纽荷尔脐橙CCS基因的克隆与分析

利用RT-PCR技术从纽荷尔脐橙果实cDNA中分离出辣椒红／辣椒玉红素合成酶（Capsanthin/Capsorubin synthase,CCS）基因（Ccs）全长。该片断长为1619bp,编码503个氨基酸。BLAST比较其氨基酸同源性发现,该序列所推导的氨基酸与已知的甜橙CCS完全一致,与胡萝卜和辣椒的CCS,以及马铃薯新黄质合成酶（neoxanthin synthase,NSY）有70％的同源性。此外,与番茄和柑橘等的番茄红素环化酶也有50%~70%的同源性。半定量RT-PCR分析表明,Ccs在纽荷尔脐橙果实成熟过程中呈先上升后下降的表达趋势,期间9月份的表达量最高。     

苋菜甜菜红素合成相关基因AmMYB1的克隆及表达分析

应用RACE技术,从‘大红’苋菜中克隆到1条MYB基因cDNA全长序列,命名为AmMYB1(登录号为KU557504)。AmMYB1基因开放阅读框为723bp,可编码240个氨基酸。其基因组序列与cDNA比对后显示,AmMYB1基因含有1个内含子。生物信息学分析表明,AmMYB1具有2个连续的MYB结构域,是一个典型的R2R3-MYB;同源分析显示,该基因编码的氨基酸序列与甜菜红素相关BvMYB1的一致性最高,达到54%。亚细胞定位结果显示,AmMYB1蛋白定位于细胞核。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,AmMYB1基因在‘大红’苋菜叶片红色部位的表达量高于绿色部位;在甜菜红素含量高的叶和茎中表达量明显高于根;在光照条件下表达量高于遮光处理;在红叶品种中的表达量高于绿叶品种。研究结果表明,AmMYB1基因可能是苋菜甜菜红素合成途径中重要的正调控因子。     

辣椒果实类胡萝卜素生物合成研究进展

辣椒是全世界广泛栽培的蔬菜作物之一,成熟的辣椒果实中含有α-胡萝卜素、β-胡萝卜素、玉米黄质、叶黄素、隐黄质、辣椒红素及辣椒玉红素等多种不同的类胡萝卜素;由于类胡萝卜素生物合成途径存在差异调控方式,最终在辣椒果实中积累不同成分和含量的类胡萝卜素,从而导致不同辣椒果实颜色的形成。同时,辣椒果实含有的各种类胡萝卜素因具有重要保健及经济价值,也越来越受到育种家重视。本文系统概述了辣椒果实颜色与类胡萝卜素组分、类胡萝卜素生物合成途径、关键酶基因的功能及相关转录调控机制等方面的研究进展,总结了当前研究中存在的问题,并提出相应的研究展望,对今后高类胡萝卜素辣椒新品种选育、人为调控类胡萝卜素生物合成、改善辣椒果实品质具有重要的意义。     

辣椒雄性不育系葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶基因的克隆及表达分析

为了深入研究辣椒雄性不育与能量代谢之间的关系,该研究以辣椒近缘物种番茄的葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶基因(G6PDH)同源序列为基础,采用电子克隆的方法克隆出辣椒CaG6PDH基因。利用荧光定量PCR技术,对辣椒雄性不育系9704A与其保持系9704B花蕾发育的不同阶段,以及保持系9704B不同组织(茎、叶、花、果皮、胎座、种子)中CaG6PDH基因进行表达分析。结果表明:两系中获得的CaG6PDH基因的编码序列一致,全长1 533bp,编码510个氨基酸残基;辣椒CaG6PDH基因在保持系不同组织中表达量存在差异,胎座中表达量最高,茎中表达量最低;辣椒CaG6PDH基因的表达量在花蕾发育的不同阶段雄性不育系均高于保持系,此种差异在小孢子发育的单核期与成熟期尤为明显,这种差异可能使雄性不育系能量代谢供应出现异常,从而影响小孢子的正常发育而导致雄性败育。     

‘禾荔'优质晚熟突变体‘GLL-1'类黄酮糖基 转移酶基因LcUFGT的克隆与表达分析

'GLL-1'为'禾荔'中选育出的一个优质晚熟芽变新种质。为探讨'GLL-1'果实成熟期延迟的遗传基础,该研究以'禾荔'和'GLL-1'为实验材料,克隆花色素苷合成途径结构基因LcUFGT,并对其进行生物信息学预测及分析,同时通过qRT-PCR对LcUFGT基因在果实发育不同阶段的表达进行研究,分析LcUFGT的表达对突变体果实发育速度的影响。结果表明:(1) LcUFGT基因ORF长1 359 bp,编码453个氨基酸,推测蛋白质分子量约为50.16 kD。(2)序列比对发现所编码蛋白与'禾荔'等荔枝品种高度保守,在蛋白的C端具有PSPG盒。(3)在果实发育成熟进程中,'禾荔'和'GLL-1'果皮逐渐退绿转红,两者LcUFGT基因的表达量都呈先上升后下降的表达趋势,然而,'禾荔'LcUFGT基因的表达量在花后56 d显著增加,突变体'GLL-1'LcUFGT基因的表达量在花后67 d显著增加,LcUFGT基因在突变体'GLL-1'中显著上升表达的时间比'禾荔'延迟,且与果实发育延迟基本一致。以上结果表明,LcUFGT基因在荔枝果皮着色过程中发挥重要作用,是果实着色的关键基因之一,突变体'GLL-1'中的延迟表达是引起突变体晚熟的原因之一。     

辣椒果实中CaRIN转录因子的克隆及其表达分析

根据BLAST获得的表达序列标签设计引物,从辣椒中分离并鉴定了一个新型转录因子,命名为CaRIN。与已知MADS—box蛋白对比表明,CaRIN分别与番茄LeMADS－RIN和矮牵牛FBP4有85％和77％的同源性,并且具有典型的MADS—box类转录因子的特征区域。采用半定量RT－PCR进行特异性表达分析,结果表明CaRIN在破色期和红熟期辣椒果实中大量表达,而在绿熟期辣椒果实和其他辣椒器官中几乎不表达;同时进行了DNA结合位点和系统发生等生物信息学分析,这些结果都表明CaRIN可能参与辣椒果实成熟的调控。     

甜樱桃UV-B光受体基因UVR8的克隆及其表达分析

UVR8(UV resistance locus 8)是目前唯一被描述的植物紫外光B(UV-B)特异受体,能感受环境中的UV-B,从而调控植物生长发育进程。本研究以甜樱桃‘红灯’果实为试验材料,利用RT-PCR技术,获得甜樱桃UVR8基因c DNA全长序列。该序列包含一个长1 329 bp的开放阅读框,编码442个氨基酸,相对分子质量为47.80 k D,将该基因命名为Pac UVR8并提交Gen Bank数据库,收录号为(KX671127)。氨基酸保守域分析表明,Pac UVR8基因编码的蛋白包含7个RCC1结构域,该氨基酸序列与其他植物序列相似性在78%~98%之间。同时,利用荧光定量PCR分析UVR8基因在3种不同颜色的樱桃果实生长过程的表达情况,其中‘黑樱桃’和‘红灯’随着果实成熟,果皮颜色逐渐变红,UVR8表达量逐渐上升;而黄色品种‘佐藤锦’在成熟时期基因表达量表现为先增长后减少,在转色期的20 d表达量最高。本研究为甜樱桃光受体对光应答的分子机理及解释甜樱桃着色分子机制提供了一定的理论依据。     

FaPYL9基因调控草莓果实成熟的分子机理

该研究以草莓品种‘红颜’(Fragaria ananassa‘Benihoppe’)果实为试材,从红颜草莓果实中克隆得到1个ABA受体基因FaPYL9,该基因含有1个555bp核苷酸的开放阅读框,编码184个氨基酸序列,含有1个氨基酸保守区域PYR_PYL_RCAR_like。FaPYL9基因在草莓果实发育7个时期的表达量分析表明,随着草莓果实的成熟,FaPYL9基因的表达量迅速升高,并且在果实全红时表达量达到最高;干扰草莓果实中的FaPYL9基因,会延迟草莓果实成熟期3~5d,同时会降低与草莓果实着色相关的FaCHS和FaUFGT基因的表达量,并且果实中的蔗糖含量以及花青素含量也随之降低,ABA含量和果实硬度增加。研究表明,FaPYL9基因在草莓果实成熟发育过程中起重要作用,能促进草莓果实成熟。     

番茄COBRA基因克隆、表达模式及生物信息学分析

COBRA作为一种重要的胞外糖基磷脂酰肌醇(GP-I)锚定蛋白,影响植物细胞壁中纤维素含量及细胞的定向伸长。目前已有多个拟南芥、玉米及水稻的COBRA基因的突变体被研究。而有关番茄COBRA基因克隆的研究尚未见报道。本研究利用RT-PCR技术克隆了一个假定编码番茄COBRA蛋白的SlCOBRA基因,并在GenBank注册(JN398667)。序列测定和分析表明,该序列由6个外显子组成,编码444个氨基酸残基;氨基酸序列中存在COBRA蛋白的CCVS保守基序,N端的跨膜信号肽及C-末端的疏水性尾部和GPI锚定ω-位点。系统进化分析表明番茄SlCOBRA与拟南芥AtCOB具有80%氨基酸序列同源性,聚在一个分支上。Real-time PCR分析番茄各个组织中COBRA基因的表达结果表明番茄COBRA为组成型表达,在营养器官(根、茎、叶)中的表达量高于花和果实,尤其在成熟的果实中(从转色期到红熟期)表达量明显减少。     

枸杞果糖激酶基因LbFRK7的克隆及表达分析

该研究以‘宁杞1号’枸杞果实为材料,基于转录组测序TR28373|c0_g1序列,利用RT-PCR技术,克隆出枸杞果糖激酶基因LbFRK7的全长序列为1 060bp,其中,ORF开放阅读框为1 044bp,编码有348个氨基酸,蛋白质分子量为37.44kD,理论等电点5.05;LbFRK7编码的氨基酸序列包含有pfkB碳水化合物激酶家族高度保守的3个特异性区域,2个底物识别位点,4个ATP结合位点;LbFRK7与烟草和辣椒的FRP7基因序列相似性较高,达到90%;利用实时荧光定量技术分析发现,不同组织中LbFRK7基因均有表达,且果实中的表达量最高,根中最低;随着果实的发育,果实中LbFRK7基因的表达量呈先升后降的变化趋势,并于开花后15d达到最高。在果实发育前期,LbFRK7基因的表达量与果糖含量的变化趋势相同,但在果实发育中期和后期,LbFRK7基因的表达量与果糖含量的变化趋势相反。相关分析结果显示,LbFRK7表达量与果糖和蔗糖含量的相关系数分别为-0.326和-0.339,但均未达到显著水平。研究表明,LbFRK7基因在枸杞果实发育过程中对果糖转化起到一定作用,特别是在果实成熟过程中对果糖含量的升高具有重要的作用。该研究结果为进一步探讨枸杞LbFRK7的功能及果糖代谢奠定了基础。     

Molecular genetics of the y locus in pepper: its relation to capsanthin-capsorubin synthase and to fruit color

Classical genetic studies have determined that the yellow fruit color in pepper is recessive to red in the locus y. We studied the relation of the y locus with the gene coding for capsanthin-capsorubin synthase (CCS) that synthesizes the red carotenoid pigments in the mature fruit. Cosegregation of y and CCS in populations derived from crosses between plants bearing red×white and red×yellow fruits indicated the correspondence of the two genes. We obtained indications for the occurrence of a deletion in the CCS gene in plants containing the recessive y allele. This deletion did not contain the distal 220 bp of the 3′ end of the gene. We used the CCS gene to determine the genotype of peppers with different fruit colors at the y locus. In BC₁ segregants from a red×white cross, the red and peach-fruited progenies had the wild-type allele at the CCS locus, while the orange, yellow and white-fruited progenies had the mutant allele. Screening orange-fruited cultivars with CCS as well as segregation analysis of CCS in an additional red×white cross indicated two possible genotypes of the orange fruit color in this locus. Received: 25 January 1999 / Accepted: 16 August 1999     

A candidate gene approach identified phytoene synthase as the locus for mature fruit color in red pepper (Capsicum spp.)

Abstrat  The color of mature pepper fruit is determined by the composition of carotenoids. The fruit color of red pepper is genetically determined by three loci, y, c1, and c2. We have been developing a genetic map of hot pepper using RFLP and AFLP markers in the F₂ population of an interspecific cross between Capsicum annuum cv TF68 and Capsicum chinense cv Habanero. The color of the ripe fruit of TF68 is red and Habanero is orange. The red color is dominant over orange in the F₁ and the locus controlling this character has been marked in our SNU Linkage Group 7. To identify the gene or markers tightly linked to the red/orange locus, several candidate genes involved in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway, namely FPS, GGPS, PSY, PDS, LCY and CCS, were examined. One of the candidate genes, phytoene synthase, cosegregated completely with fruit color in the F₂ population. QTL analysis of the pigment content of F₂ individuals quantified by HPLC also indicated that phytoene synthase is the locus responsible for the development of fruit color. The color, pigment content and genetic behavior of Habanero also suggest that phytoene synthase may be responsible for the c2 gene discriminating between red and orange cultivars. Received: 15 March 2000 / Accepted: 16 August 2000     

A mutation in Zeaxanthin epoxidase contributes to orange coloration and alters carotenoid contents in pepper fruit (Capsicum annuum)

Phytoene synthase (PSY1), capsanthin-capsorubin synthase (CCS), and pseudo-response regulator 2 (PRR2) are three major genes controlling fruit color in pepper (Capsicum spp.). However, the diversity of fruit color in pepper cannot be completely explained by these three genes. Here, we used an F₂ population derived from Capsicum annuum ‘SNU-mini Orange’ (SO) and C. annuum ‘SNU-mini Yellow’ (SY), both harboring functional PSY1 and mutated CCS, and observed that yellow color was dominant over orange color. We performed genotyping-by-sequencing and mapped the genetic locus to a 6.8-Mb region on chromosome 2, which we named CaOr. We discovered a splicing mutation in the zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) gene within this region leading to a premature stop codon. HPLC analysis showed that SO contained higher amounts of zeaxanthin and total carotenoids in mature fruits than SY. A color complementation assay using Escherichia coli harboring carotenoid biosynthetic genes showed that the mutant ZEP protein had reduced enzymatic activity. Transmission electron microscopy of plastids revealed that the ZEP mutation affected plastid development with more rod-shaped inner membrane structures in chromoplasts of mature SO fruits. To validate the role of ZEP in fruit color formation, we performed virus-induced gene silencing of ZEP in the yellow-fruit cultivar C. annuum ‘Micropep Yellow’ (MY). The silencing of ZEP caused significant changes in the ratios of zeaxanthin to its downstream products and increased total carotenoid contents. Thus, we conclude that the ZEP genotype can determine orange or yellow mature fruit color in pepper.     

Inheritance of unique fruit and foliage color mutation in NuMex piñata

The inheritance of mature fruit color in peppers (Capsicum spp.) is controlled by several genes. However, the inheritance of the transition of colors the fruit undergo during ripening has not been described extensively. The authors describe the inheritance of a unique gene which affects foliage color and fruit color transition occurring in the jalape?o cultivar NuMex Pi?ata. The gene responsible is designated the tra gene.     

Activity and expression of polygalacturonase vary at different fruit ripening stages of sweet pepper cultivars

Activity and expression of polygalacturonase (PG), a hydrolytic enzyme involved in ultrastructural changes in the pericarp of sweet pepper (Capsicum annaum), were investigated at different ripening stages of the pepper cultivars Mandi and Talanduo. Molecular cloning of CaPG was carried out by constructing a cDNA library from three stages of fruit ripening. Morphological determination, PG assay, RT-PCR, and ultrastructural studies were used to quantify changes in CaPG gene expression in the pericarp from green, color change and fully ripened stages. We found that CaPG gene expression, PG activity and striking changes in the structure of the cell wall occurred with the transition of ripening stages. CaPG gene expression was high (obvious PCR products) in mature and ripened stages of both cultivars; however, the CaPG gene was not expressed in preclimacteric fruits or vegetative tissues. We conclude that developmental regulation of CaPG gene expression is instrumental for sweet pepper fruit ripening; its expression during development leads to dissolution of middle lamella and eventually disruption of the fully ripened cell wall.     

The capsanthin-capsorubin synthase gene: a candidate gene for the y locus controlling the red fruit colour in pepper

The red colour of pepper fruits is determined by the y⁺ dominant allele and the yellow colour by the y recessive allele. The capsanthin-capsorubin synthase (CCS) gene is activated specifically during the final stages of pepper fruit ripening. RFLP and specific-PCR polymorphisms derived from the CCS gene were analysed in a F2 progeny of a red by yellow-fruited cross. They cosegregated completely with fruit colour. Our results support the hypothesis that the yellow phenotype might result from a deletion of the CCS gene. These specific markers were integrated into the genetic map and will be useful for marker assisted plant breeding.     

Linkage of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">A</Emphasis> locus for the presence of anthocyanin and <Emphasis Type="Italic">fs10.1</Emphasis>, a major fruit-shape QTL in pepper

The purple color of the foliage, flower and immature fruit of pepper ( Capsicum spp.) is a result of the accumulation of anthocyanin pigments in these tissues. The expression of anthocyanins is controlled by the incompletely dominant gene A. We have mapped A to pepper chromosome 10 in a Capsicum annuum (5226) x Capsicum chinense (PI 159234) F(2) population to a genomic region that also controls anthocyanin expression in two other Solanaceous species, tomato and potato, suggesting that variation for tissue-specific expression of anthocyanin pigments in these plants is controlled by an orthologous gene(s). We mapped an additional locus, Fc, for the purple anther filament in an F(2) population from a cross of IL 579, a C. chinense introgression line and its recurrent parent 100/63, to the same position as A, suggesting that the two loci are allelic. The two anthocyanin loci were linked to a major quantitative trait locus, fs10.1, for fruit-shape index (ratio of fruit length to fruit width), that also segregated in the F(2) populations. This finding verified the observation of Peterson in 1959 of linkage between fruit color and fruit-shape genes in a cross between round and elongated-fruited parents. The linkage relationship in pepper resembles similar linkage in potato, in which anthocyanin and tuber-shape genes were found linked to each other in a cross of round and elongated-tuber parents. It is therefore possible that the shape pattern of distinct organs such as fruit and tuber in pepper and potato is controlled by a similar gene(s).