新疆特克斯河斑重唇鱼胚胎发育和胚后发育观察北大核心CSCD

为保护伊犁河水系特克斯河特有鱼类斑重唇鱼(Distychus maculates)种质资源,探究斑重唇鱼胚胎发育与胚后发育规律。2021年5月,对斑重唇鱼开展人工繁殖,观察其胚胎发育和胚后发育过程,记录各发育阶段形态特征。水温15.0~16.0℃条件下,斑重唇鱼胚胎发育历经受精、卵裂、囊胚、原肠胚、神经胚、器官形成和孵化出膜7个阶段,经过2969.830℃·h破膜而出。斑重唇鱼成熟卵子淡黄色,卵径(2.75±0.24)mm(n=20),卵受精35 min后卵周隙最大,为(3.46±0.16)mm(n=20),其中卵黄约占体积的3/5。胚后发育过程中,仔鱼全长(L_(T),mm)和出膜天数(D)关系式:L_(T)=0.50D+9.15(R^(2)=0.90);卵黄囊全长(L_(Y))和出膜天数(D)关系式:L_(Y)=﹣0.11D^(2)+7.61(R^(2)=0.76);仔鱼全长(LT)和卵黄囊体积(L_(P))关系式:LT=﹣2.35LP+19.96(R2=0.88);卵黄囊全长(LY)和卵黄囊体积(L_(P))关系式:L_(Y)=0.49LP+5.34(R^(2)=0.68);卵黄囊体积(L_(P))和出膜天数(D)关系式:L_(P)=0.002D^(2)﹣0.24D+4.67(R^(2)=0.98)。本研究通过特克斯河斑重唇鱼人工繁殖实验,观察其胚胎和胚后发育特征,丰富斑重唇鱼早期生活史资料,为特有鱼类苗种培育提供理论数据,进一步为种质资源保护和开发奠定基础。     

雅砻江中游厚唇裸重唇鱼种群结构与生长特性

于2020年10月至2021年3月在四川省甘孜藏族自治州雅砻江江段（雅江县至新龙县）采集厚唇裸重唇鱼（Gymnodiptychus pachycheilus）样本189尾,用以研究雅砻江中游厚唇裸重唇鱼的种群结构与生长特性,分析其野生资源现状、影响因素及保护对策。结果显示雅砻江中游厚唇裸重唇鱼调查种群由3-9龄组成,其中优势年龄组为4-6龄,占样本总数的87.83%;种群平均体长和体重分别为264.1 mm和250.5 g,雌雄性比为1.48：1,雌性和雄性最小性成熟个体年龄均为4龄,对应体长分别为202.0 mm和220.0 mm,对应体重分别为105.0 g和133.0 g;种群的平均肥满度为1.22,体长（L）与体重（W）关系式为W=5.00×10^-6L^3.146（R²=0.948,n=189）,属于匀速生长类型;种群体长和体重的Von Bertalanffy生长方程分别为L_t=727.5[1-e^{-0.097（t-0.508）}],W_t=5224.9[1-e^{-0.097（t-0.508）}]^3.146;生长拐点年龄为12.4龄,对应的体长和体重分别为505.2 mm和1568.3 g。研究表明目前雅砻江中游厚唇裸重唇鱼表现出年龄结构趋于低龄化,体型趋于小型化的种群结构特点,且具有自然寿命较长、生长缓慢、渐近体长较大等生长特性,加之雅砻江饵料基础和水文条件较差等因素,推测雅砻江中游厚唇裸重唇鱼所具备的种群增长潜力较低,其野生资源的自然恢复面临挑战。因此,应尽快开展雅砻江流域厚唇裸重唇鱼野生资源的保护工作。     

基于线粒体控制区序列的黄河上游厚唇裸重唇鱼种群遗传结构

采集黄河上游厚唇裸重唇鱼(Gymnodiptychus pachycheilus)甘肃玛曲群体,测定其线粒体DNA控制区序列,并从GenBank中下载青海玛多和贵德等3地2个群体的同源序列,分析该物种的遗传多样性、遗传结构及其演化历史.从81条729 bp序列中,检测到26个变异位点(占3.57％),碱基序列总的单倍型多样性为0.844,核苷酸多样性为0.0054,界定了34个单倍型,有1个广布单倍型H2,占所有样品的38.27％.单倍型网络图图显示单倍型没有明显的亲缘地理格局,H2处于中心,呈星状发散,系统发育分析没有显示出单倍型与地理位置的对应关系.AMOVA分析显示变异主要来自地理区内群体间,歧点分布和中性检测显示厚唇裸重唇鱼近期经历了种群扩张.分析表明黄河上游3地种厚唇裸重唇鱼种群未出现分化,建议应作为一个整体进行保护.     

宽口光唇鱼胚胎发育的研究

在涪江下游宽口光唇鱼的产卵时间为4—5月,自然产卵水温为17℃—23℃。产卵场位于底质为卵石和砾石的浅水滩,分散产卵,卵弱粘性,金黄色,沉性,卵径1.55—2.11mm,卵膜外径2.27-2.55mm。在水温19.5—21.2℃条件下,胚胎从受精到孵化出膜共历时56h30min,初孵仔鱼全长6.0-6.2mm,肛后长/全长=24.14％,卵黄囊前部为膨大的球形,后部为均匀的棒状。     

基于高通量测序的厚唇裸重唇鱼微卫星分子标记筛选

本研究对厚唇裸重唇鱼(Gymnodiptychus pachycheilus)基因组进行Illumina HiSeq高通量测序，共获得85 905条序列，包含567 200个微卫星位点，从中筛选出15个微卫星位点，采用雅砻江新龙种群和黄河渭河种群对其多态性进行了验证。新龙种群中，15个位点的平均等位基因数为6.9(3 ~ 13)，观测杂合度(Ho)为0.712 4，多态信息含量(PIC)为0.630 3，有8个位点显著偏离哈迪-温伯格平衡，1对位点表现出连锁。渭河种群中，15个位点的平均等位基因数为8.4(4 ~ 16)，观测杂合度(Ho)为0.719 5，多态信息含量(PIC)为0.680 7，有7个位点显著偏离了哈迪-温伯格平衡，4对位点表现出连锁。筛选获得的15个微卫星位点多态性较高，适合用于厚唇裸重唇鱼种群遗传学研究。     

新疆裸重唇鱼染色体的核型及C-带研究初报

探索新疆裸重唇鱼的染色体数目和核型,并对新疆裸重唇鱼染色体进行C带型的描述和分析,填补领域内对这一物种研究的空白,为后续的研究打下基础。采用PHA体内注射肾细胞直接制片法研究新疆裸重唇鱼的核型,采用改进的BSG法来研究其C-带。结果表明,新疆裸重唇鱼的核型公式为2n=98=28m＋30sm＋12st＋28t,臂数NF=156。m1、sm1、sm2、t1和t2明显比同组其他染色体大,未发现小染色体及其他异型性染色体。C-带较丰富显示出3种类型的C-带,所有染色体都有着丝粒带,部分有端粒带,有些染色体两端都有端粒带,有些只有一端有端粒带,sm5、sm12和t 3还显示深浅不一的居间带。并通过与同亚科种类进行对比分析,讨论它们的亲缘关系和系统演化。     

软鳍新光唇鱼(Neolissochilus benasi)的人工繁殖与胚胎发育

2009—2011年,使用促黄体素释放激素类似物(LHRH-A2)及马来酸地欧酮(DOM)混合催产剂共催产软鳍新光唇鱼(Neolissochilus benasi)雌鱼60尾及雄鱼100尾,其中,雌鱼成功47尾(78.3%),雄鱼成功92尾(92.0%)。雌鱼产卵量为1 986~5 854粒/尾,卵径为2.2~2.8 mm,平均核偏位率为73.2%。精子密度为(16.32±2.89)×109个/ml,鲜精平均活力为(60.6±3.2)%,平均寿命为(70.2±5.3)s。胚胎发育过程需120 h,分为受精卵期、分裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、体节期和孵化期等6个阶段,平均孵化率为32.4%,45日龄仔鱼存活率为86.5%。胚胎发育过程中,畸形部位主要为口部、胸腔、脊索和眼部,且以脊索畸形较为常见,卵黄蘘吸收异常及双头亦为畸形表现形式。在上述数据的基础上,分析了软鳍新光唇鱼畸形的原因,并提出在亲鱼培育过程中应尽量提供适合的养殖条件,最大限度降低捕获诱发的压力,以提高繁殖效率。     

中甸重唇鱼和裸腹重唇鱼的系统发育关系及其动物地理学分析

重唇鱼属Diptychus的叶须鱼亚属Ptychobarbus,目前共记载4种,其中,分布于青藏高原东部横断山区的有中甸重唇鱼Diptychus chungtienensis Tsao和裸腹重唇鱼Diptychus kaznakovi(Nikolsky)两种,前者局限分布于东南部的中甸盆地一带,而后者则分布于西北面的金沙江、澜沧江和怒江的上游。本文试图通过对中甸重唇鱼和裸腹重唇鱼的系统发育关系的分析,探讨其演化、分布与横断山区地质历史变化的关系。     

乌江上游四川裂腹鱼的胚胎发育

观察了四川裂腹鱼胚胎发育过程中各个时期的形态特征。经人工授精获四川裂腹鱼的受精卵,其平均卵径2．65mm,吸水膨胀后达3．70mm,粘性。在水温11．0－21．℃,平均16．35℃条件下,受精后1小时形成胚盘,11小时进入囊胚期,23小时进入原肠胚期,41小时48分胚孔封闭,59小时肌肉开始收缩,83小时心脏开始搏动,130小时孵出。初孵鱼苗长7．8－8．5mm。孵化时间长、肌肉效应出现早,是其胚胎发育的显著特点。还就四川裂腹鱼与青海湖裸鲤胚胎发育的差异和温度对四川裂腹鱼胚胎发育的影响等进行了讨论。     

尖唇散白蚁胚胎发育激光共聚焦扫描显微镜观察

【目的】本研究旨在探究尖唇散白蚁Reticulitermes aculabialis胚胎在不同发育阶段的变化特征。【方法】每日收集尖唇散白蚁的卵,并固定其胚胎发育状态,采用DAPI染剂对白蚁胚胎进行染色,通过激光共聚焦扫描显微镜观察记录尖唇散白蚁胚胎在不同发育阶段的形态特征。【结果】在25℃下尖唇散白蚁胚胎发育过程历经25~30 d,按照发育特征将其划分为12个阶段。胚胎发育早期,卵黄细胞均匀分布在卵内部,卵内细胞核向卵的中间浓缩,在细胞到达卵的后表面时形成浓缩的囊胚细胞作为胚盘;胚胎发育中期,胚胎开始进行“反转型”的囊胚运动,头部和前后轴从后极到前极反转,胚带出现明显的“双弯”结构。胚胎发育中后期,胚胎变宽,内部器官逐渐开始发育,出现明显的伸长与分节;胚胎发育后期,附肢发育明显,内部器官发育成熟。【结论】尖唇散白蚁胚胎发育过程历经12个阶段,属于短胚带型,胚带出现“双弯”结构,发育中期经历两次囊胚反转。本研究为真社会性昆虫白蚁的胚胎发育过程提供了形态学和生物学依据。     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Determination of stoichiometry of radioiodination of proteins

A sensitive method for the detection of small quantities of hydrophobic antioxidant free radical scavengers such as butylatedhydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylatedhydroxyanisole (BHA) in aqueous samples is described. The procedure involves extraction of the hydrophobic free radical scavenger into an organic solvent phase, followed by the subsequent reaction of an aliquot of this extract with the stable cation radical tris(p-bromophenyl)amminium hexachloroantimonate (TBACA). In experiments with BHT and BHA, the loss of TBACA absorbance at 730 nm was found to be linearly proportional to the amount of antioxidant added, with quantities of BHT as small as 200 pmol being easily detectable. In aqueous suspensions of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles, assays of the aqueous BHT concentration showed that BHT partitioned strongly into the membrane phase, achieving very high BHT/phospholipid ratios. For a given concentration of BHT, partitioning into the membrane phase was greater in large, multilamellar liposomes than in either small, single-walled vesicles or in purified rat brain synaptic vesicle membranes. Direct assay of BHT and BHA in phospholipid membranes, however, was complicated by a nonspecific interaction between TBACA and the phospholipid.