牛黑素皮质素受体1(MCIR)基因与毛色表型的研究

牛MC1R基因不仅与毛色有关,而且与牛乳中乳蛋白的含量有关。利用PCR-RFLP和DNA测序技术分析了中国荷斯坦黑白花牛,中国荷斯坦红白花牛,鲁西黄牛和渤海黑牛共4个品种的MC1R基因。共检测出3种等位基因(ED,E ,e)。中国荷斯坦黑白花牛主要是ED和E 等位基因(ED=0.12、E =0.80);渤海黑牛也主要是ED和E 等位基因(ED=0.52、E =0.47);中国荷斯坦红白花牛和鲁西黄牛大多为e等位基因(e=0.95)。中国荷斯坦红白花牛和鲁西黄牛还存在E /e基因型。由此推测ED和E 等位基因导致黑色素合成。另外发现牛MC1R基因编码区725处存在一重要的SNP(单核苷酸多态性)。     

黑素皮质素受体对动物采食量和能量稳态的调控

黑素皮质素受体是G-蛋白耦联受体超家族成员。5个黑素皮质素受体基因已经被克隆和鉴定,并有不同的组织分布和生物学功能。本文综述了黑素皮质素受体3和受体4基因调控采食量和能量稳态的研究进展。 Abstract:The melanocortin receptors are members of the super-family of G-protein coupled receptors.To date,five melanocortin receptor genes (MC1R-MC5R) have been cloned and characterized.These receptorsdiffer in their tissue distributions and physiological roles.This review focuses on the roles of MC3R and MC4R in regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis.     

牛黑素皮质素受体1(MC1R)基因与毛色表形的研究

牛MC1R基因不仅与毛色有关, 而且与牛乳中乳蛋白的含量有关。利用PCR-RFLP和DNA测序技术分析了中国荷斯坦黑白花牛, 中国荷斯坦红白花牛, 鲁西黄牛和渤海黑牛共4个品种的MC1R基因。共检测出3种等位基因(E^D, E⁺, e)。中国荷斯坦黑白花牛主要是E^D和E⁺等位基因(E^D=0.12、E⁴=0.80); 渤海黑牛也主要是E^D和E⁺等位基因(E^D=0.52、E⁺=0.47); 中国荷斯坦红白花牛和鲁西黄牛大多为e等位基因(e=0.95)。中国荷斯坦红白花牛和鲁西黄牛还存在E⁺/e基因型。由此推测E^D和E⁺等位基因导致黑色素合成。另外发现牛MC1R基因编码区725处存在一重要的SNP(单核苷酸多态性)。     

藏獒MC1R基因多态性与毛色表型的关联研究

目的:通过检测藏獒黑素皮质激素受体1(MC1R)基因的单链构象多态性(SSCP)在不同毛色群体中的分布,探讨MC1R基因多态性与毛色表型的相关性。方法:采用DNA测序技术,选择不同毛色藏獒的DNA为样本,根据GenBank发布的荷斯坦牛MC1R基因序列设计一对引物,采用PCR-SSCP技术分析MC1R基因在藏獒中的SSCP。结果:MC1R基因在藏獒中具有PCR-SSCP多态性,分别检测到3种基因型(AA、AB和BB);对MC1R基因多态性片段DNA克隆测序后发现,MC1R基因在编码区第313位存在单碱基突变(G→A),该突变导致第105位氨基酸发生由丙氨酸向苏氨酸的改变(T105A)。结论:MC1R基因的多态性与毛色性状不存在显著的相关性。     

黑素皮质素受体-2基因表达调控相关因子研究进展

黑素皮质素受体-2（melanoeortin2-receptor,MC2R）属于A类七个跨膜α螺旋G蛋白受体,具有通过CA／cAMP／PKA信号转导途径调节类固醇激素分泌的昼夜节律和应激引起变化的功能。MC2R基因表达障碍可导致一种常染色体隐性遗传疾病,即家族性糖皮质激素缺陷（FGD）。黑素皮质素受体-2（melanocortin2-receptor,MC2R）基因在特定组织中是否表达,表达丰度的高低是由多种调控因子相互作用决定的。本文就参与其表达调控的类固醇转录因子-1（steroidogenic factor-1,SF-1）、过氧化物增值物激活受体γ（PPARγ）、视黄酸X受体α（RXRα）、活化激活蛋白1（activatorproteinl,AP-1）DAX-1（dosage-sensitive sexreversal adrenal hypoplasia gene on the X chromosome,gene-1）和E-盒结合蛋白等因子做一综述。     

三个绵羊群体MC4R基因多态性及生物信息学分析

旨在探讨绵羊黑素皮质素受体-4(melanocortin-4 receptor,MC4R)的分子机理,采用PCR-SSCP方法对3个绵羊群体(甘肃肉用绵羊新品种群、小尾寒羊和湖羊)的MC4R基因外显子进行多态性检测和生物信息学分析。结果表明,3个绵羊群体均存在3种基因型AA型、AB型和BB型,优势基因型为BB,其中优势等位基因为B;测序结果表明,野生型BB型和突变型AB型相比,AB型个体在该基因编码区第511位点发生G→A突变,第495位发生C→T突变;AA型个体在该基因编码区第511位点发生G→A突变,出现AA的纯合,第495位发生C→T突变,出现CC纯合;3个绵羊群体中小尾寒羊的多态信息含量属于中度多态(0.25PIC0.50),甘肃肉用绵羊新品种群羊和湖羊属于低度多态(PIC0.25);χ2适合性检验表明除湖羊之外,其余2个绵羊品种均处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态。生物信息学分析发现MC4R氨基酸序列有明显的疏水性区域,有7个跨膜螺旋区及信号肽,其编码蛋白主要的二级结构元件是α螺旋和无规则卷曲;同源性比对发现绵羊MC4R基因与山羊、牛、野猪、人类及大猩猩的相似度分别为97%、94%、81%、83%及83%,说明MC4R是一个非常保守的蛋白,在绵羊的生长发育中起着重要作用。     

敲减MC4R表达对牛胎儿成纤维细胞CMS系统关键因子的影响

为获得敲减黑素皮质素4受体（melanocortin 4 receptor,MC4R）基因的牛胎儿成纤维细胞,并探讨其在能量平衡神经调节系统中的作用,将构建成功并已鉴定为有效序列的短发夹状RNA (short hairpin RNA, shRNA)真核表达载体pGSH1 GFP MC4R,利用阳离子脂质体转染牛胎儿成纤维细胞并使用G418筛选稳定转染细胞株.利用实时荧光定量和Western印迹检测MC4R及中枢黑素皮质素系统(central melanocortin system, CMS)关键因子的表达水平变化.结果表明,在稳定转染的牛胎儿成纤维细胞系中, MC4R表达显著抑制,瘦蛋白(leptin)和阿黑色素原(POMC)表达下调,黑素皮质素拮抗物agouti相关蛋白(AGRP)和MC3R表达上调,而神经肽Y (NPY)表达无明显改变.综上所述,本研究成功获得了敲减MC4R基因表达的牛胎儿成纤维细胞.相关基因表达水平检测结果提示, MC4R的表达水平对CMS系统中的各关键基因的表达有不同的抑制或促进影响.     

比格犬MC4R基因多态性与体重相关性的研究

为了分析比格犬黑素皮质素受体-4基因多态性与犬体重的关系, 根据犬MC4R基因DNA外显子序列, 设计MC4R基因特异PCR引物1对, 犬DNA经PCR扩增, 克隆和测序, 寻找和确定犬MC4R基因的多态性位点, 分析多态性与犬体重的关系。结果在比格犬MC4R基因中发现2处单碱基缺失突变, 1个单碱基颠换变异, 存在Psh AⅠ酶切位点, 并基于PshAⅠ酶切位点建立了PCR-RFLP技术。统计分析显示犬MC4R基因型与体重显著相关, 可以考虑将MC4R基因作为犬体重的候选基因。     

野猪MC4R基因的克隆及变异初步研究

黑素皮质素受体4是在人类肥胖研究中发现的重要调节因子,参与调节动物的体重、采食量和能量稳态,缺失MC4R基因的突变纯合体小鼠出现遗传性肥胖。为了进一步揭示其群体遗传变异,寻找新的遗传标记,本研究对野猪(Sus scrofa ussuricus)MC4R基因进行了克隆(GenBank accession NoDQ388767)和序列分析,并对所发现的错义突变进行了基于限制性内切酶HindⅢ的PCR-RFLP分析。序列分析表明野猪与民猪MC4R基因的编码区序列完全相同,与大白猪相比存在4个SNPs;对14头野猪的酶切多态性分析表明该突变位点是多态位点,并且3种基因型的分布符合Hardy-Weinberg定律。结果表明,野猪具有独特的遗传信息。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various