辣椒胞质雄性不育系CaCOX3的克隆与表达分析

探究线粒体呼吸链第4个复合体亚基细胞色素氧化酶第三亚基(COX3)与辣椒胞质雄性不育之间的关系,为研究辣椒CMS与能量代谢的关系提供参考。以辣椒胞质雄性不育系9704A和保持系9704B为材料,根据GenBank报道的辣椒线粒体基因组序列,设计特异引物扩增CaCOX3,进行生物信息学分析,并研究其时空表达特性,比较两系间的差异。在辣椒胞质雄性不育系9704A和保持系9704B中克隆获得的目的基因CaCOX3,全长均为798 bp,编码265个氨基酸残基;辣椒保持系9704B不同组织中,CaCOX3表达存在差异,果皮中表达最高,叶中表达最低。在不同的花蕾发育时期,两系CaCOX3表达存在差异。胞质雄性不育系9704A的造孢细胞增殖期和花粉母细胞减数分裂期,CaCOX3的表达量明显低于保持系9704B;在小孢子单核期,两系CaCOX3的表达量持平;在小孢子成熟期,胞质雄性不育系明显高于保持系。CaCOX3在辣椒胞质雄性不育9704A和保持系9704B的时空表达存在差异,可能引起能量代谢异常,造成不育。     

辣椒雄性不育系SDH4基因的表达特性分析

为了探究线粒体电子传递复合体Ⅱ的关键酶基因(SDH4)与辣椒细胞质雄性不育的关系,该试验通过GenBank报道的辣椒线粒体基因组序列,特异引物扩增SDH4基因,并通过分析SDH4基因的时空表达及转录本编辑位点,以期找到辣椒细胞质雄性不育系9704A和保持系9704B的差异。结果表明:(1)从辣椒细胞质雄性不育系9704A和保持系9704B中获得的目的基因编码区片段长度一致,全长均为378bp,编码125个氨基酸残基。(2)辣椒保持系不同组织中SDH4基因表达存在差异,种子中表达最高,茎中表达最低。(3)在不同材料花蕾发育的同一时期,SDH4基因表达也不一致,在花粉母细胞减数分裂时期,不育系SDH4基因表达量明显低于保持系;而在造孢细胞增殖期、小孢子单核期和小孢子成熟期的表达量均高于保持系。(4)不育材料中SDH4基因在29位点出现RNA编辑,导致氨基酸由丝氨酸变为亮氨酸,增强了蛋白结构的疏水性能。研究认为,辣椒细胞质雄性不育系9704A和保持系9704B中SDH4基因的表达差异可能引起植物的能量代谢供应出现异常,从而导致雄性不育的产生。     

辣椒胞质雄性不育系线粒体基因CaATP9的克隆与表达

通过克隆辣椒胞质雄性不育系线粒体基因CaATP9及其表达情况,为研究辣椒胞质雄性不育机理提供依据。以辣椒胞质雄性不育系9704A和同型保持系9704B为试验材料,研究CaATP9的一级结构在2个材料之间的差异和RNA编辑现象,并利用实时荧光定量PCR研究了该基因的时空表达。结果表明,CaATP9的一级结构在2个材料之间没有差异;CaATP9在转录过程中存在5个C→T的编辑位点,导致4个亲水性氨基酸(DNA模板)变换成4个疏水氨基酸,增强了蛋白质的稳定性;CaATP9在辣椒的不同组织中均有表达,但表达量存在一定差异,繁殖器官中的表达量要普遍高于营养器官;在花蕾发育过程中,胞质雄性不育系中CaATP9的表达量与同型保持系存在差异,推测这种表达差异导致胞质雄性不育系花蕾能量供应紊乱,影响小孢子的正常发育而表现不育。     

辣椒细胞质雄性不育系和保持系过氧化物酶同工酶的比较分析

运用辣椒细胞质雄性不育系21A和保持系21B为试材,比较分析了过氧化物酶（POD）同工酶在幼叶和不同发育时期花蕾中的表达特征。结果表明,辣椒花蕾中的POD同工酶谱带均比叶片中的更丰富,表现出明显的组织特异性。不育系21A和保持系21B间的酶谱在幼叶和小花蕾（纵径0．8～1．5mm）中基本无差异,但从中花蕾（纵径2～3mm）开始,保持系21B的一些酶带（POD4b和POD4c）染色开始减弱。在大花蕾（纵径4．5～5mm）和特大花蕾（纵径6．8～7mm）时期,不育系比保持系分别多2条酶带（POD2c和POD4b）和1条酶带（POD2c）,表明辣椒细胞质雄性不育系21A与保持系21B花蕾中的POD同工酶表达与小孢子的发育过程相关,其表达差异发生在细胞学上观察到的败育之前。     

甘蓝型油菜PGK基因的克隆与表达分析

为研究甘蓝型油菜磷酸甘油酸激酶(PGK)基因表达特性,在对拟南芥PGK基因家族生物信息学分析的基础上,通过电子克隆方法获得3个甘蓝型油菜PGK基因(BnPGK1、BnPGK2、BnPGK3)。分别设计特异引物,以甘蓝型油菜雄性不育系09A和保持系09B的cDNA为模板克隆BnPGK基因全长序列。根据获得的cDNA序列设计实时荧光定量特异引物,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术,研究油菜雄性不育系与保持系PGK基因表达差异。结果显示:BnPGK基因在甘蓝型油菜雄性不育系09A和保持系09B的根、茎、叶、花蕾中均有表达,属组成性表达。除茎中的BnPGK3外,BnPGK其它基因在根、茎、叶中的表达均表现为09A高于09B,而在花蕾中均为09B高于09A,BnPGK1和BnPGK3在09B中的表达量是09A中的2倍以上。     

辣椒核质互作雄性不育系线粒体不育基因CoxⅡ和atp6的克隆与序列分析

以辣椒核质互作雄性不育系9704A、保持系9704B和恢复系9701(简称"三系")为材料,根据GenBank报道的茄科作物线粒体CoxⅡ和atp6基因编码序列分别设计引物, PCR扩增辣椒"三系"线粒体DNA目的基因片段,研究辣椒"三系"线粒体DNA CoxⅡ和atp6基因的差异及与雄性不育的关系.结果表明:从辣椒核质互作雄性不育系中扩增到两个基因的部分序列atp6-706和CoxⅡ-708,GenBank登录号分别为FJ986191和FJ986190,生物信息学分析发现分离的atp6-706和CoxⅡ-708片段与GenBank报道的茄科作物线粒体CoxⅡ和atp6基因的相似性高达95%以上;在保持系和恢复系中均未能扩增到任何序列,说明辣椒雄性不育系的CoxⅡ和atp6基因与保持系和恢复系在线粒体DNA水平上存在差异,这种结构上的变化暗示可能与辣椒雄性不育相关.     

辣椒胞质雄性不育系和保持系内源激素含量的比较

以2个辣椒品系(199807、199803)的胞质雄性不育系和相应保持系为实验材料,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定IAA、(Z ZR)、GA3和ABA等内源激素含量,用气相色谱分析仪测定乙烯(ETH)释放量,对辣椒胞质雄性不育系和相应保持系内源激素含量变化规律进行研究.实验结果表明:在四分小孢子之前,花药中的IAA含量不育系显著高于保持系,在四分小孢子时期花药和花蕾中的IAA含量出现转折,到花粉粒成熟期的花蕾和花药以及开花期叶片中的IAA含量均是不育系显著低于保持系;小孢子各发育时期花药以及花期叶片中GA3含量均是不育系高于保持系,但花粉粒成熟期化蕾中GA3含量为不育系低于保持系;小孢子不同发育时期的花药以及花期叶片中ABA含量始终足不育系显著高于保持系,而花粉粒成熟期花蕾中ABA含量不育系与保持系没有显著差异;花粉粒成熟期的花蕾和花期叶片中ETH释放量表现为不育系显著高于保持系.同时,花粉粒成熟期的花蕾、花药和叶片中IAA/ABA、(Z ZR)/ABA、GA3/ABA、IAA/GA3、(Z ZR)/GA3等5个激素的比值均有不育系低于保持系的趋势.本实验结果说明辣椒的育性表现与花器和叶片等组织中内源激素的含量变化有关,花药和花期叶片中IAA亏缺、GA3和ABA增加以及化蕾和叶片中ETH过度产生,都有可能导致辣椒雄性不育.     

不结球白菜Pol胞质雄性不育系和保持系蕾期基因的差异表达

以不结球白菜Pol胞质雄性不育系及其保持系为材料,利用cDNA-AFLP技术分析它们蕾期基因的差异表达,以获得与胞质不育相关的差异表达基因.结果共得到7条在GenBank中有同源性的差异表达片段,5条存在于不育系中,2条存在于保持系中.序列分析发现,在不育系花蕾克隆到的5条差异片段,分别与芥菜胞质雄性不育系线粒体orf108和atpA、拟南芥焦磷酸酶基因、拟南芥的锚定蛋白家族基因、甘蓝型油菜中的水胁迫蛋白、大白菜叶绿体基因片段有较高同源性;在保持系花蕾克隆到的2条差异片段分别与拟南芥未知蛋白基因有较高同源性.采用实时定量PCR验证其中5条差异片段在不育系和保持系花蕾中的表达水平,结果表明bcA19T15、bcA7T9在不育系中特异表达,bcA6T9、bcA19T8、bcA12T19在不育中表达比保持系中略强.     

辣椒细胞质雄性不育系的3种同工酶分析

以辣椒细胞质雄性不育系21A及其同核异质保持系21B为试验材料,比较分析两系雄配子发育过程中酯酶（EST）、谷氨酸脱氢酶（GDH）和苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）同工酶的表达特征。结果表明：幼叶和花蕾的EST同工酶酶谱在谱带数目和酶带强弱上存在时空表达差异,并且随着雄配子发育的进行,保持系21B从中花蕾至特大花蕾比不育系21A多1条清晰的谱带（EST3e）,其差异表达发生在细胞学上观察到的败育时期之前;在GDH同工酶中,保持系21B从大花蕾至特大花蕾比不育系多6条谱带（GDH,和GDH1／2）,酶谱差异表达时期与细胞学上观察到的败育时期一致;而在MDH同工酶中,不育系21A和保持系21B的幼叶和各级花蕾的酶谱在谱带数目和谱带强弱上均没有明显差异。     

辣椒雄性不育材料H9A小孢子败育机理

运用光学、电子显微技术及生化指标测定法, 对辣椒（Capsicum annuum）雄性不育材料H9A及其保持系H9B小孢子不同发育时期进行细胞形态学观察及生化特性分析。结果表明, 雄性不育材料H9A的小孢子败育发生在单核前期, 由于绒毡层细胞极度膨胀, 四分体受挤压后破裂并降解, 无法形成正常的单核花粉粒, 属于孢子体败育。不育材料花蕾中的过氧化物酶活性从四分体时期开始明显高于保持系, 保持系游离脯氨酸含量从单核小孢子期开始明显高于不育材料; 不育材料小孢子发育各时期的可溶性蛋白含量都明显低于保持系, 但丙二醛含量均高于保持系。     

胞质雄性不育相关基因的克隆及其表达分析

根据GenBank中orf224和atp6基因的保守序列设计特异引物,对不结球白菜Pol胞质雄性不育系的基因组DNA进行特异扩增,获得了Pol胞质雄性不育的特异基因orf224和atp6的DNA序列.用Blastn在GenBank中进行同源性比对分析,发现不结球白菜orf224c和atp6c基因与已报道的orf224和atp6基因的同源性高达100%,在GenBank中的登录号依次为DQ400846、DQ412559.运用半定量RT-PCR对orf224c基因在不同器官中的表达水平进行分析,结果表明:不育系花期叶片中该基因的表达量比长度小于0.5 mm蕾和雄蕊中的明显低,在后2个器官中的表达量无明显差异;而在保持系的上述3个器官中的表达量无明显差异.该结果显示orf224基因表达上调与孢原细胞分化受阻相关.     

笔竹大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体发育研究

为探讨笔竹(Pseudosasa viridula)结实率低的原因,该文通过采用石蜡切片的方法结合显微技术对笔竹大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体的发育过程进行研究.结果表明:(1)笔竹的雄蕊多为3枚,极少有6枚,每枚花药具有4个花粉囊.(2)花药壁发育为基本型,由4层细胞构成,由外向内依次为表皮细胞、药室内壁细胞、中层细胞和绒...     

Analysis of gene expression profile in pollen development of recessive genic male sterile <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica napus</Emphasis> L. line S45A

Male sterility in a near-isogenic line S45AB after 25 generations of subcrossing is controlled by two pairs of duplicate genes. The genotype of S45A is Bnms1Bnms1Bnms2Bnms2, and that of S45B is BnMs1Bnms1Bnms2Bnms2, respectively. Histological observations revealed that abnormal anther development appeared in the tapetum and pollen exine during the tetrad stage. This male sterility was characterized by hypertrophy of the tapetal cells at the tetrad stage and a complete lack of microspore exine after the release of microspores from the tetrads. To elucidate the mechanism of this recessive genic male sterility, the flower bud expression profiles of the S45A and S45B lines were analyzed using an Arabidopsis thaliana ATH1 oligonucleotide array. When compared with the S45B line, 69 genes were significantly downregulated, and 46 genes were significantly upregulated in the S45A line. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was then used to verify the results of the microarray analysis, and the majority of the downregulated genes in the S45A line were abundantly and specifically expressed in the anther. The results of the real-time PCR suggest that Bnms1 might be involved in the metabolism of lipid/fatty acids, and the homologous mutation of Bnms1 may either block the biosynthesis of sporopollenin or block sporopollenin from being deposited on the microspore surface, thus, preventing pollen exine formation. The role of Bnms1 in the regulatory network of exine formation is also discussed as well. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Development of a CMS-specific marker based on chloroplast-derived mitochondrial sequence in pepper

Molecular markers developed from the flanking sequences of two cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS)-associated genes, orf456 and ψatp6-2, have been used for marker-assisted selection of CMS in pepper. However, in practice, the presence of orf456 and ψatp6-2 at substoichiometric levels even in maintainer lines hampers reliable selection of plants containing the CMS gene. In this study, we developed a novel CMS-specific molecular marker, accD-U, for reliable determination of CMS lines in pepper, and used the newly and previously developed markers to determine the cytoplasm types of pepper breeding lines and germplasms. This marker was developed from a deletion in a chloroplast-derived sequence in the mitochondrial genome of a CMS pepper line. CMS pepper lines could be unambiguously determined by presence or absence of the accD-U marker band. Application of orf456, ψatp6-2 and accD-U to various pepper breeding lines and germplasms revealed that accD-U is the most reliable CMS selection marker. A wide distribution of orf456, but not ψatp6-2, in germplasms suggests that the pepper cytoplasm containing both orf456 and ψatp6-2 has been selected as CMS cytoplasm from cytoplasm containing only orf456. Furthermore, factors other than orf456 may be required for the regulation of male sterility in pepper.     

In-situ seed production after pollination with in-vitro-matured,isolated pollen

Immature tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) pollen has been isolated from anthers in three distinct stages of development, including the microspore stage. In in-vitro cultures, fully functional, mature pollen was obtained. In a germination medium, this pollen produced pollen tubes. After application to stigmas in situ, the in-vitro-matured pollen fertilized ovules, and seeds were produced. Genetic tests with seedlings obtained from pollinations with in-vitro-matured pollen from a transgenic plant revealed normal Mendelian segregation of two marker genes, the neomycin-phosphotransferase II gene and the nopaline-synthase gene. These results are of interest with respect to the control of self-incompatibility, cytoplasmic male sterility and pollen-allergen formation, and it offers an alternative route for gene transfer in those plants which cannot be regenerated in vitro.Abbreviations cms cytoplasmic male sterility; AMGLU, MS, M2S, MR26 - GK culture media, see Material and methods     

A novel stress-related gene in developing pepper anthers

To study gene expression patterns and to find genes related with microspore embryogenesis during pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) anther development, mRNA expression patterns were investigated at four developmental stages distinguished according to the size of flower bud, the color of anthers, and the cytological feature of microspores. Through GeneFishing using 120 random primers, 81 genes were found to be differentially expressed as anthers develop. We directly sequenced seven of them, which were either up- or down-regulated at stage 2, since microspores at stage 2 are known to be responsive to the induction signals for microspore embryogenesis. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the isolated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and the comparison of these sequences with the GenBank data indicate that DEG13 is a novel gene, which is highly homologous to a stress-related gene of potato, POACT88 (≈91%) and to alcohol dehydrogenase gene of Arabidopsis (≈70%), whose expression is also tightly related to stresses. In vitro data also showed that DEG13 was more abundantly expressed in heat-treated microspores than in untreated microspores. Here, we report developmental stage-specific gene expression patterns during anther development and a novel stress-related gene, DEG13, which may be involved in microspore embryogenesis in response to heat treatment.     

Cloning and expression analysis of a CMS-related gene BcCoi1 from Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis

BcCoi1, a cytoplasmic male sterility related gene, which was isolated from flower buds of Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis Makino using the RACE technology, was characterized and submitted to the NCBI GenBank (accession no. GU263836). The gene encodes a 67.78-kD protein containing 16 leucine-rich repeats and an N-terminal F-box motif and is extremely similar to Arabidopsis thaliana Coi1 gene. The Southern blot showed that BcCoi1 belongs to a multigene family. In A. thaliana, the Coi1 gene is involved in jasmonate signaling, and Coi1 mutant displayed male sterility. In this study, qPCR results demonstrated that BcCoi1 was accumulated in stamens and was significantly higher expressed in flower organs of the maintainer line than in the CMS one. At the microsporocyte development stage, the gene was expressed at a significantly lower extent in the CMS line than in the maintainer line. This expression profile presumes that BcCoi1 plays a role in early microspore development in non-heading Chinese cabbage.