原子力显微镜下丝素纤维及丝素蛋白的形态结构研究

利用原子力显微镜(AFM)、透射电镜(TEM)、圆二色谱仪(CD)等手段,研究了家蚕丝素纤维及丝素蛋白的形态结构,并尝试通过改变丝素蛋白溶液的酸碱性来观测其形态变化。结果表明,丝素纤维表面有许多沟槽和条纹,具有原纤结构特征;许多直径为20～50nm的圆形或椭圆形颗粒分子形成丝素蛋白的微观形态。在不同的酸碱条件下,球状颗粒分子具有不同的聚集方式,形成不同的微观形态。     

白术多糖WAM-1结构的色谱分析和原子力显微镜观察

通过热水浸提法从草本植物白术根茎提取的水溶性粗多糖,经DEAE-52纤维素柱层析分离和Sephadex G-200凝胶过滤柱层析纯化,得到组分WAM-1.采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测WAM-1的纯度,气相色谱(GC)对其单糖组分进行分析,原子力显微镜(AFM)对其分子外貌进行观测.结果显示:WAM-1为均一多糖,由葡萄糖和半乳糖以3.01:1摩尔比构成;在不同浓度溶液条件下,WAM-1分子以不同形态存在,多糖溶液的浓度对WAM-1的分子链构象及链间相互作用形式产生影响,推测可能与WAM-1分子内、分子间的氢键缔合作用有关.多糖浓度为10μg/mL时,可清晰的观察到WAM-1是以刚性链状形态存在,且具有多分支结构.     

绣球菌多糖表征及其抗氧化和免疫活性

提取纯化绣球菌多糖(Sparassis latifolia polysaccharides,SCPs),研究其表征和功能活性,探索绣球菌多糖表征与其抗氧化及免疫活性之间的关系。以绣球菌子实体为原料,采用聚能超声波辅助水提醇沉法提取绣球菌多糖,经DEAE-52、SephadexG-100纯化,用高效凝胶渗透色谱法、离子色谱法、傅里叶红外色谱法、扫描电镜、原子力显微镜对绣球菌多糖进行初步表征,检测绣球菌多糖清除DPPH、·OH、O2^-·自由基能力以及总还原力,用MTT法检测绣球菌多糖对巨噬细胞RAW264.7增殖的影响。结果表明,SCPs分子量范围为215Da–393kDa,由葡萄糖、甘露糖、半乳糖、木糖、果糖构成,摩尔比13:4:1:2:3,其表观形貌为簇状堆积,交织,结构规律性不强,表面光滑,呈一定的网络状结构,分子呈现链状构象,具有高度的分支结构,链间形成小环且伴随一定的球形颗粒。SCPs具有一定的还原能力和清除DPPH、·OH、O2^-·自由基的能力,且能够促进巨噬细胞RAW264.7的增殖。绣球菌多糖的抗氧化及免疫活性可能与其分子量、单糖组成、糖链分支及分子构象有关。     

钝顶螺旋藻表面微观形貌的原子力显微镜研究

该文应用原子力显微镜(AFM)纳米级的分辨率对钝顶螺旋藻(Spirulina platensis)表面微观形貌进行了研究,获得了扫描范围为5.000×5.000μm、1.000×1.000μm和400.0×400.0nm三组清晰、稳定的图像,并对其进行了线性分析。结果表明:螺旋藻表面由紧密且无序堆积的突起结构组成,其高度小于20nm;突起结构高度从3nm~15nm不等,平均高度约为8~9nm。此法用于生物体表面,操作简单、快速、灵敏度好且样品无损伤,结果令人满意。     

超声提取的麦冬多糖POJ-U1b的结构分析及AFM观测

本文利用超声提取麦冬多糖,经DEAE-52纤维素柱层析进行分离纯化,利用Sephadex G-150凝胶柱层析对得到的多糖组分POJ-U1b进行纯度鉴定,结果显示POJ-U1b为单一组分。利用气相色谱法、红外光谱法及核磁共振对POJ-U1b的结构进行了研究,利用原子力显微镜对不同浓度的POJ-U1b表面形貌进行了观测。结果显示,麦冬多糖POJ-U1b是由葡萄糖组成的葡聚糖,具有糖类物质的特征吸收峰,其糖环构型既有吡喃型又有呋喃型,糖链主要由→6)-α-D-Glcp(1→连接方式构成。AFM观测结果表明POJ-U1b具有高度分支的化学结构,糖链间通过糖单元间不同的链接方式衍生出许多环状和分支结构。随着多糖浓度的增大,POJ-U1b呈现出链状及片状粘连结构,这种现象可能与糖链间的范德瓦尔斯相互作用及糖链间氢键缔合有关。     

原子力显微镜对壳聚糖分形结构的研究

利用原子力显微镜（Atomic Force Microscope,AFM)研究了壳聚糖分子在云母表面的分形聚集生长过程,并对壳聚糖分形生长的作用机理及其生长过程进行研究,发现壳聚糖分子在聚集生长过程呈传统的具有分形特征的正态分布和奇异分布。在壳聚糖聚集生长过程中,由于溶液的自然挥发,形成了云母基片中心位置的壳聚糖浓度相对较高,而周围壳聚糖的浓度相对较低的阶梯分布,因此呈现出中部的胶粒大而周围的胶粒较小的现象。AFM图像显示在云母片的中心部位壳聚糖分子聚集生长为“树”形结构而在边缘部位呈“星”形结构,这两种结构都具有典型的自相似性,壳聚糖的分形生长与其计算机模拟树形模式和DLCA模式拟合得很好。     

AFM对小鼠胚胎干细胞的形态学研究

目的：对已建系BALB/c小鼠胚胎干细胞膜表面进行纳米级超微结构的初步形态学研究,从而为从分子水平研究胚胎干细胞的增殖与分化调控机理奠定基础。方法：利用原子力显微镜（AFM）,在空气中对小鼠胚胎干细胞膜表面扫描成像。结果：AFM图像表现BALB/c小鼠胚胎干细胞呈圆盘状,直径约10-15μm,高约2-4μm,胚胎干细胞膜表面比较复杂,随着扫描范围的减小,切向分辨率逐渐增大,可达到纳米分辨,细胞表面有许多紧密堆积的椭球状颗粒。颗粒尺寸（x-y方向）为40-80nm。结果：利用AFM可以得到胚胎干细胞表面高分辨的,可重复的图像。     

丹皮多糖PSM2b-A的结构研究

研究了从中药丹皮(Moutan Cortex)中得到的酸性多糖PSM2b-A的化学结构.实验结果表明PSM2b-A由鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖、甘露糖和少量蛋白质、糖醛酸组成.甲基化分析、部分酸水解、高碘酸氧化和smith降解等化学方法和IR,13C NMR试验进一步表明PSM2b-A为以(1→6)、(1→4)连接为主链的、带有少量分支的结构复杂的杂多糖,在分子间氢键的作用下能形成高级结构.该多糖化学结构为首次报道.     

基于原子力显微镜的溶液环境下单个天然状态病毒颗粒多参数成像及纳米力学特性分析（英文）

目的 研究单个病毒颗粒的行为特性对于揭示调控病毒生命周期的内在机制、发展新型抗病毒治疗方法具有重要基础意义。原子力显微镜（AFM）的出现为高分辨率探测单个病毒颗粒的结构和力学特性提供了新的强大工具,极大地促进了物理病毒学的发展。然而,目前人们对于力学特性在病毒生命活动过程中调控作用的认知仍然很不足,特别是利用多参数AFM成像技术对病毒颗粒开展的研究还不多见。本文结合AFM多参数成像技术和压痕实验技术研究了溶液环境下化学刺激诱导的单个天然状态病毒颗粒结构及力学特性动态变化。方法 通过在盖玻片基底表面覆盖一层多聚赖氨酸以将慢病毒颗粒吸附到基底,随后利用AFM直接在溶液环境下对天然状态的单个病毒颗粒进行探测。基于AFM峰值力轻敲（PFT）多参数成像模式,同时获取单个病毒颗粒的形貌结构及力学特性图。在AFM形貌图导引下控制AFM探针移动至单个病毒颗粒中央部位进行压痕实验以测量病毒力学特性。利用75%酒精溶液对病毒颗粒进行处理后,对病毒颗粒的形貌结构及力学特性变化情况进行观测。结果 利用AFM在溶液环境下可对单个病毒颗粒的形貌及力学特性进行高质量成像表征,实验结果显示病毒颗粒在空气中和溶液中分别...     

碱提工艺对茶树菇多糖形貌特征和构象及其生物活性的影响

利用传统水提及碱提的方法得到茶树菇粗多糖S-ACP和J-ACP,经CTAB法和Sephadex G-150凝胶层析法对其分离纯化,分别得到S-ACP2-1和S-ACP2-2以及J-ACP2-1和J-ACP2-2两组主要组分,用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和原子力显微镜（AFM）对多糖的形貌进行表征并测定其体外抗氧化活性和抗肿瘤活性;对多糖S-ACP2-2、J-ACP2-2进行刚果红实验测定及圆二色谱仪（CD）分析。SEM观测结果：S-ACP2-1为较粗的表面光滑的丝状,J-ACP2-1呈较细的有少量碎屑的丝状;S-ACP2-2为较大的片状,J-ACP2-2在大的片状周围有很多细小的碎屑。AFM观测结果：碱液可以使多糖分子部分断裂成小片段。刚果红实验：S-ACP2-2、J-ACP2-2在水溶液中为自由卷曲构型。CD分析：S-ACP2-2的空间构型中有序结构较少,J-ACP2-2在水溶液中为无序构型。对比4种多糖的活性,碱液作用的多糖J-ACP2-2活性高于S-ACP2-2。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.