗传"特征。     

厚唇裸重唇鱼胚胎发育的形态学观察

采用体视显微镜对厚唇裸重唇鱼的胚胎发育过程进行连续观察和描述。结果表明,受精卵呈卵圆形,卵径较大,吸水膨胀后为(4.41±0.13)mm。在水温为9℃条件下,授精后9h进入卵裂期,23h 30min进入囊胚期,33h进入原肠期,71h进入神经胚期,74h 30min进入器官分化期,210h开始破膜而出,初孵仔鱼全长9.35mm。破膜后16d仔鱼开始上浮。对厚唇裸重唇鱼的胚胎发育特点与其近缘种的差异进行了讨论。     

北京地区宽鳍鱲的早期发育

作者对分布于北京市怀柔区怀九河的宽鳍鱲(Zacco platypus)的胚胎发育及仔鱼前期发育进行了研究,过程中采用人工干法授精获取受精卵, 观察并描述了宽鳍鱲早期发育过程及其特点。结果显示, 宽鳍鱲成熟卵呈圆球状, 平均卵径1.04 mm, 为沉性卵。在平均23.0℃(17.1-28.0℃)水温条件下, 从受精卵到孵化经历了73h1min, 积温为1682.3 度时; 孵化后6.5d 进入弯曲期仔鱼。仔鱼前期发育速度与出膜前相比明显减慢;弯曲期仔鱼出现大量死亡可能与有限的人工培育条件、混合营养期能量供给不足等原因有关。通过比较发现, 宽鳍鱲与鲤科中其他21 个种相比, 早期发育时间比其中7 个种均长。宽鳍鱲早期发育时间比同域分布、相同发育水温的马口鱼略长, 明显长于同属的纵纹鱲的发育时间。宽鳍鱲南、北方种群仔鱼发育速度存在差异, 北方种群出膜前发育速度比南方种群快, 但出膜后发育速度减慢。       

长薄鳅胚胎发育的观察

1999年5月,作者首次通过人工繁殖获得长薄鳅的受精卵,并对其胚胎发育特征进行了连续的观察。卵膜无粘性,吸水后卵周间隙明显膨胀扩大,卵膜径3.67-4.00 mm,平均3.79mm,属漂流性卵。胚胎发育可分为26个时期,初孵仔鱼长5.0mm左右,通体透明无色素。     

拟赤梢鱼的胚胎发育和仔稚鱼生长特性观察

为阐明拟赤梢鱼(Pseudaspius leptocephalus)胚胎发育和仔稚鱼发育特点, 采用人工催产的方式获得受精卵, 观察分析了拟赤梢鱼胚胎发育和仔稚发育的时序特征。结果表明: 拟赤梢鱼成熟卵粒为黄色圆球形, 平均卵径为(1.77±0.20) mm, 遇水具微黏性; 在水温23℃条件下, 胚胎发育经历合子期、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期、器官形成期和孵化出膜期7个阶段26个时期, 共历时47h 55min完成孵化过程。初孵仔鱼在(23±1)℃水温条件下, 经历卵黄囊期仔鱼(0—7d)、晚期仔鱼(8—26d)和稚鱼期(27—31d), 进入幼鱼期; 卵黄囊期仔鱼游泳能力差, 随着卵黄囊逐渐消耗, 体表色素斑、胸鳍和尾鳍等逐渐形成, 消化道贯通, 鳔充气; 晚期仔鱼卵黄囊完全消失, 仔鱼游泳能力增强, 开口摄食, 腹鳍形成, 皮肤透明; 稚鱼期鳞片形成并覆盖全身, 鱼体形态已逐渐与成鱼无异。拟赤梢鱼仔稚鱼阶段全长生长特性公式为TL=0.0125x2+0.3579x+6.2058 (R2=0.9953), 出膜15d内, 仔鱼生长速度缓慢, 全长日生长率仅为(0.38±0.02) mm/d, 15d后, 仔鱼生长速度变快, 全长日生长率可达(1.24±0.09) mm/d。研究初步阐明了拟赤梢鱼的胚胎发育和仔稚鱼发育的时序特征, 为拟赤梢鱼的苗种规模化繁育提供了理论基础。     

MicroRNA in cell differentiation and development

The regulation of gene expression by microRNAs (miRNAs) is a recently discovered pattern of gene regulation in animals and plants. MiRNAs have been implicated in various aspects of animal development and cell differentiation, such as early embryonic development, neuronal development, muscle development, and lymphocyte development, by the analysis of genetic deletions of individual miRNAs in mammals. These studies show that miRNAs are key regulators in animal development and are potential causes of human diseases. Here we review some recent discoveries about the functions of miRNAs in cell differentiation and development. Supported by National Key Basic Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2005CB724602) and Knowledge Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant Nos. KSCX2-YW-R-096, KSCX1-YW-R-64)     

Conserving global biological diversity by encouraging alternative development paths: can development coexist with diversity?

The conservation of biological diversity concerns the management of the development process, not only at the national but also at the global level. Individual countries have made their development choices independently but relatedly, too often following the precise form of the choices of other countries preceding them in the development process. Development via imitation is pursuing the form, rather than the substance of a successful development strategy. Countries should instead be developing upon a base of assets that provides them with a relatively unique set of goods and services to place upon global markets. When the first countries developed, this criterion indicated that they should convert their countries to new forms of production; when the last countries are developing, relatively unique goods and services flow from their lands as they stand. What is required is the development of global institutions that encourage countries to see that their best development opportunities lie down these alternative development pathways, based upon their already-existing but relatively unique national assets.     

In vitro cultivation of Fasciola hepatica metacercariae and of partially developed flukes recovered from mice

Attempts were made to culture the metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica under a wide variety of conditions. Of the media tested, the most successful was NCTC 135 plus 50% heat inactivated chick serum and sheep red blood cells at 37°–38°C. In this medium, somatic development of newly excysted juveniles was similar to that of flukes recovered from the liver of a mouse 11 days post-infection. There was, however, no corresponding development of the genital rudiment. Various supplements, such as liver extract, bile, yeast extract, embryo extract, egg products, monolayer cells and diphasic media were tested, but none enhanced development. The effects of various physical parameters on growth and development in vitro were examined. Cultured metacercariae appeared to be in a state of ‘suspended animation’; when injected intraperitoneally into mice they developed into egg-producing adults. Flukes recovered from the abdomen and liver of mice continued their somatic growth in vitro but their genitalia failed to develop further.     

Characterization of Sgo1 expression in developing and adult mouse

SGO1 has been characterized in its function in correct cell division and its role in centrosome cohesion in the nucleus. However, its organ-specific maturation-related expression pattern in vivo remains largely uncharacterized. Here, we show clear SGO1 expression in post-developmental neuronal cells and cytoplasmic localisation in nucleated cells with a transgenic mice model and immunohistochemistry of wild type mice. We demonstrate extranuclear expression of Sgo1 in the developing heart and gut, which have been shown to be dysregulated in humans with homozygous SGO1 mutation. Additionally, we show Sgo1 expression in select population of retinal cells in developing and post-developmental retina. Our expression analysis strongly suggests that the function of SGO1 goes beyond its well characterized role in cell division.     

MicroRNA与动物发育

MicroRNA(miRNA)是一类约22nt大小的内源性非编码RNA,它们通过剪切靶基因的转录产物或者抑制转录产物的翻译从而起到转录后调控靶基因表达的作用。在动物体内,通过基因敲除等方法所进行的大量研究表明了miRNA参与了胚胎早期发育、脑及神经发育、心脏发育、肌肉及骨骼发育等动物发育的各个方面。miRNA是动物发生发育过程中重要的调控因子。主要介绍了近年来miRNA在动物生长发育过程中的研究进展。     

A requirement for Fgfr2 in middle ear development

The skeletal structure of the mammalian middle ear, which is composed of three endochondral ossicles suspended within a membranous air‐filled capsule, plays a critical role in conducting sound. Gene mutations that alter skeletal development in the middle ear result in auditory impairment. Mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2), an important regulator of endochondral and intramembranous bone formation, cause a spectrum of congenital skeletal disorders featuring conductive hearing loss. Although the middle ear malformations in multiple FGFR2 gain‐of‐function disorders are clinically characterized, those in the FGFR2 loss‐of‐function disorder lacrimo‐auriculo‐dento‐digital (LADD) syndrome are relatively undescribed. To better understand conductive hearing loss in LADD, we examined the middle ear skeleton of mice with conditional loss of Fgfr2. We find that decreased auditory function in Fgfr2 mutant mice correlates with hypoplasia of the auditory bulla and ectopic bone growth at sites of tendon/ligament attachment. We show that ectopic bone associated with the intra‐articular ligaments of the incudomalleal joint is derived from Scx‐expressing cells and preceded by decreased expression of the joint progenitor marker Gdf5. Together, these results identify a role for Fgfr2 in development of the middle ear skeletal tissues and suggest potential causes for conductive hearing loss in LADD syndrome.     

The role of oxygen availability in the embryonation of Heterakis gallinarum eggs.

The importance of oxygen availability in the embryonation of the infective egg stages of the gastrointestinal nematode parasite Heterakis gallinarum was studied in the laboratory. Unembryonated H. gallinarum eggs were kept under either aerobic conditions by gassing with oxygen, or anaerobic conditions by gassing with the inert gas nitrogen, under a range of constant temperatures. Oxygenated eggs embryonated at a rate influenced by temperature. Conversely, eggs treated with nitrogen showed no embryonation although when these eggs were transferred from nitrogen to oxygen gas after 60 days of treatment, embryonation occurred. This demonstrated that oxygen is an essential requirement for H. gallinarum egg development, although undeveloped eggs remain viable, even after 60 days in low oxygen conditions. The effects of climate on the biology of free-living stages studied under constant laboratory conditions cannot be applied directly to the field where climatic factors exhibit daily cycles. The effect of fluctuating temperature on development was investigated by including an additional temperature group in which H. gallinarum eggs were kept under daily temperature cycles between 12 and 22°C. Cycles caused eggs to develop significantly earlier than those in the constant mean cycle temperature, 17°C, but significantly slower than those in constant 22°C suggesting that daily temperature cycles had an accelerating effect on H. gallinarum egg embryonation but did not accelerate to the higher temperature. These results suggest that daily fluctuations in temperature influence development of the free-living stages and so development cannot be accurately predicted on the basis of constant temperature culture.     

白斑狗鱼胚胎和仔鱼发育的研究

白斑狗鱼 (EscoxluciusLinnaeus) ,卵圆球形 ,呈金黄色 ,直径为 1.9— 2 .2mm ,具黏性。在 5— 11℃的温度下 ,受精卵历时 185h 18min发育后孵出 ,所需总积温为 2 6 4 1 37℃ ,胚胎发育可划分为 6个阶段 ,33个发育时期。初孵仔鱼全长 7 0— 7 7mm ,从孵出到各鳍形成需 2 1d。胚胎发育各期及仔鱼的主要形态特征均被描述