高温胁迫下不同茄子品种幼苗耐热性研究

以14个茄子品种为材料,研究了高温对茄子幼苗的热害指数、恢复指数、电解质渗透率、脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量的影响。结果表明,43／38℃(昼／夜)高温处理下,茄子幼苗热害指数升高,电解质渗透率和脯氨酸含量增加,可溶性糖含量下降。其中。热害指数、恢复指数、电解质渗透率、脯氨酸含量可作为不同茄子品种耐热性的筛选指标。而可溶性糖含量不宜作为耐热筛选指标。高温胁迫条件下,N1(农友茄)表现出极强的耐热性。C2(刺红茄)、F3(丰研二号)、F4(伏龙茄)、Y5(圆杂二号)、X6(西安绿茄)、B7(北京六叶)、Y8(野茄2号)、N9(粘毛茄)、B11(北京五叶)耐热性中等,K11(快圆茄)、R12(二苠茄)、C13(赤茄)、G14(刚果红茄)耐热性极差。     

鸡冠花耐热性评价方法研究

以探讨快速鉴定鸡冠花耐热特性的方法和指标为目的,选用6个鸡冠花品种,以30℃为起始温度,每4 h升高5℃,最高处理温度为50℃,分别对种子和10叶龄幼苗进行热胁迫处理,划分了热萎蔫指数,观测了种子发芽率、成苗率、相对电导率、丙二醛（MDA）含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性。结果表明,高温下鸡冠花种子的发芽率和成苗率显著降低,鸡冠花幼苗的顶芽是最易受热害部位,热害萎蔫指数4是幼苗恢复极限,在高温胁迫下,幼苗的相对电导率、MDA显著增加,SOD活性为先升高后降低,且45℃高温处理时,相对电导率和MDA增加最快,SOD的活性最高。6个品种的耐热顺序为：世纪绿叶和洋娃娃最强,新象和城堡其次,和服和世纪铜叶最弱。种子发芽率、成苗率、相对电导率、丙二醛含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性均可作为鸡冠花耐热性评价指标。     

茄子苗期耐热性的模糊综合评判

确定客观、合理的耐热性评价指标,评价不同品种蔬菜的耐热性强弱,对其耐热性机制的研究及耐热性品种的选育具有重要的意义。以不同耐热性的茄子品种为材料,测定苗期耐热性相关的生理生化指标,采用层次分析法(AHP)确定各耐热性指标的权数,通过模糊数学原理对茄子的耐热性进行综合评价分析。结果表明:热害指数、恢复指数、MDA含量、SOD活性、POD活性对耐热性影响较大,其权重依次为:0.2500、0.2500、0.1092、0.1092、0.1092。综合评价结果为茄子品种友谊一号耐热性最强,F-762茄子耐热性居中,古田紫长茄耐热性最弱,与田间自然高温鉴定结果一致,表明此方法对茄子苗期耐热性进行综合评价有较好的适用性,可用于大批量品种的耐热性鉴定。     

外源水杨酸对高温胁迫下金莲花幼苗生理及电阻抗参数的影响

为解决金莲花幼苗在北方低海拔地区越夏过程中生长不良的问题，研究喷施水杨酸对高温胁迫下金莲花幼苗生理及电阻抗参数的影响，为提高金莲花的耐热性提供理论依据。以金莲花幼苗为试验材料，外源水杨酸（SA）设置4个浓度梯度（0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0 mmol·L^-1），喷施处理后置于人工气候箱内进行昼38℃/夜30℃的高温胁迫试验。结果表明：喷施0.5~1.0 mmol·L^-1水杨酸能有效降低金莲花幼苗的热害指数、相对电导率和丙二醛（MDA）含量，缓解叶绿素降解、显著提高可溶性糖含量、游离脯氨酸含量以及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性，其中以1.0 mmol·L^-1的水杨酸（SA）处理效果最好，说明喷施适宜浓度的SA可以提高金莲花的耐热性，从而缓解高温伤害。相关性分析表明，热害指数与相对电导率呈极显著正相关（P<0.01），与叶绿素总量、可溶性糖含量胞外电阻率（r_e）呈显著负相关（P<0.05），胞内电阻率（r_i）与Pro含量呈显著正相关，弛豫时间（τ）与Pro含量和SOD活性呈极显著正相关，因此胞外电阻率、胞内电阻率和弛豫时间等电阻抗参数可作为金莲花对高温逆境反应的评价指标。     

砧用南瓜品种资源耐热性鉴定及形态指标选择

高温是制约黄瓜生产的重要非生物胁迫因子之一。黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)嫁接苗能够有效缓解高温胁迫危害,但目前黄瓜嫁接砧木品种并不多。为此,本研究收集了国内外48份砧用南瓜种质,对萌发期和幼苗期进行高温处理(38℃和42℃),通过UPGMA聚类分析,鉴定其耐热性,并筛选适宜的形态指标。共测定了10个性状(发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、株高、茎粗、全株鲜重、全株干重、壮苗指数、热害指数)指标。结果表明,48份砧用南瓜种质耐热性在萌发期及幼苗期都可以分为4类。在2个时期皆表现出较耐高温的种质为日本绿霸和日本强力士;对高温敏感的种质有11份。种子相对发芽势、相对发芽指数、相对活力指数以及幼苗相对干重可作为砧用南瓜种质资源耐热性鉴定的可靠指标。     

褪黑素预处理对高温下猕猴桃幼苗抗氧化能力的影响

为了探明外源褪黑素对高温胁迫下猕猴桃幼苗耐热性的影响,以盆栽‘秦美’猕猴桃幼苗为材料,进行根灌褪黑素溶液和45℃高温胁迫处理,并测定相关抗逆生理指标。结果表明：(1)与高温对照相比,褪黑素预处理显著降低了猕猴桃幼苗叶片相对电导率和丙二醛含量,提高了脯氨酸含量以及过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性,且褪黑素溶液浓度在100~200 μmol·L^-1时效果较好。(2)褪黑素预处理显著增加了叶片中总酚、总黄酮和总黄烷醇含量,且幼苗的抗氧化能力(ABTS法、FRAP法和DPPH法)在胁迫过程中显著高于高温对照。研究认为,外源褪黑素可以通过提高植株体内抗氧化酶活性,非酶抗氧化物质如酚类物质和类黄酮物质含量以及渗透调节物质含量来增强植物的抗氧化能力,从而有效缓解高温对于猕猴桃幼苗的伤害,增强猕猴桃幼苗的耐热性。     

水杨酸对大花三色堇幼苗耐热性的影响

大花三色堇性喜冷凉、忌酷热。该研究以大花三色堇3个自交系08H 、HAR 和 E01为材料,分别测定了40℃高温处理4、8和12 h 时不同基因型大花三色堇幼苗的生理指标,以及不同浓度(0.1、1、2 mmol?L-1)水杨酸预处理对热胁迫下大花三色堇幼苗耐热性的影响。结果表明：在高温胁迫下大花三色堇电解质外渗量增加,随着处理时间的延长,电解质外渗更多,可溶性糖含量先增加后降低,POD 酶活性先提高后降低;与其他2个自交系相比,HAR 表现出较好的耐热性,其可溶性糖含量、POD 酶活性的增加均较高,而电解质外渗率偏低;与对照相比,3种浓度 SA 预处理均显著降低了大花三色堇幼苗的电解质外渗率,增加了幼苗体内可溶性糖含量,提高了大花三色堇的幼苗体内脯氨酸含量和 POD 酶活性;其中1 mmol?L-1的 SA 预处理对高温胁迫下大花三色堇幼苗体内可溶性糖的含量增加最高,最大程度减缓幼苗体内的电解质外渗量,08H 和 HAR 的脯氨酸含量和 POD 酶活性达到最大值。而对 E01而言,0.1 mmol?L-1的水杨酸预处理的脯氨酸含量和 POD 酶活性最高。该研究结果探讨了高温胁迫下不同基因型大花三色堇幼苗的生理表现,以及外施水杨酸对增强大花三色堇幼苗耐热性的效果,为大花三色堇抗热栽培提供重要的基础资料。     

外源24-表油菜素内酯对高温胁迫下茄子幼苗生长和抗氧化系统的影响

本文研究了高温胁迫下外源24-表油菜素内酯（EBR）对茄子幼苗生长和抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明,外源EBR处理显著促进了高温胁迫下茄子幼苗生长,提高了SOD、POD、CAT和APXS活性,AsA和GSH含量及可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量,降低了MDA、O2^-及H2O含量。表明,外源EBR处理通过促进高温胁迫下茄子幼苗抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化剂含量及渗透调节物质的提高,降低ROS水平,缓解高温胁迫对茄子幼苗生长的抑制作用,增强植株抗高温胁迫的能力。     

有棱丝瓜苗期耐热性及其对热胁迫的生理响应

为鉴定有棱丝瓜(Luffa acutangula)的耐热性,对32个品种进行了耐热性筛选,并对不同耐热性品种在热胁迫下的生理响应进行了研究。结果表明,这些品种中有耐热品种3个,热敏品种4个,居中的25个。对耐热品种WB121,较耐热品种YL8和热敏品种WB105进行高温处理,结果表明,随着高温胁迫时间的延长,3个品种叶片的丙二醛含量、相对电导率、可溶性糖含量均逐渐增加。3种保护酶(SOD、CAT和POD)活性未表现出与耐热性一致的变化。3个品种的叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm、Yeild和ETR随着高温胁迫时间的延长均下降,以热敏品种下降幅度最大。Pearson相关分析表明,热害指数与相对电导率呈显著正相关(r=0.693*),与丙二醛和可溶性糖含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.814,0.899**),与叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fm,Yield,ETR)呈极显著负相关(r=-0.892,-0.896,-0.897**),与3种保护酶活性的相关性不显著。由此可见,叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fm,Yield,ETR)可以快速、准确地反映植物热害,建议将其作为有棱丝瓜耐热性鉴定的重要生理指标。     

黄瓜核心种质幼苗耐热性评价及GWAS分析

为研究黄瓜苗期耐热性及筛选耐热核心种质材料,本试验选取86份核心种质,在夏季利用日光温室,采用开关风口方式控制高温环境(50±4℃),对三叶一心的幼苗进行耐热性处理及鉴定。以幼苗受害症状划分热害等级,以相应的热害指数为指标进行黄瓜苗期耐热性评价。结合核心种质重测序结果,进行幼苗耐热性全基因组关联分析。结果表明,供试黄瓜核心种质耐热性差异显著,两次调查变异系数分别为21.9%和22.5%。利用热害指数为指标进行聚类分析,把86份黄瓜核心种质划分为四大类群。全基因组关联分析共检测到7个与苗期耐热性相关位点gHII4.1、gHII5.1、gHII5.2、gHII6.1、gHII7.1、gHII4.2、gHII6.2。其中位于4号染色体的gHII4.1和gHII4.2,与幼苗耐热性关联最大,在此区段预测到67个候选基因。     

Heat Resistance and Mechanism of Heat Inactivation in Thermophilic Campylobacters

The heat resistance of Campylobacter jejuni strains AR6 and L51 and the heat resistance of Campylobacter coli strains DR4 and L6 were measured over the temperature range from 50 to 60°C by two methods. Isothermal measurements yielded D₅₅ values in the range from 4.6 to 6.6 min and z values in the range from 5.5 to 6.3°C. Dynamic measurements using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) during heating at a rate of 10°C/min yielded D₅₅ values of 2.5 min and 3.4 min and z values of 6.3°C and 6.5°C for AR6 and DR4, respectively. Both dynamic and isothermal methods yielded mean D₅₅ values that were substantially greater than those reported previously (0.75 to 0.95 min). DSC analysis of each strain during heating at a rate of 10°C/min yielded a complex series of overlapping endothermic peaks, which were assigned to cell wall lipids, ribosomes, and DNA. Measurement of the decline in the numbers of CFU in calorimetric samples as they were heated showed that the maximum rate of cell death occurred at 56 to 57°C, which is close to the value predicted mathematically from the isothermal measurements of D and z (61°C). Both estimates were very close to the peak m₁ values, 60 to 62°C, which were tentatively identified with unfolding of the 30S ribosome subunit, showing that cell death in C. jejuni and C. coli coincided with unfolding of the most thermally labile regions of the ribosome. Other measurements indicated that several essential proteins, including the α and β subunits of RNA polymerase, might also unfold at the same time and contribute to cell death.     

Heat resistance in Rhizobium

Summary Seven of eight Rhizobium strains survived 70° C but not 80° C for half an hour in liquid media. The proportion of cells surviving heat treatment varied with the composition of the media and the age of the cultures, but did never exceed 0.7%. It appears that this heat resistance is not an effect of sporulation, according to the classical definition of a spore. Spore staining gave always negative results. However, spore-like structures could be seen in cells of heat resistant cultures. But it was not possible to correlate the number of these cells with the number of heat resistant cells. There was no difference between cells surviving heat treatment and untreated cells concerning infectivity and effectivity.     

Heat stress in Greece

 For 12 selected synoptic stations of the Greek Weather Service, the daily 12 UTC values of the thermal index Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) were calculated for the years 1980 to 1989. The locally varied occurrence of diverse thermal sensation and particularly of strong heat stress were analysed in relation to the human-biometeorological significance. With the help of a statistical model, PMV values of individual stations were transformed into a high-resolution bioclimatic map. The map presents the average annual number of days with at least strong heat stress (PMV>3.0). Received: 13 June 1996 / Revised: 10 February 1997 / Accepted: 18 February 1997     

Heat confinement in spheromaks

Calculations are presented showing the temperatures expected in a spheromak sustained by continuous injection of helicity, based on a model previously shown to agree with temperatures achieved in spheromak experiments carried out in the 1980's. New experiments with Thomson scattering measurements of electron temperature will provide an experimental test.