苋菜AtGAI基因克隆及表达分析

为研究苋菜赤霉素不敏感基因(AtGAI)对赤霉素的响应,采用RT-PCR结合RACE技术,从‘大红’苋菜(Amaranthus tricolor L.‘Dahong’)中克隆得到一个GAI基因,命名为AtGAI(GenBank登录号为MK049175)。结果表明:(1)苋菜AtGAI基因含一个1 818bp开放阅读框,编码605个氨基酸。(2)生物信息学分析表明,苋菜AtGAI含2个保守结构域DELLA和GRAS,有GAI家族特有序列特征。(3)系统进化树分析表明,苋菜AtGAI蛋白与籽粒苋GAI蛋白亲缘关系最近。(4)显微观察及色素含量分析表明,甜菜色素主要分布于子叶和下胚轴的表皮及维管束鞘周围的薄壁细胞中,GA_3浓度与甜菜色素含量呈负相关。(5)qRT-PCR分析结果表明,GA_3抑制AtGAI、AmMYB1、AmaDODA和AmCYP76AD1基因在子叶和下胚轴中的表达。研究表明,GA_3可能通过影响AtGAI基因的表达来调控苋菜甜菜色素代谢。     

文心兰不育花粉粒形态观察及相关基因克隆与表达分析

该研究以文心兰品种‘柠檬绿’（雄性不育）和‘巧克力’（可育）为试验材料,对花粉团和花粉粒的形态进行观察,并在转录组数据分析的基础上,利用RT PCR技术从‘柠檬绿’中克隆了1个MYB转录因子基因（OnMYB106）,用qRT PCR技术分析该基因的相对表达量,以初步鉴定‘柠檬绿’花粉败育特征,揭示花粉败育与OnMYB106基因的调控关系。结果显示：（1）‘柠檬绿’花粉团药室明显变扁,外壁凹陷、皱缩。（2）‘柠檬绿’花粉细胞内含物缺失,细胞质空泡化严重,花粉粒形态异常,花粉壁发育不连续,有许多孔洞（并非萌发孔）。（3）成功克隆获得‘柠檬绿’MYB106的基因序列,命名为OnMYB106,其开放阅读框为819 bp,编码272个氨基酸;其基因组序列与cDNA比对显示,OnMYB106基因含有3个外显子和2个内含子。（4）生物信息学分析表明,OnMYB106属于SANT 超家族,具有2个连续的MYB DNA binding结构域,是一个典型的R2R3 MYB转录因子;进化树分析表明,OnMYB106与高粱、水稻和二穗短柄草的MYB106蛋白序列的一致性最高,进化距离最近。（5）qRT PCR分析显示,OnMYB106在‘柠檬绿’花粉团中下调表达;该基因在‘柠檬绿’不同组织器官中均有表达,但在花中表达量最高,假鳞茎中表达量最低;在不同花期中,花苞期表达量最高,盛开期只有微量表达。研究认为,‘柠檬绿’花粉壁发育异常可能导致其花粉败育;OnMYB106基因可能在‘柠檬绿’花器官的生长发育中起重要的调控作用,并且该基因可能属于花粉发育“早期”表达基因,主要影响‘柠檬绿’花粉壁的的形成。     

文心兰铁氧还蛋白基因克隆定位及表达分析

采用RACE-PCR法,从‘小樱桃’文心兰中克隆到一个全长989bp的铁氧还蛋白基因cDNA序列,命名为OnFd(登录号KX461907)。OnFd基因开放阅读框长为465bp,预测可编码154个氨基酸;gDNA和cDNA序列比对结果显示OnFd基因不含内含子。生物信息学分析表明,OnFd具有1个典型的[2Fe-2S]结构域;同源分析显示,OnFd与玉米Fd3的相似度最高(64.29%)。蛋白亚细胞定位结果显示OnFd定位于叶绿体。实时荧光定量PCR检测发现:OnFd基因在花中表达量最高,其次是叶与根,在假鳞茎中表达量最低;接种病原菌研究显示,文心兰感染软腐病后,各个部位的OnFd基因表达量均呈上升趋势,尤其是接种部位假鳞茎在接种病原菌1d后表达量便表现出极显著上调,并且在5个感病阶段的表达量是健康植株的2.83~3.98倍。研究表明,OnFd基因可能在文心兰响应抗软腐病过程中具有重要作用。     

苎麻转录因子基因BnMYB3的克隆及表达分析

该研究采用RACE技术,从苎麻中克隆到1个MYB转录因子基因(BnMYB3)的全长cDNA序列(GenBank登录号为MF741320.1)。生物信息学分析表明,BnMYB3基因cDNA全长为1 216bp,包括900bp编码区序列,编码含有299个氨基酸的蛋白,其分子量约为33.63kD,理论等电点为9.16;该蛋白质含有2个典型的MYB结构域,属于R2R3-MYB。从苎麻基因组中克隆了BnMYB3基因1 681bp启动子序列,该序列包含ABRE、GARE-motif、CGTCA-motif和TGACG-motif等多个逆境相关的顺式作用元件。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,BnMYB3为组成型表达基因,在茎和叶中的表达量显著高于根;BnMYB3基因能够响应镉胁迫,且表达量随镉胁迫处理时间和处理浓度的增加而显著上升。     

石榴木质素合成相关基因PgMYB308的克隆和表达分析

该研究以‘红玉石籽’(Punica granatumcv.Hongyushizi)石榴为试验材料,采用RACE和RT-PCR方法,获得与木质素的合成相关基因PgMYB308。PgMYB308基因cDNA全长792bp,编码263个氨基酸。分子量为29.56kD,理论等电点为9.07。序列比对和功能域分析发现,PgMYB308包含R2和R3保守域,以及C1、C2、C4和锌指基序。系统进化树分析显示,PgMYB308与其他物种起源相同,而与桉树EgMYB308亲缘关系最近。荧光定量PCR分析表明,PgMYB308在茎、叶和种子等组织中均有表达,其中茎中表达量最高,叶片中表达量最低;PgMYB308在‘突尼斯软籽’中表达最高,而在‘红玉石籽’和‘白玉石籽’中表达量较低;PgMYB308在‘红玉石籽’籽粒的不同时期均有表达,但在花后20d相对表达量最高,以后随发育进程呈现逐渐下降的趋势。     

桂花查尔酮异构酶OfCHI基因的克隆与表达分析

查尔酮异构酶CHI是花青素苷合成途径中的关键酶。为了解桂花花青苷的合成机理,该研究对3个桂花品种的花青苷含量进行了测定。结果显示:(1)‘橙红丹桂’花中的花青苷含量最高,‘金桂’和‘早银桂’中花青苷含量较低。(2)利用RACE和RT-PCR方法获得了桂花查尔酮异构酶基因(OfCHI)的全长cDNA序列1 069bp,该基因编码248个氨基酸,相对分子量为26.85kD,等电点为6.34。(3)多重序列比对显示,OfCHI与金花茶CnCHI、忍冬LjCHI、石榴PgCHI的相似性分别为68.13%、65.86%和63.53%,氨基酸序列中含有CHI蛋白的活性位点Thr47、Tyr108、Met115以及Ser192;系统进化树分析表明,OfCHI与其他物种起源相同,而与油橄榄OeCHI亲缘关系最近。(4)利用qRT-PCR对不同桂花品种、不同组织中OfCHI的表达量检测结果显示,OfCHI在‘橙红丹桂’花中表达量最高,在‘金桂’和‘早银桂’中表达量较低;OfCHI在‘橙红丹桂’、‘金桂’和‘早银桂’的花、茎、叶中均有表达,且表达趋势相同,均为叶中表达量最高。该研究为揭示桂花青素苷的合成机理奠定了理论基础,并为培育不同花色的桂花新品种提供了基因专利。     

中国野生毛葡萄芪合成酶基因克隆及表达分析

采用RT-PCR技术克隆中国野生毛葡萄‘丹凤-2’芪合成酶基因,命名为VqDSTS1,并进行序列及表达模式分析.结果表明:VqDSTS1基因cDNA编码区全长为1 179bp,GenBank登录号为JQ342086,编码392个氨基酸;氨基酸序列分析表明,VqDSTS1含有芪合成酶基因家簇的特征识别序列‘IPNSAGAIAGN’和‘GVLFGFG-PGLT’;序列比对显示,VqDSTS1与其他葡萄种质的芪合成酶氨基酸序列一致性在95.2%～98.7%之间;半定量RT-PCR分析表明,VqDSTS1受白粉病诱导表达,呈双峰模式.为进一步研究中国野生毛葡萄‘丹凤-2’芪合成酶基因家族的表达及功能分析提供了基础.     

芒果SEPALAATA基因的克隆与表达分析

以芒果品种‘吕宋’(Mangifera indica L.Carabao)为试材,利用同源克隆和RACE技术从花序中获得了1个芒果SEPALAATA(SEP)基因cDNA全长,命名为MSEP1(GenBank中登录号为KP702299)。MSEP1基因的cDNA全长为921bp,包含一个长度为726bp开放阅读框,编码241个氨基酸,蛋白质相对分子质量为27.7kD,理论等电点为5.79。序列比对和系统进化树分析表明,MSEP1具有保守的MADS-box及半保守的K区,属于MADS-box家族的SEP亚家族。器官特异性表达分析表明,MSEP1基因在芒果根、茎中表达量较低,在叶片、花芽中表达量较高,而在花序中表达量最高。研究推测,MSEP1基因可能在芒果生殖生长中发挥重要作用。     

‘黄花’梨及其芽变‘绿黄花’梨HHT基因克隆与表达分析

该试验以砂梨品种‘黄花’梨（果皮褐色）及其芽变‘绿黄花’梨（果皮绿色）盛花后第8周的果皮为试材,利用常规PCR和巢式PCR技术克隆了ω 羟基棕榈酸O 阿魏酰转移酶（ω hydroxypalmitate O feruloyl transferase, HHT）基因cDNA的全长,命名为 PpyHHT（登录号为KX131155）。序列分析结果表明,该基因开放阅读框（ORF）为1 335 bp,编码444个氨基酸。生物信息学分析显示,推定的PpyHHT蛋白质相对分子质量为49.91 kD,等电点是4.75,与白梨相似性高达98%,亲缘关系最近。实时荧光定量PCR（qRT PCR）表达分析显示,2种梨果皮中 PpyHHT基因在盛花后6~9周的4个转色关键期表达量不断变化,在‘黄花’梨果皮中的表达量明显高于‘绿黄花’梨。推测 PpyHHT基因可能参与砂梨果实褐色/绿色性状的形成。     

棉花GhMYB113基因的克隆与表达分析

该研究利用序列拼接并结合RT-PCR技术,从棉花叶片中克隆了1个MYB基因的cDNA序列,命名为GhMYB113。序列分析表明,该基因开放阅读框为738bp,编码246个氨基酸,含有2个MYB结构域,属R2R3-MYB类型转录因子。该基因的基因组序列长1 927bp,由3个外显子和2个内含子构成。氨基酸序列比对发现该蛋白与其他物种的MYB蛋白有较高的一致性。系统进化分析显示,棉花GhMYB113与现代杂交月季亲缘关系最近。qPCR分析发现,该基因在棉花根中优势表达,在干旱、高盐及低温胁迫后表达量均发生变化,推测GhMYB113可能在植物响应干旱、高盐及低温等非生物胁迫过程中起作用。     

Coccystes undoxylophus

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Ester production in E. coli and C. acetobutylicum

Genetic engineering has improved the product yield of a variety of compounds by overexpressing, inactivating, or introducing new genes in microbial systems. The production of flavor-enhancing ester compounds is an emerging area of heterologous gene expression for desired product yield in Escherichia coli. Isoamyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and butyl butyrate are reported here to be produced by expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes ATF1 or ATF2 and the strawberry gene SAAT in E. coli when the appropriate substrates are provided. Increasing the concentration of alcohol added to the reaction generally resulted in increased ester production. ATF1 expression was found to produce more isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate than ATF2 expression or SAAT expression in the strains and culture conditions examined. Additionally, SAAT expression resulted in greater isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate production than ATF2 expression. Butyl butyrate is produced by cell-free extracts of E. coli harboring SAAT but not ATF1 or ATF2.     

UeberAquila pennata undminuta

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Aquila pennata undminuta

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

Chemical composition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter and crude protein from the halophytic plants Kochia scoparia, Atriplex dimorphostegia, Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus

Samples of Kochia (K. scoparia), Atriplex (A. dimorphostegia), Suaeda (S. arcuata) and Gamanthus (G. gamacarpus) were collected and analyzed for chemical composition including crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDFom), acid detergent fiber (ADFom), non-protein N (NPN), Ca, P, Na, K, Cl, Mg, Fe, Cu and Se. In addition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter (DM) and CP of the samples using a mobile bag technique were determined. Results indicate that the chemical composition of Kochia and Atriplex was notably different from those of Suaeda and Gamanthus. All of these halophytic plants had high concentrations of Na, K, Cl, Cu and Se, and low levels of Ca, P and Mg. The rapidly degradable fractions of DM and CP (g/g) of Kochia (0.31 and 0.35, respectively) and Atriplex (0.39 and 0.50, respectively) were lower than for Suaeda (0.53 and 0.55, respectively) and Gamanthus (0.56 and 0.66, respectively). Ruminal DM and CP disappearance of Kochia (444 and 517 g/kg, respectively) and Atriplex (472 and 529 g/kg, respectively) were lower (P<0.05) than those of Suaeda (553 and 577 g/kg, respectively) and Gamanthus (663 and 677 g/kg, respectively) (P<0.05) using the mobile bag technique. Suaeda had the lowest (P<0.05) NDFom and ADFom disappearance (214 and 232 g/kg, respectively) in the rumen. Kochia scoparia and Atriplex dimorphostegia have more beneficial chemical nutritive components and digestible values versus Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus.     

Presence of Rhizobium Etli bv . Phaseoli and Rhizobium Gallicum bv . Gallicum in Egyptian Soils

Seven bean rhizobial strains EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29 identified as Rhizobium etli, and EBRI 32 identified as Rhizobium gallicum, isolated from Egyptian soils and which nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris efficiently, were subjected to hybridization with a nifH probe in order to estimate the copy number of this gene. Seven strains (EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29) which were only able to nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, contained three copies of the nifH gene, consistent with their identification as Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli. Only one strain (EBRI 32) which nodulated both Phaseolus vulgaris and Leucaena leucocephala, had one copy of nifH gene. This confirmed the classification of this strain as Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum.     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.