重组禽腺联病毒介导的miRNA抑制传染性法氏囊病病毒在鸡胚内的复制

【目的】在鸡胚水平上探索VP1和VP2基因特异miRNA抑制传染性法氏囊病病毒(infectious bursaldisease virus,IBDV)复制的可行性。【方法与结果】将表达VP1基因特异miRNA重组载体pAITR-RFPmiVP1或VP2基因特异miRNA重组载体pAITR-RFPmiVP2E与禽腺联病毒(avian adeno-associated virus,AAAV)包装载体pcDNA-ARC和腺病毒辅助载体pHelper共转染AAV-293细胞,获得重组病毒rAAAV-RFPmiVP1和rAAAV-RFPmiVP2E,用同样方法获得不表达miRNA的rAAAV-RFP和表达对照miRNA的rAAAV-RFPmiVP2con。电镜观察显示重组病毒具有典型的AAAV颗粒形态;PCR检测结果表明其基因组中含miRNA表达盒;经poly(A)加尾RT-PCR检测证明重组病毒感染细胞能表达基因特异的miRNA。分别将重组病毒经卵黄囊途径接种8日龄SPF鸡胚,然后经绒毛尿囊膜途径用Lukert株IBDV攻毒,收获鸡胚进行IBDV组织细胞半数感染剂量(TCID50)测定。结果在攻毒后第3天,rAAAV-RFP和rAAAV-RFPmiVP2con接种组的IBDV TCID50为8.0 log10,rAAAV-RFPmiVP1和rAAAV-RFPmiVP2E接种组的IBDV TCID50分别下降到1.0和1.5 log10;在攻毒后第6天,rAAAV-RFP和rAAAV-RFPmiVP2con接种组的IBDV TCID50仍为8.0 log10,rAAAV-RFPmiVP1和rAAAV-RFPmiVP2E接种组的TCID50分别下降到0.8和2.0 log10。【结论】rAAAV是有效的miRNA鸡胚导入载体,表达的VP1和VP2基因特异miRNA能有效阻断IBDV复制。     

猪瘟甲病毒复制子载体DNA疫苗与重组腺病毒活载体疫苗联合免疫效果评价

本实验室先前分别将构建的猪瘟病毒E2基因重组腺病毒疫苗(rAdV-E2)和猪瘟甲病毒复制子载体DNA疫苗(pSFV1CS-E2)在猪体上进行了免疫效力评价,结果显示,rAdV-E2免疫组所有猪虽然在加强免疫后产生了比较高的猪瘟特异性中和抗体,但攻毒后个别猪表现短期体温升高和轻微病变;而pSFV1CS-E2免疫组猪只虽然在攻毒后得到了保护,但产生的抗体水平较低。为了增强猪瘟甲病毒复制子载体疫苗和猪瘟重组腺病毒活载体疫苗的免疫效果,本研究应用了复制子载体DNA疫苗初免和重组腺病毒疫苗加强免疫的初免-加强(Prime-boost)免疫策略,并在猪体上进行了评价。结果显示,所有免疫猪均产生了高水平的猪瘟特异性的中和抗体,用猪瘟强毒攻击后,pSFV1CS-E2初免组所有猪(n=5)均没有出现任何猪瘟的临床症状和病理变化,攻毒后在猪血液中也没有检测到猪瘟病毒RNA,而重组腺病毒初免组(n=5)有一头猪出现短期发热和病毒血症及轻微病理变化。这表明初免-加强免疫策略能显著提高重组疫苗的免疫效力。     

表达猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型ORF2基因的重组猪伪狂犬病病毒的免疫原性

【目的】为研制预防猪圆环病毒II型(PCV2)感染的重组伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)活载体疫苗。【方法】将PCV2 ORF2基因插入到PRV通用载体pG中,利用脂质体LipofectamineTM2000试剂盒将重组转移质粒pGO与猪PRV弱毒HB98株DNA共转染猪睾丸(ST)细胞,通过3轮蚀斑纯化重组病毒。将重组病毒、商品化PCV2灭活苗及DMEM培养液分别免疫6周龄雌性昆明小鼠,4周后加强免疫1次,首免后第8周用PCV2强毒NY株对小鼠进行攻毒。【结果】成功获得表达ORF2基因的重组病毒PGO,首免重组病毒后小鼠体内抗PCV2的ELISA抗体水平很低,二免后小鼠PCV2特异的ELISA抗体水平明显升高,并且重组病毒组能够激发PCV2特异的淋巴细胞增殖效应。攻毒试验表明重组病毒组和PCV2灭活疫苗组均能有效抵抗PCV2强毒攻击。【结论】表明表达ORF2基因的重组病毒PGO具有良好免疫原性。     

猪脾转移因子对La Sota株鸡新城疫弱毒疫苗的免疫增强作用

【目的】本文旨在研究猪脾转移因子（TF）对新城疫（ND）病毒弱毒疫苗La Sota株的免疫增强作用及机理,为兽医临床防控提供理论依据。【方法】以4种不同剂量La Sota疫苗株分别单独、与TF联合免疫SPF鸡,14 d后以ND病毒（NDV）参考强毒F₄₈E₉株(10^4.7 ELD₅₀)进行攻毒,采用蛋白质芯片技术测定鸡外周血IL-6、IL-10、IL-16和IL-21浓度,并以血凝抑制（HI）试验和荧光定量RT-PCR方法分别检测鸡ND HI抗体效价和F₄₈E₉株的病毒血症水平。【结果】攻毒保护试验表明,单独免疫10^5.17、10^4.17、10^3.17和10^2.17 EID₅₀剂量时疫苗攻毒保护率分别为100%、55%、0%和0%,半数保护量(PD₅₀)为12 023 EID₅₀;对应剂量联合免疫时疫苗攻...     

表达猪瘟病毒E2蛋白的重组腺病毒的构建及其在兔体内的免疫原性分析

为了构建猪瘟重组腺病毒载体疫苗,通过细菌内同源重组法构建了含有猪瘟病毒E2基因的重组腺病毒rAdV-E2.测定其一步生长曲线,同时用间接免疫荧光试验和Western blotting检测外源基因表达,然后用rAdV-E2免疫家兔,免疫后6周用猪瘟兔化弱毒疫苗株(c株)进行攻击,攻毒后3 d取其脾脏,用实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测C株病毒RNA.结果表明,该重组腺病毒传至第10代时,毒价可达1.0×1010TCID<,50/mL;外源基因可在其中得到稳定表达;rAdV-E2接种兔免疫后2周产生猪瘟特异性抗体,免疫后5 W抗体达到峰值,攻毒后rAdV-E2接种兔和C株接种兔均未出现定型热反应,从其脾脏也未检测到C株病毒RNA,而野生型腺病毒接种兔均出现了定型热反应,并且从其脾脏检测大量C株病毒RNA,其含量达到了103拷贝/μL以上.由此表明,rAdV-E2可望开发为猪瘟候选疫苗.     

表达流行性感冒病毒HA基因非复制型重组腺病毒的构建及免疫效果的研究

通过RT-PCR扩增流行性感冒(流感)病毒HA基因,克隆至腺病毒穿梭载体pAd Track-MV,该重组质粒与腺病毒DNA共转化E．coli BJ5183,通过细菌内同源重组获得重组腺病毒DNA,将其转染293细胞获得重组腺病毒。PCR证实HA基因已整合至腺病毒基因组中,Western blot结果检测到重组病毒感染293细胞中HA的表达。重组病毒经滴鼻和灌胃两种途径免疫小鼠,结果2次免疫后滴鼻组和灌胃组均产生明显的免疫应答,血清IgG抗体滴度分别为1：10000和1：1000。除血清IgG外,还在肺灌洗液中检测到分泌型IgA。滴鼻组的免疫效果强于灌胃组。经小剂量攻毒实验显示,重组腺病毒保护率为100％。该文成功构建了表达流感病毒HA基因的非复制型重组腺病毒,重组病毒免疫小鼠可产生较好的免疫效果。     

共表达PCV2 ORF2和猪IL-18基因的重组猪伪狂犬病毒对小鼠的免疫原性

【目的】研制猪伪狂犬病毒(PRV)和猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)的二联活疫苗,并用猪IL-18作为免疫佐剂。【方法】将猪IL-18基因插入到质粒p GO中,获得的重组转移质粒p GO18与猪PRV弱毒HB98株DNA共转染ST细胞,并进行空斑筛选和纯化;RT-PCR和Western blot分别从转录和蛋白水平鉴定其表达情况。将重组病毒PGO18和PGO、PRV弱毒株HB98、PCV2灭活商品苗和1640细胞培养基分别免疫6周龄雌性昆明小鼠,4周后二次免疫,二免后4周用PCV2 DF强毒和PRV Min/A强毒接种小鼠。通过ELISA、血清中和试验和流式细胞术及攻毒保护试验评价重组病毒的免疫原性。【结果】获得了重组病毒PGO18,并且可在ST细胞内表达;PGO18可诱导小鼠机体产生PCV2的ELISA和PRV的中和抗体水平,刺激CD3+、CD4+、CD8+T细胞亚群的增殖,且能有效抵抗PCV2和PRV强毒攻击。【结论】IL-18基因可增强重组病毒的免疫效果,使重组病毒具有良好的免疫原性,有望成为防治PCV2和PRV的候选疫苗株。     

敲除Meq基因的重组鸡马立克氏病毒与CVI988/Rispens疫苗株免疫保护效力的比较

【目的】比较敲除meq基因的马立克氏病毒(MDV)与标准疫苗株CVI988/Rispens对MDV超强毒GX0101攻毒的免疫保护作用。【方法】本实验将1日龄SPF鸡120只随机分成4组,每组30只,分别饲养在正压过滤空气的SPF动物饲养隔离罩内。1日龄时,第1组鸡以2000PFU/只的剂量颈部皮下接种SC9-1;第2组鸡以2000PFU/只的剂量颈部皮下接种CVI988/Rispens;第3、4组为不免疫攻毒对照组。免疫接种后5 d后,第1、2、3组分别以2000PFU/只的剂量腹腔接种MDV GX0101。饲养至90日龄,记录死亡情况,对死亡鸡只剖检,并取疑似马立克特有病变脏器做病理切片。期间,检测不同免疫状态下病毒GX0101的增殖动态以及禽流感、新城疫灭活苗在鸡体诱导产生抗体的水平。对含有MDV母源抗体的海蓝褐鸡的试验方案与SPF鸡一致。【结果】SC9-1株免疫对感染MDV GX0101攻击SPF鸡、海兰褐鸡均提供100%的免疫保护作用;CVI988/Rispens对SPF鸡、海兰褐鸡分别提供86.7%、93%的免疫保护作用。未免疫SPF鸡攻毒组死亡率为53.3%,肿瘤率为16.7%;未免疫海兰褐鸡攻毒组死亡率为36.7%,肿瘤率为6.67%;相比,空白对照组鸡只没有任何病变及死亡。荧光定量结果显示,淋巴细胞和羽毛囊DNA中,SC9-1免疫组鸡体内GX0101的病毒拷贝数显著低于CVI988/Rispens免疫组。血凝抑制试验结果显示,SC9-1免疫攻毒组鸡的产生的AIV、NDV抗体水平高于CVI988/Rispens免疫攻毒组。【结论】SC9-1株免疫无论在SPF鸡还是含有MDV母源抗体的海兰褐鸡均能提供比CVI988/Rispens更好的免疫保护效果。     

表达猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒GP5蛋白重组伪狂犬病毒的构建及其生物学特性分析

将猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus,PRRSV）CH-1a株GP5基因插入到伪狂犬病病毒（Pseudorabies Virus,PRV）Bartha-K61株TK基因中,获得了一株TK^-／gE^-表型的重组伪狂犬病病毒,命名为rPRV—GP5。经生长动力学、表达动力学和间接免疫荧光证实PRRSV GP5在重组病毒中获得了表达,表达蛋白的抗原性与亲本病毒相似,rPRV-GP5在不同的细胞上毒价和细胞病变与Bartha—K61比较无显著差异。4只PRV抗体阴性的绵羊,每只接种10^6.0。PFU的rPRV-GP5可以完全抵抗10^3LD50伪狂犬病强毒S株的攻击。10头PRV、PRRSV抗体阴性的仔猪滴鼻接种rPRV-GP5 10^7.0 PFU／头并在接种后63d攻击PRRSV CH-1a株10^5.0 TCID50／头,攻毒后3d和5d出现了PRRSV荧光抗体和ELISA抗体,在政毒后14d检测到了PRRSV中和抗体,Bartha—K61活疫苗组和对照组至实验结束时仍未检测到PRRSV中和抗体。这说明rPRV-GP5免疫产生了针对PRRSV的回忆性免疫应答。     

A/California/07/2009亚型猪流感冷适应减毒疫苗株的拯救及免疫效果评价

应用反向遗传学技术,选择冷适应、温度敏感、减毒的A/Ann Arbor/6/60 ca (H2N2)型流感病毒的6个内部基因为骨架,与A/California/07/2009株流感病毒2个抗原基因HA、NA分别克隆到polⅠ-polⅡ转录表达载体pAD3000中,构建8个转录表达载体重组质粒,共转染Vero细胞,获得重配A/California/07/2009ca株流感病毒．重配病毒的TCID₅₀为7.5,病毒传4代后其血凝素(HA)滴度稳定在1∶256,半数感染剂量EID₅₀为8,鸡胚传20代,经RT-PCR鉴定未发现重组病毒基因突变,电镜观察重配病毒符合流感病毒的主要特征;蔗糖纯化的病毒经肌肉注射(灭活)及滴鼻(减毒活病毒)两种途径免疫BALB/c小鼠,结果显示：滴鼻免疫和肌肉注射都可以产生较高效价的血凝抑制(HI)抗体,肌肉注射组产生的HI抗体略高(P = 0.044),但肌肉注射组检测不到高效价IgA抗体;滴鼻免疫组鼻冲洗液中可以检测到高效价的IgA抗体,同型病毒感染后,IL-1β、TNFα、IFN-α等前炎因子分泌较早,且高于肌肉注射组(P < 0.05),可见,喷鼻减毒疫苗比灭活全病毒疫苗能更好地激发黏膜免疫反应．通过对小鼠各个器官病毒载量的检测发现,4天后鼻腔、气管、脑、肺、脾脏没有病毒存在,证明减毒活疫苗株在小鼠上是安全的．以上数据可以初步断定,重组病毒有作疫苗候选株的可能,而且喷鼻疫苗具有降低免疫剂量、同时激活体内体液免疫和细胞免疫的功能．     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.