两株解磷真菌的解磷能力及其解磷机理的初步研究*

从不同处理的水稻土壤中分离筛选出两株高效解磷真菌HP2、P5,研究了不同碳源条件对溶磷效果的影响,以及解磷菌株在不同的碳源培养条件下,溶磷量与培养介质pH值之间的相关性。结果表明,HP2菌株解磷能力在不同的测定时间内均高于P5菌株;不同碳源培养基的溶磷量顺序为蔗糖>葡萄糖>纤维素,且彼此差异显著;测定时间内,菌株的溶磷量与介质pH值之间存在极显著相关性(P<0.01)。     

棉花根际解磷菌的解磷能力和分泌有机酸的初步测定

利用特殊培养基对盐碱地棉花根际解磷菌进行了分离以及pH值和分泌有机酸能力的初步测定。利用溶磷圈法筛选出10个解磷能力较高的菌株进行深入研究,其中液体培养条件下测定了菌株的溶磷能力,有效磷在4.04~185.63 mg/L,其中wpL2溶磷量达到185.63 mg/L;测定了培养液pH值,下降到5.12~6.67,但是pH与溶磷量之间没有线性关系,测定了培养液的有机酸含量,菌株溶磷量与有机酸总量没有线性相关性,其中所分离到的解无机磷菌株均可以分泌酒石酸,除此之外,wpc1还分泌乙酸,wpc2和wpL2还分泌柠檬酸;分离到的解有机磷菌株均可分泌乙酸,除此之外,ypL1和ypc2分泌酒石酸,ypL3分泌柠檬酸,ypL2和ypc3分泌柠檬酸和丁二酸,均不能产生苹果酸。     

不同碳源对三种溶磷真菌溶解磷矿粉能力的影响

通过液体培养法 ,对 3种溶磷真菌利用葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖、淀粉和纤维素等碳源溶解宜昌产磷矿粉的试验 ,结果表明 ,菌株P2 3在供给葡萄糖时的溶磷能力最高 ,并在一定程度上能够利用长链碳源淀粉和纤维素为营养而溶磷 ;而高效溶磷菌株P6 6和P39溶磷的最佳碳源是果糖和麦芽糖 ,该两菌株利用淀粉和纤维素的溶磷效果很小 ,甚至不溶磷。 3种溶磷真菌培养滤液 pH值、可滴定酸含量与其溶磷量之间的相关性因菌株而异 ,差别很大。菌株P2 3培养滤液pH值、可滴定酸含量与其溶磷量之间相关性很低 ,但菌株P6 6和P39培养滤液pH值、可滴定酸含量与其溶磷量之间相关性却达到极显著水平 (P <0 0 1)。结果表明 ,不同碳源对溶磷菌溶解磷矿粉能力影响很大 ,分析推断 3种菌株产生的有机酸活化磷矿粉能力为P6 6>P39>P2 3。     

香蕉根际土壤解磷细菌的筛选、鉴定及解磷能力

【目的】以磷矿粉为难溶态磷,以期从香蕉根际土壤筛选出高效的解磷细菌。【方法】采用透明圈法和钼锑抗比色法分离筛选解磷细菌,通过形态学特征、生理生化试验结合16S rRNA基因序列分析及系统发育树比对鉴定其种属,并利用单因素试验方法研究不同碳源、氮源及C/N比值(40:1、20:1和8:1)对菌株溶解磷矿粉能力的影响。研究不同菌株解磷能力和培养介质pH值的变化关系。【结果】分离具有解磷能力的细菌8株,筛选出具有代表性的3个菌株B3-5-6、M-3-01和T1-4-01,初步鉴定菌株B3-5-6为嗜气芽孢杆菌(Bacillus aerophilus),M-3-01为虫内生沙雷氏菌(Serratia nematodiphila),T1-4-01为艾博丽肠杆菌(Enterobacter asburiae)。B3-5-6解磷能力与介质pH值之间存在线性负相关性(|r|=0.949 66>0.735),其相关性达到极显著水平;B3-5-6在碳源为蔗糖、氮源为(NH4)2SO4、C/N为40:1,M-3-01在碳源为葡萄糖、氮源为(NH4)2SO4、C/N为20:1,T1-4-01在碳源为乳糖、氮源为蛋白胨、C/N为20:1条件下解磷效果较好。解磷效果与初筛相比分别提高了1.12、1.17、2.55倍。【结论】不同的碳氮源、C/N值会直接影响磷细菌的解磷能力;筛选出一株解磷能力与培养介质pH之间存在着极显著相关性的细菌,其解磷机理有待进一步研究。     

解磷菌株B25的筛选、鉴定及其解磷能力

从安徽省铜陵市铜官山尾矿库木贼根际分离筛选出多株解磷细菌,经过多次筛选纯化获得一株解磷能力较好的菌株B25.采用透射电镜观察和DNA分子技术,确定此菌株属于芽孢杆菌属.研究了解磷菌株B25在培养168 h内的解磷能力、溶液pH值以及菌株生长量的变化情况,并比较了B25在不同条件下的解磷能力.结果表明：解磷菌株B25的解磷能力与溶液pH值之间存在微弱的相关性,在碳源为葡萄糖、初始pH值为7.0、培养温度为30 ℃时解磷效果较好.     

解磷菌株B25的筛选、鉴定及其解磷能力

从安徽省铜陵市铜官山尾矿库木贼根际分离筛选出多株解磷细菌,经过多次筛选纯化获得一株解磷能力较好的菌株B25.采用透射电镜观察和DNA分子技术,确定此菌株属于芽孢杆菌属.研究了解磷菌株B25在培养168 h内的解磷能力、溶液pH值以及菌株生长量的变化情况,并比较了B25在不同条件下的解磷能力.结果表明：解磷菌株B25的解磷能力与溶液pH值之间存在微弱的相关性,在碳源为葡萄糖、初始pH值为7.0、培养温度为30 ℃时解磷效果较好.     

磷尾矿土壤中解磷细菌的筛选及解磷能力的测定

以贵州瓮福磷尾矿土壤为原料,从中分离纯化得到具有较高解磷能力的细菌。利用溶磷圈试验筛选出具有明显溶磷圈的细菌,通过形态学特征、生理生化试验、16S rDNA基因序列分析及系统发育树对其进行初步鉴定。再以磷酸三钙为唯一磷源对筛选所得菌株进行液态培养,探索不同菌株解磷能力与培养液pH值之间的关系,并通过钼锑抗比色法测定3株细菌的最大解磷能力。从分离纯化得到的4株细菌筛选出具有明显溶磷圈的细菌PSB1、PSB3和PSB4,初步鉴定菌株PSB1为普城沙雷氏菌(Serratia plymuthica),PSB3为嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas maltophilia),PSB4为泡囊短波单胞菌(Brevundimonas vesicularis),最大解磷能力分别为148.87μg/mL、153.84μg/mL和146.76μg/mL。与国内已报道的文献相比,实验筛选所得的3株细菌都是具有较高解磷能力的菌种。菌株PSB1和PSB4培养液中pH值与其解磷能力存在显著的负相关性,而菌株PSB3不存在,其解磷机理还需进一步研究。     

一株高效解磷菌的筛选及其解磷效果验证

为开发新型、安全及高效的解磷菌肥,从农田中分离筛选出多株菌,通过解磷能力验证,最终选出解磷能力最强的X-P18菌株,经16S rDNA分析鉴定为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌。同时,通过优化X-P18菌株液体发酵培养条件并测定发酵液中小分子有机酸种类,初步探究菌株的解磷机理。将该解磷菌施用于黑叶葵扇白菜盆栽,并对小白菜的基本指标进行分析。结果表明,X-P18菌株在无机磷液体培养基中,溶磷量为495.4 mg/L,具有分泌乙酸及其他少量小分子有机酸的特性。培养基初始接种量为1%、pH8.0、碳源为甘露糖、氮源为硫酸铵、培养温度为30℃时,X-P18菌株的解磷能力最佳,溶磷量为582.4 mg/L,比优化前高出17.6%。在X-P18菌剂添加量为2×10~9CFU/盆时,对黑叶葵扇白菜的促生效果最明显,鲜重增加65.5%,叶片全磷含量增加46.9%。     

两株对花生促生的芽孢杆菌的鉴定及溶磷特性研究

土壤中绝大多数的磷以难溶态存在而不能被利用,溶磷微生物可以溶解难溶性磷,提高土壤的速效磷水平,从而促进植物生长。本研究利用盆栽实验测定从茶树根际分离的2株溶磷细菌对花生生长的影响,发现均具有显著促生效应,尤以HP9菌株表现更为明显。通过形态、生理生化试验及分子生物学方法进行鉴定,将HP9、HP10菌株分别鉴定为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis)和坚强芽孢杆菌(Bacillus firmus)。研究2个菌株在不同碳氮源条件下的溶磷性,结果显示HP9菌株具有更强的溶磷能力,2个菌株溶磷的最优碳源均为葡萄糖,最优氮源则有明显差异,HP9菌株优先利用硝酸钾,而HP10菌株则以硫酸铵为氮源时溶磷量更高;进一步研究菌株的溶磷机制,相关性分析显示2个菌株培养液中的可溶磷含量与pH值呈显著负相关,GC-TOF-MS测定表明2个菌株代谢产物中产生的有机酸是其溶磷的重要原因,而产生的有机酸类型和含量的明显不同与菌株溶磷水平的差异有关,研究结果解析了芽孢杆菌属不同种菌株在溶磷机制上存在的多样性。     

一株高效解磷肠膜明串珠菌的分离鉴定及解磷能力研究

【背景】植物根际土壤含有多种溶磷微生物,但是具有溶磷能力的肠膜明串珠菌未见报道。【目的】从脐橙根际土壤分离高效解磷菌,研究其解磷应用。【方法】通过初筛和复筛从23株菌中筛选解磷能力较强的菌株,同时采用钼蓝比色法测定磷含量。通过测定发酵液中小分子有机酸含量、磷酸酯酶酶活及pH值的变化,探究菌株的解磷机理。【结果】经过筛选得到9株具有一定解磷能力的菌株。通过菌种16S rRNA基因序列分析和生理生化实验确定其中一株菌为肠膜明串珠菌,命名为肠膜明串珠菌G7。培养基初始pH6.0、碳源为葡萄糖、氮源为硫酸铵时G7的解磷能力较佳。G7发酵过程中产生大量有机酸,而其酸性磷酸酯酶活性高于碱性磷酸酯酶。【结论】碳源、氮源以及初始pH值都能影响G7的解磷能力,其解磷能力主要缘于在发酵过程中产生了大量小分子有机酸,关于G7的解磷机理还需要更深入的研究。     

Supported bilayer lipid membranes modified with a phosphate ionophore

This article reports the electrical responses of a phosphate ionophore, the cyclic polyamine 3-decyl-1,5,8-triazacyclodecane-2,4-dione (N₃-cyclic amine) incorporated into metal supported bilayer lipid membranes (s-BLM). Teflon coated silver wire was used as a support. In a potentiometric mode, the ionophore had a response that was linearly related to the logarithm of HPO₄²⁻ concentration and was also dependant on pH. Selectivity coefficients for other anions compared to HPO₄²⁻ ions, determined by the separate solution method, fell within the range 1.73 × 10⁻⁴ to 6.38 × 10⁻².     

Microbial mineralization of organic phosphate in soil

Summary Phosphate-dissolving microorganisms were isolated from non-rhizosphere and rhizosphere of plants. These isolates included bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes. In broth cultures, Gram-negative short rod,Bacillus andStreptomyces species were found to be more active in solubilizing phosphate thanAspergillus, Penicillium, Proteus, Serratia, Pseudomonas andMicrococcus spp. The sterile soils mixed with isolated pure culture showed slower mineralization of organic phosphate than that of non-sterile soil samples at all incubation periods. Maximum amount of phosphate mineralization by isolated microorganisms were obtained at the 60th and the 75th day of incubation in sterile and non-sterile soils respectively. The mixed cultures were most effective in mineralizing organic phosphate and individuallyBacillus sp. could be ranked next to mixed cultures. Species ofPseudomonas andMicrococcus were almost the same as that of the control under both sterile and non-sterile conditions.     

Interactions between Na+-dependent uptake of d-glucose,phosphate and l-alanine in rat renal brush border membrane vesicles

d-Glucose decreases phosphate reabsorption in rat proximal tubule. It is also postulated that some amino acids interact with phosphate reabsorption. To investigate the mechanism of these interactions, phosphate, d-glucose and l-alanine transport kinetics were measured in brush border membrane vesicles isolated from superficial rat kidney cortex by the calcium precipitation technique. At pH 7.4, Na⁺-dependent phosphate transport was inhibited in the presence of either d-glucose (39 mM) or l-alanine (2.4 mM). In this model, with d-glucose or with l-alanine the $\text{V}$ value of the phosphate uptake was decreased, whereas the apparent $\text{K}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>m</mtext>}}$ for the phosphate uptake was not affected. However, some inhibition of phosphate transport was observed in the presence of l-glucose, d-alanine or d-glucose after phlorizin preincubation. A 30% Na⁺-dependent l-alanine (0.1 mM) transport inhibition was observed in the presence of 5 mM phosphate. d-Glucose (1 mM) was also inhibited by 20% when 5 mM phosphate was added to incubation medium. According to several authors, in our model, d-glucose decreased the l-alanine transport and vice versa. Moreover, when the membrane potential was abolished, a clear inhibition of d-glucose by l-alanine persisted. These multiple interactions could be explained by the accelerated dissipation of the Na⁺ gradient insofar as the rate of the Na⁺ uptake was increased with d-glucose, l-alanine or phosphate and since the absence of variations in membrane potential did not suppress these inhibitions.     

IST1 insertional inactivation of the resB gene: implications for phenotypic switching in Thiobacillus ferrooxidans

Thiobacillus ferroxidans ATCC 19859 undergoes rapid phenotypic switching between a wild-type state characterized by the ability to oxidize ferrous iron (FeII) and reduced sulfur compounds and a mutant state where it has lost the capacity to oxidize FeII but retains the ability to oxidize sulfur. The mutant has also gained the capacity to swarm. It is proposed that loss of FeII oxidation is due to the reversible transposition of the insertion sequence IST1 into resB encoding a putative cytochrome c-type biogenesis protein. Downstream from resB and co-transcribed with it is resC, encoding another putative cytochrome biogenesis protein. IST1 insertional inactivation of resB could result in the loss of activity of its target c-type cytochrome(s). This putative target cytochrome(s) is proposed to be essential for FeII oxidation but not for sulfur oxidation. Curiously, resB and resC pertain to the proposed system II cytochrome biogenesis pathway whereas gamma Proteobacteria, of which T. ferrooxidans is a member, normally use system I. This could represent an example of lateral gene transfer.     

Stress induced phosphate solubilization in bacteria isolated from alkaline soils

Phosphate solubilizing bacteria NBRI0603, NBRI2601, NBRI3246 and NBRI4003 were isolated from the rhizosphere of chickpea and alkaline soils. All four strains demonstrated diverse levels of phosphate solubilization activity under in vitro conditions in the presence of various carbon and nitrogen sources. Acid production may have contributed to phosphate solubilization, but was not the only reason for phosphate release into the medium. Among the four strains, NBRI2601 was the most efficient strain in terms of its capability to solubilize phosphorus in the presence of 10% salt, pH 12, or 45 degrees C. The strains showed varied levels of phosphate solubilization when the effects of different sources of nitrogen were examined during growth. The presence of low levels of Ca(2+) and EDTA in the medium enhanced phosphate solubilization.     

Effect of salt on survival and P-solubilization potential of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms from salt affected soils

A total of 23 phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and 35 phosphate solubilizing fungi (PSF) were isolated from 19 samples of salt affected soils. The ability of 12 selected PSB and PSF to grow and solubilize tricalcium phosphate in the presence of different concentrations of NaCl was examined. Among 12 PSB, Aerococcus sp. strain PSBCRG₁-1 recorded the highest (12.15) log viable cell count at 0.4 M NaCl concentration after 7 days after incubation (DAI) and the lowest log cell count (1.39) was recorded by Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PSBI₃-1 at 2.0 M NaCl concentration after 24 h of incubation. Highest mycelial dry weight irrespective of NaCl concentrations was recorded by the Aspergillus terreus strain PSFCRG₂-1 (0.567 g). The percent P_i release, in general, was found to increase with increase in NaCl concentration up to 0.8 M for bacterial solubilization and declined thereafter. At 15 DAI, strain Aerococcus sp. strain PSBCRG₁-1 irrespective of NaCl concentrations showed the maximum P-solubilization (12.12%) which was significantly superior over all other isolates. The amount of P_i released in general among PSF was found to decrease with increase in NaCl concentration at all the incubation periods. Aspergillus sp. strain PSFNRH-2 (20.81%) recorded the maximum P_i release irrespective of the NaCl concentrations and was significantly superior over all other PSF at 7 DAI.     

Loss of PiT-2 results in abnormal bone development and decreased bone mineral density and length in mice

Normal bone mineralization requires phosphate oversaturation in bone matrix vesicles, as well as normal regulation of phosphate metabolism via the interplay among bone, intestine, and kidney. In turn, derangement of phosphate metabolism greatly affects bone function and structure. The type III sodium-dependent phosphate transporters, PiT-1 and PiT-2, are believed to be important in tissue phosphate metabolism and physiological bone formation, but their requirement and molecular roles in bone remain poorly investigated. In order to decipher the role of PiT-2 in bone, we examined normal bone development, growth, and mineralization in global PiT-2 homozygous knockout mice. PiT-2 deficiency resulted in reduced vertebral column, femur, and tibia length as well as mandibular dimensions. Micro-computed tomography analysis revealed that bone mineral density in the mandible, femur, and tibia were decreased, indicating that maintenance of bone function and structure is impaired in both craniofacial and long bones of PiT-2 deficient mice. Both cortical and trabecular thickness and mineral density were reduced in PiT-2 homozygous knockout mice compared with wild-type mice. These results suggest that PiT-2 is involved in normal bone development and growth and plays roles in cortical and trabecular bone metabolism feasibly by regulating local phosphate transport and mineralization processes in the bone. Further studies that evaluate bone cell-specific loss of PiT-2 are now warranted and may yield insight into complex mechanisms of bone development and growth, leading to identification of new therapeutic options for patients with bone diseases.     

Phosphate Removal from Wastewaters: A Novel Approach

The conditions necessary for the establishment and maintenance of Enhanced Biological Phosphate Removal (EBPR) from wastewaters are discussed in the light of our inability to achieve levels of EBPR from artificial sewage in a laboratory‐scale system. Adequate levels of P removal and polyP accumulation by sludge biomass could only be restored by the imposition of stringent anaerobiosis (Eh < –120 mV) and by increasing the short chain fatty acid composition of the influent. Subsequent laboratory‐scale investigations into several possible alternative strategies to achieve enhanced levels of P removal and polyP accumulation from artificial sewage medium indicated that a reduction in the operational pH of the system to approximately 5.5 could achieve comparable levels of P removal under fully‐aerobic conditions. Acid stimulated P uptake and polyP formation might serve as the basis of novel alternative technologies for eutrophication control at wastewater treatment facilities.