FaSPS1基因对草莓果实成熟调控的分子机理

该研究以草莓品种‘红颜’(Fragaria×ananassa‘Benihoppe’)为试材,分析了草莓果实发育不同阶段蔗糖磷酸合成酶基因(FaSPS1)的表达量变化,采用PCR方法克隆FaSPS1基因,构建带有报告基因的e-GFP植物表达载体,通过瞬时转基因方法转化草莓果实,采用观察绿色荧光和检测目的基因表达量的方法鉴定转基因植物,并分析FaSPS1基因超表达和反义表达后草莓果实的成熟发育以及与成熟相关的基因表达量变化,探究FaSPS1基因在果实成熟发育中的特殊作用,为深入了解草莓果实发育和成熟调控的分子机理提供思路。结果显示:(1)成功克隆得到FaSPS1基因(GenBank登录号AB267868.1);成功构建带有报告基因e-GFP的FaSPS1基因超表达载体和反义基因表达载体,通过瞬时转基因方法转化并经荧光和目的基因表达量检测的方法鉴定获得转FaSPS1基因草莓植株。(2)与空载对照和非转基因果实相比,FaSPS1基因过表达可促进草莓果实成熟,能够使草莓果实成熟期提前,且果实中蔗糖果糖含量升高;但反义表达后会抑制草莓果实成熟,果实中苹果酸含量升高。(3)基因超表达或者反义表达后,草莓果实成熟相关基因的表达量受到不同程度调控,其中糖代谢基因FaSPS2/3、FaSUT1,果实成软化基因FaEXP1、FaEXP3、FaXYL1以及激素代谢基因FaJAZ1、FaJAZ2、FaJAZ8、FaOPR3、FaPYL1、FaPYL8、FaPYL9、FaNCED1表达量变化最明显。研究推测,FaSPS1基因可能通过影响草莓果实中和成熟相关的糖代谢基因、果实软化基因以及激素代谢基因来调控草莓果实成熟。     

FaMADS1和FaMADS2参与ABA调控的草莓果实成熟

本试验以‘红颜’草莓为材料,通过RT-PCR技术克隆得到FaMADS1和FaMADS2基因,并且用不同浓度脱落酸(abscisic acid, ABA)和其抑制剂去甲二氢愈创木酸(nordihydroguaiaretic acid, NDGA)处理脱绿期草莓果实,以探究FaMADS1和FaMADS2基因是否参与脱落酸调控的草莓果实成熟。结果表明,FaMADS1和FaMADS2基因序列在草莓不同栽培品种间高度保守,FaMADS1基因的表达变化随果实成熟呈现先增后降再增加的变化趋势,FaMADS2基因则呈现一个逐渐下降的趋势。虽FaMADS1和FaMADS2基因在草莓果实成熟中表达趋势并不一致,但外源ABA处理均会上调其表达,NDGA会下调其表达。草莓果实发育过程中内源ABA含量变化与FaMADS1和FaMADS2基因表达的相关性分析显示两者呈显著相关。由此说明,FaMADS1和FaMADS2参与了ABA调控的草莓果实成熟。     

茉莉酸类物质在草莓果实发育中的作用及其分子机理分析

该研究以草莓‘红颜’(Fragaria ananassa Duch.‘Benihoppe’)为试材,于草莓花后15d采用注射法开始注射茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA,浓度为400μmol/L),分析MeJA对草莓果实发育进程的影响及其相关基因的表达,以揭示MeJA在草莓果实发育和成熟调控中的作用及其分子机理。结果表明:(1)MeJA处理草莓果实后,果实变红成熟期比对照显著提前,平均提前4d;(2)随着草莓果实发育成熟,MeJA处理的茉莉酸(JA)合成基因FaOPDA1的表达量迅速升高;(3)FaOPDA1基因在草莓果实中的超表达能够促进草莓果实提前成熟3~5d,且FaOPDA1基因的超表达能够诱导与草莓果实成熟相关的一系列基因的表达量升高,从而促进草莓果实提前成熟。     

草莓β-半乳糖苷酶基因FaTβgal的克隆与表达分析

利用SSH和RACE技术,从‘丰香’草莓果实中分离了1个草莓β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal)基因,命名为FaTβgal。FaTβgal基因cDNA序列全长2 891bp,ORF区2 448bp,编码815个氨基酸,含有保守序列GGPIILSQIENEY和凝集素结构域。FaTβgal推导氨基酸序列与已报道的3个草莓β-Gal基因Faβgal1(CAC44500)、Faβgal2(CAC44501)、Faβgal3(CAC44502)氨基酸序列有47.1%~48.1%的相似性。与其它物种24个β-Gal基因聚类分析表明,FaTβgal聚在一个独立的分枝上。采用实时荧光定量PCR技术,对FaTβgal基因在果实发育成熟过程中的表达分析表明,该基因在果实中特异表达,随着果实成熟表达量升高,粉红期达到峰值,全红期迅速下降;2个软硬不同的品种表达模式趋于一致。研究认为,FaTβgal基因是β-Gal基因家族的一个新基因,该基因可能在果实成熟软化过程中发挥作用。     

FaMYB73调控草莓果实苹果酸合成的研究

苹果酸是草莓果实主要的有机酸之一,其含量的高低显著影响草莓果实的风味。该研究以‘红颜’草莓为试材,采用反转录(RT PCR)的方法克隆得到一个新的MYB转录因子——FaMYB73。该基因包含有756 bp的开放阅读框,编码252个氨基酸,预测其蛋白质分子量为27.6 kD,等电点为6.8。功能域分析表明,FaMYB73蛋白含有保守的R2R3结构域;亚细胞定位于细胞核中。实时荧光定量(qRT PCR)分析表明,FaMYB73基因在草莓各个组织均有表达,且在花和叶中的表达相对较高;在果实的白果期FaMYB73基因的表达量最高,且随着果实成熟,FaMYB73基因的表达下调,说明该基因的表达具有组织和时期特异性。高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测结果发现,苹果酸含量在草莓果实发育期呈先上升后下降的趋势,且与FaMYB73基因的表达量呈正相关。草莓瞬时注射结果显示,FaMYB73过表达显著促进了苹果酸的积累,沉默则显著降低了苹果酸的含量。同时,获得了2个转FaMYB73基因烟草稳定表达株系,FaMYB73过量表达显著提高了烟草叶片中苹果酸的含量。研究表明,FaMYB73参与调控草莓果实中苹果酸的合成,为进一步研究其调控机制提供了理论依据。     

桂花查尔酮异构酶OfCHI基因的克隆与表达分析

查尔酮异构酶CHI是花青素苷合成途径中的关键酶。为了解桂花花青苷的合成机理,该研究对3个桂花品种的花青苷含量进行了测定。结果显示:(1)‘橙红丹桂’花中的花青苷含量最高,‘金桂’和‘早银桂’中花青苷含量较低。(2)利用RACE和RT-PCR方法获得了桂花查尔酮异构酶基因(OfCHI)的全长cDNA序列1 069bp,该基因编码248个氨基酸,相对分子量为26.85kD,等电点为6.34。(3)多重序列比对显示,OfCHI与金花茶CnCHI、忍冬LjCHI、石榴PgCHI的相似性分别为68.13%、65.86%和63.53%,氨基酸序列中含有CHI蛋白的活性位点Thr47、Tyr108、Met115以及Ser192;系统进化树分析表明,OfCHI与其他物种起源相同,而与油橄榄OeCHI亲缘关系最近。(4)利用qRT-PCR对不同桂花品种、不同组织中OfCHI的表达量检测结果显示,OfCHI在‘橙红丹桂’花中表达量最高,在‘金桂’和‘早银桂’中表达量较低;OfCHI在‘橙红丹桂’、‘金桂’和‘早银桂’的花、茎、叶中均有表达,且表达趋势相同,均为叶中表达量最高。该研究为揭示桂花青素苷的合成机理奠定了理论基础,并为培育不同花色的桂花新品种提供了基因专利。     

草莓FaTT10基因的克隆与表达分析

以‘红颜’草莓为研究材料,本研究采用RT-PCR技术克隆得到FaTT10基因并对其进行生物信息学分析,采用q-PCR技术分析其时空特异性表达模式。结果表明,其开放阅读框为1 704 bp,编码567个氨基酸,蛋白质分子量为62.36 kD,理论等电点为6.69。亚细胞定位预测显示,此基因定位于细胞质膜。同源性及进化树构建结果表明,草莓FaTT10与其他植物漆酶类序列同源性较高。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,FaTT10在草莓果实不同发育时期及组织器官间均存在表达特异性:在叶、花、匍匐茎、根、茎和果实中都有表达,在小绿果实中表达量最高,在叶中表达量最低;在果实各发育阶段,FaTT10在小绿期表达量最高,随着发育时期推进,表达量逐渐降低。     

黄毛草莓FnMYB24转录因子基因和启动子的克隆及表达分析

该研究以黄毛草莓(Fragaria nilgerrensis Schltdl.)为材料,采用RT PCR技术克隆了黄毛草莓FnMYB24基因的cDNA和启动子序列。生物信息学分析表明,FnMYB24的cDNA序列长为1 033 bp(GenBank登录号为MN879283),其开放阅读框(ORF)长为609 bp,编码202个氨基酸,含有1个保守的MYB_DNA binding结构域。同源分析结果显示,黄毛草莓FnMYB24基因编码的氨基酸序列与森林草莓(Fragaria vesca)编码的氨基酸相似性较高;同时进一步克隆了该基因编码起始位点上游长度为718 bp启动子序列(GenBank登录号为MN879285),预测该序列包含激素响应元件、光调控元件等多个顺式作用元件。通过构建pFnMYB24∷GUS表达载体进行烟草瞬时转化,发现pFnMYB24启动子具有转录活性且能够驱动FnMYB24基因表达。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示：抗病品种黄毛草莓和易感病栽培品种‘妙香3号’的叶片接种胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)后MYB24基因表达量均有上调,但‘妙香3号’的MYB24表达量始终低于黄毛草莓的表达量;SA处理后2个草莓品种的MYB24表达量均高于对照组,表明MYB24基因受水杨酸(SA)的诱导表达。研究表明,草莓MYB24基因可能参与调控抗炭疽病,为进一步研究MYB24基因在草莓抗炭疽病中的功能奠定了基础。     

SlCBL1基因调控番茄果实成熟发育的分子机理

以番茄(Solanum lycopersicum L.)品种‘Micro Tom’为试材,从其果实中克隆得到番茄类钙调磷酸酶B基因(Tomato Calcineurin B-Like gene,SlCBL1),构建其带有报告基因的e-GFP植物表达载体,分析番茄果实中SlCBL1基因超表达与成熟发育进程的相互关系。结果显示:(1)与对照非转基因植株以及转空载植株相比,转SlCBL1基因番茄中SlCBL1基因过量表达,而且能够使番茄果实成熟期提前3~5d,表明SlCBL1基因可促进番茄果实成熟。(2)番茄果实成熟相关基因的表达量也受到不同程度调控,其中番茄成熟过程中的色素合成基因、乙烯路径基因以及果实成熟相关转录因子都受到强烈的调控,与对照相比表达量分别上调5~10倍。研究表明,SlCBL1基因能够促进番茄果实成熟,而且通过影响色素合成基因以及果实成熟相关转录因子来调控番茄果实成熟。     

葡萄抗白粉病相关基因γVPE的克隆与表达分析

该研究采用RT-PCR技术,从抗病的中国野生华东葡萄‘白河-35-1’和感病的欧洲葡萄‘佳丽酿’中克隆了液泡加工酶基因(γVPE),分别命名为VpγVPE和VvCγVPE。克隆的2个γVPE基因cDNA长度均为1 624bp,ORF为1 482bp,编码493个氨基酸。氨基酸多序列对比分析发现,‘白河-35-1’、‘佳丽酿’、‘无核白’和‘黑比诺’葡萄中的γVPE基因底物结合口袋域的3个关键氨基酸之一的丝氨酸(Ser395)均变为丙氨酸(Ala),与其他植物的VPE基因底物口袋结合域有所不同。实时荧光定量PCR表明,在白粉菌诱导后的不同时期内,γVPE基因在感病葡萄和抗病葡萄中的表达模式不同,抗病株系中VpγVPE基因的表达量在诱导后的前期(4h和48h)和后期(168h)均有所增加,而感病株系中VvCγVPE基因在诱导后4h表达量最高,随后降低。γVPE基因在白粉菌诱导后不同时期内表达量的变化,表明γVPE基因在一定程度上与葡萄的抗性相关。研究结果为进一步揭示γVPE基因在抗病过程中的分子机理奠定了基础。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

安徽牯牛降的丝孢菌Ⅰ

本文报导作者采自安徽枯牛降自然保护区的18种丝孢菌,分属于5个属,其中有3个新种:牛皮冻生尾孢(Cercospora paederiicola),山鸡椒假尾饱(Pseudocercospora litseae-cubebae),鸡血藤生假尾孢(P. millettiicola)和2个中国新纪录。文中对新种进行了描述及绘图,新记录种作了简要说明。研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。     

Changes of dung beetle communities from rainforests towards agroforestry systems and annual cultures in Sulawesi (Indonesia)

Little is known about how tropical land-use systems contribute to the conservation of functionally important insect groups, including dung beetles. In a study at the margin of Lore Lindu National Park (a biodiversity hotspot in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia) dung-beetle communities were sampled in natural forest, young secondary forest, agroforestry systems (cacao plantations with shade trees) and annual cultures (maize fields), each with four replicates (n = 16 sites). At each site we used 10 pitfall traps, baited with cattle dung, along a 100 m transect for six 3-day periods. The number of trapped specimens and species richness at the natural forest sites was higher than in all land-use systems, which did not significantly differ. Each land-use system contained, on average, 75% of the species richness of the natural forest, thereby indicating their importance for conservation. However, a two-dimensional scaling plot based on NESS indices (m = 6) indicated distinct dung beetle communities for both forest types, while agroforestry systems and annual cultures exhibited a pronounced overlap. Mean body size of dung beetles was not significantly influenced by land-use intensity. Five of the six most abundant dung beetle species were recorded in all habitats, whereas the abundance of five other species was significantly related to habitat type. Mean local abundance and number of occupied sites were closely correlated, further indicating little habitat specialisation. The low dung beetle diversity (total of 18 recorded species) may be due to the absence of larger mammals in Sulawesi during historical times, even though Sulawesi is the largest island of Wallacea. In conclusion, the dung beetle fauna of the lower montane forest zone in Central Sulawesi appears to be relatively robust to man-made habitat changes and the majority of species did not exhibit strong habitat preferences.