重金属镍胁迫对向日葵幼苗生理生化特性的影响

为揭示向日葵对镍胁迫的响应机制,该文以向日葵幼苗为材料,采用营养液培养法探索了重金属镍胁迫对其生理生化指标的影响。结果表明:低浓度的镍胁迫(≤10 mg·L~(-1))有利于幼苗的生长,高浓度的镍胁迫(≥50 mg·L~(-1))对幼苗具有明显的抑制作用。随着镍胁迫浓度的逐渐增加,向日葵幼苗各项生理生化指标的变化较大,其中叶绿素、可溶性糖(SS)、可溶性蛋白(SP)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、游离脯氨酸(Pro)的含量均在1～10 mg·L~(-1)时呈现上升趋势,在50～100 mg·L~(-1)时呈下降的趋势,丙二醛(MDA)含量则呈现持续上升趋势。这表明向日葵幼苗对低浓度(1～10 mg·L~(-1))镍胁迫能够通过自身调节,增加POD、Pro和MDA等物质的含量来提高对生态环境的抗逆能力,说明向日葵幼苗对重金属镍具有一定抗性;而高浓度(50～100 mg·L~(-1))镍胁迫会破坏其自身防御系统,从而影响幼苗的生长发育。     

CPPU和6-BA对盐胁迫下番茄活性氧代谢及叶绿素荧光的影响

以番茄品种 '金棚一号' 幼苗为材料,通过营养液水培试验,研究了不同浓度(10、20、30 mg·L-1)外源细胞分裂素N-苯基-N'-(2-氯-4-吡啶基)脲(CPPU)和6-苄基腺嘌呤(6-BA)对NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗活性氧代谢及叶绿素荧光的影响.结果表明,NaCl胁迫处理导致番茄幼苗活性氧生成速率和过氧化物酶(SOD)、超氧化物岐化酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著增加,但抗氧化酶活性的提高幅度低于活性氧的积累速度,最终导致番茄幼苗光合系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)能力降低;营养液添加CPPU和6-BA在一定程度上均可缓解NaCl对番茄幼苗的伤害,但存在明显浓度效应,其中20 mg·L-1 CPPU处理效果最好,其次为30 mg·L-16-BA处理;在20 mg·L-1 CPPU和30 mg·L-16-BA处理下,番茄幼苗叶片和根系O2产生速率、MDA含量显著低于NaCl处理,而SOD、POD、CAT活性和光合性能却显著提高.研究发现,CPPU和6-BA均通过诱导提高番茄幼苗抗氧化酶活性来缓解NaCl胁迫对其细胞膜的伤害和对光合的抑制,但CPPU缓解效果更好且最适浓度较低.     

Spd浸种对盐胁迫下番茄（Solanum lycopersicum)幼苗的保护效应

通过水培试验,研究了100 mmol/L NaCl盐浓度下,0.25 mmol/L Spd浸种处理对两个番茄品种白果强丰(耐盐基因型)和江蔬14号(盐敏感基因型)植株干重、根冠比(R/T)、幼苗叶片和根系抗氧化酶活性及活性氧含量的影响.具体试验处理如下:(a) 对照(蒸馏水浸种+ 0 mmol/L NaCl),(b) NaCl (蒸馏水浸种+ 100 mmol/L NaCl),(c) Spd(0.25 mmol/L Spd浸种 +100 mmol/L NaCl).结果表明,在盐胁迫下,两个番茄品种幼苗叶片和根系内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性升高,H2O2含量和O·-2产生速率增高,幼苗生长受到抑制,幼苗地上部、地下部干重均明显低于对照,R/T增大,且江蔬14号的变化幅度大于白果强丰.Spd浸种处理降低了盐胁迫下番茄幼苗叶片和根系内O·-2产生速率和H2O2含量,进一步提高了SOD、POD和CAT活性,促进幼苗干重增加,缓解了盐胁迫对植株的伤害.与耐盐基因型番茄品种白果强丰相比,Spd浸种处理对盐敏感基因型番茄品种江蔬14号的作用效果更为明显.总之,Spd浸种处理通过提高盐胁迫下植株体内抗氧化酶活性,降低ROS水平来缓解盐胁迫对番茄幼苗的伤害,提高幼苗耐盐能力.     

外源MeJA对镉胁迫下波斯菊生长及抗氧化系统的影响

以波斯菊种子和幼苗为试验材料,采用滤纸上发芽和叶面喷施盆栽幼苗的方法,探讨不同浓度(0、0.5、1.0、5.0、10.0和25.0μmol·L~(-1))茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)对镉(100μmol·L~(-1) Cd~(2+))胁迫下波斯菊种子萌发、幼苗生长以及抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明,镉胁迫条件下,波斯菊的生长受到严重抑制,施加低浓度MeJA(1.0～5.0μmol·L~(-1))可以促进波斯菊种子萌发,增加波斯菊幼苗叶绿素含量,促进叶片干物质含量的积累和叶片相对含水量增加,提高叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性,增加氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量和氧化型谷胱甘肽/还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH/GSSG)比值,降低游离脯氨酸(Pro)和丙二醛(MDA)含量;而高浓度的MeJA(大于10μmol·L~(-1))则表现出相反的抑制作用,影响镉胁迫下波斯菊种子萌发和幼苗的相关代谢。研究发现,适宜浓度的外源MeJA,在镉胁迫条件下可通过降低渗透调节物质的含量,诱导增强抗氧化酶活性,增加氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量,调整GSH/GSSG比例等途径促进波斯菊种子萌发和幼苗的生长,有效缓解镉胁迫对波斯菊的伤害,从而提高波斯菊幼苗的耐镉性能。     

根施甜菜碱对镍胁迫下小麦幼苗生长生理的影响

以普通小麦品种‘轮选988’为材料,采用溶液培养法,研究了根施不同浓度甜菜碱(1.0、2.0、3.0、4.0、5.0、10.0、15.0、20.0mmol·L~(-1))对镍(100μmol·L~(-1) NiSO_4)胁迫下小麦根系生长的影响,以及4.0mmol·L~(-1)甜菜碱处理镍胁迫幼苗根系相关抗逆生理生化指标的变化。结果表明:(1)与不施加镍对照相比,镍胁迫下小麦幼苗的根长、株高、鲜重和干重分别显著降低了14.7%、11.7%、15.0%和16.7%。(2)与单独镍胁迫处理相比,小麦幼苗的根长、株高、鲜重和干重均随着根施甜菜碱的浓度逐渐增加且呈先升后降的趋势,并以4.0mmol·L~(-1)外源甜菜碱处理效果较佳。(3)与单独镍胁迫处理相比较,在4.0mmol·L~(-1)外源甜菜碱处理下,小麦幼苗根系超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性分别升高了284.7%、40.3%、82.9%和20.4%,超氧阴离子自由基(O-·2)含量、过氧化氢(H_2O_2)含量和丙二醛(MDA)含量分别显著降低了50.6%、38.4%和40.6%,可溶性糖含量及游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量分别显著降低了19.2%、45.4%,而根系活力大幅上升了358.0%。研究认为,根施适宜浓度外源甜菜碱可显著增强小麦幼苗根系的抗氧化能力,恢复根系活力,从而有效减弱镍胁迫对小麦幼苗生长的伤害。     

水稻幼苗根对羧基化多壁碳纳米管复合镉胁迫的生长生理响应

为了探究羧基化多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs-COOH)复合镉(Cd)胁迫对植物生长生理的影响,采用液体培养方法,以水稻(Oryza sativa L.)为受试作物,测定了0～12.0 mg·L~(-1)MWCNTs-COOH、10μmol·L~(-1)Cd单一和复合处理水稻幼苗21天后根生长、氧化损伤、抗氧化酶活性及根中Cd含量的变化。结果表明:(1)MWCNTs-COOH单一处理,根长、根鲜重均低于对照,并表现出先升高后降低的趋势,当其浓度达到12.0 mg·L~(-1)时,较对照分别下降了9.3%和15.2%,且低于10μmol·L~(-1)Cd单一处理;而复合处理组水稻幼苗根长、根鲜重、干重皆低于对应的单一处理;(2)MWCNTs-COOH单一胁迫下,水稻根的超氧自由基(O_2~(-·))明显积累,并伴随着超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及过氧化物酶(POD)活性升高,3.0和6.0mg·L~(-1)MWCNTs-COOH处理下,SOD、POD活性最高;(3)MWCNTs-COOH复合Cd胁迫下,水稻根的SOD、POD活性大均低于单一处理组,而丙二醛(MDA)及羰基化蛋白含量均显著高于单一处理;(4)MWCNTs-COOH复合Cd后,水稻幼苗根尖细胞死亡加剧,其中,10μmol·L~(-1)Cd与12.0 mg·L~(-1)MWCNTs-COOH复合处理的根尖根冠区细胞伊文斯蓝染色最深;(5)1.5～6.0 mg·L~(-1)MWCNTs-COOH复合Cd处理水稻幼苗后,其根中Cd含量呈上升趋势,且在6.0 mg·L~(-1)浓度处理时达到最大值303.30μg·g~(-1);高浓度MWCNTs-COOH及其与Cd的复合均对水稻根产生毒性效应。     

茉莉酸甲酯对水稻幼苗抗冷性的影响

测定茉莉酸甲酯（MJ）对冷胁迫条件下水稻幼苗生长和与抗冷性相关生理生化指标影响的结果表明：较高浓度的MJ（10^-3mol·L^-1）明显抑制冷胁迫下的水稻幼苗生长,增加细胞膜的渗透性;浓度低一些的MJ（10^-4、10^-5、10^-6、10^-7mol·L^-1）对冷胁迫下水稻幼苗的生长和细胞膜有不同程度的保护作用,其中以10～mol·L^-1MJ的效果为佳。10～mol·L^-1 MJ处理的叶中叶绿素降解程度小,可溶性糖、可溶性总蛋白和脯氨酸的含量以及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性均增加,丙二醛（MDA）含量降低,因而水稻幼苗的抗冷性提高。     

外源一氧化氮对香蕉幼苗抗冷性的影响

以巴西香蕉(Musa AAA Group Cavendish cv.Brazil)幼苗为试验材料,采用外源一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)15 μmol·L-1溶液进行冷胁迫(8℃)前处理,考察其冷胁迫和常温恢复过程中抗冷性指标的变化,以探讨外源NO对香蕉幼苗抗冷性的影响.结果表明,在8℃冷胁迫环境下,SNP预处理香蕉幼苗的萎蔫程度较轻,且在常温下恢复快而完全.SNP预处理可以显著降低冷胁迫下香蕉幼苗叶片的质膜相对透性及过氧化氢和丙二醛含量,并显著增加其可溶性蛋白含量.在冷胁迫的前2 d,SNP处理苗的过氧化物酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶的活性显著增加,而超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶的活性则在胁迫的第3天才显著上升,经3 d冷胁迫回温(28℃)后,4种酶的活性均显著提高.可见,适当浓度NO能够通过诱导香蕉幼苗体内的抗氧化酶活性来有效缓解其遭受的冷胁迫损伤.     

外源SNP对盐胁迫下甜瓜幼苗生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响北大核心CSCD

为明确外源一氧化氮(NO)对甜瓜幼苗耐盐性的影响,该研究以甜瓜品种‘农大甜10号’为试验材料,在300 mmol·L^(-1)NaCl胁迫条件下,叶面喷施不同浓度(50、100、150、200、250μmol·L^(-1))外源NO供体硝普钠(SNP),分析甜瓜幼苗生长、光合色素含量、细胞膜透性、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质含量的变化。结果表明:(1)盐胁迫显著抑制甜瓜幼苗的生长,同时显著降低叶片光合色素含量、细胞膜透性、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质含量。(2)叶面喷施150μmol·L^(-1)SNP能够显著提高盐胁迫下甜瓜幼苗的株高、茎粗、干鲜重、壮苗指数,并显著提高盐胁迫下甜瓜幼苗的光合色素含量,从而提高甜瓜的光合作用。(3)喷施150μmol·L^(-1)SNP可显著提高盐胁迫下甜瓜幼苗超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)及脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)的活性,显著降低盐胁迫下甜瓜幼苗的丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢(H_(2)O_(2))含量及超氧阴离子(O^(-)·_(2))产生速率。(4)喷施150μmol·L^(-1)SNP可显著提高盐胁迫下甜瓜幼苗叶片脯氨酸(Pro)和可溶性蛋白的含量。研究认为,在盐胁迫环境下,适宜浓度的外源SNP(150μmol·L^(-1))可通过提高甜瓜幼苗的抗氧化酶活性以及光合色素和小分子可溶性有机化合物含量来增强活性氧的清除能力,降低膜脂过氧化作用,有效减轻盐胁迫对幼苗的伤害,从而增强其耐盐性,促进幼苗生长。     

外源油菜素内酯(EBR)对Cu胁迫期间番茄幼苗的缓解效应

采用营养液水培的方法,以‘改良毛粉802F1’番茄为供试材料,通过检测番茄植株内激素、根系分泌物、氨基酸、电解质渗漏率和生物量的变化,研究外源2,4-表油菜素内酯(2,4-EBR,EBR)对Cu胁迫下番茄的缓解效应及机制。结果表明,与Cu胁迫处理相比,喷施0.1 mg·L-1的EBR能显著提高叶片内源ZR和GA含量,显著降低根系中ZR、ABA和IAA的含量,同时提高番茄植株内各种有机酸的含量,其中柠檬酸含量升高482.2%,乳酸含量为0.187 mg·g-1。植株中氨基酸总量增加了11.1%,生物量增加20.9%。表明外源EBR可以降低Cu的生物毒性,减缓过多Cu对番茄幼苗的抑制作用。     

Transition metal-saccharide chemistry: d-glucose complexes of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II)

Metal complexes of d-glucose (d-Glc) from large cation containing dibromo-dichloro salts of dipositive metals [NEt₄]₂[MBr₂Cl₂] (M = Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn) and the disodium salt of glucose were synthesized from a MeOH:MeCN mixture. The complexes were characterized by UV-vis absorption, circular dichroism, IR and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopies, and by elemental analysis, and were found to be Na[M(d-Glc)(OMe)Cl]. Cyclic voltammetric studies of these complexes, in the acidic to neutral pH range, indicated no dissociation, even in highly acidic conditions.This paper is dedicated to Professor Richard H. Holm (Harvard University) on the occasion of his 60th birthday.     

三种常见实蝇的形态学、生物学和生态学比较

对瓜实蝇Bactrocera (Tetradacus) minax (Enderlein)、桔小实蝇Bactrocera (Bactrocera) dorsalis (Hendel)和桔大实蝇Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) cucurbitae (Coquillett)的形态学、生物学、生态学等方面进行了比较和分析,包括三种实蝇在国内外的分布情况,对寄主选择的差异,各种虫态的形态特征,发育历期和生活史,并对它们的危害状况和防治方法分别作了介绍,可为3种实蝇的鉴定和防治提供参考.     

Antitumor activity of phenylene bridged binuclear bis(imino-quinolyl)palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes

Antitumor effects of a known bis(imino-quinolyl)palladium(II) complex 1 and its newly synthesized platinum(II) analogue 2 were evaluated against human breast (MCF-7) and human colon (HT-29) cancer cell lines. The complexes gave cytotoxicity profiles that were better than the reference drug cisplatin. The highest cytotoxic activities were pronounced in complex 2 across the two examined cancer cell lines. Both compounds represent potential active drugs based on bimetallic complexes.     

Bioaccumulation of copper(II), lead(II) and chromium(VI) by growing Aspergillus niger

The effect of copper(II), lead(II) and chromium(VI) ions on the growth and bioaccumulation properties of Aspergillus niger was investigated as a function of initial pH and initial metal ion concentration. The optimum pH values for growth and metal ion accumulation were determined as 5.0, 4.5 and 3.5 for copper(II), lead(II) and chromium(VI) ions, respectively. Although all metal ion concentrations caused an inhibition effect on the growth of A. niger, it was capable of removing of copper(II) and lead(II) with a maximum specific uptake capacity of 15.6 and 34.4 mg g⁻¹ at 100 mg dm⁻³ initial copper(II) and lead(II) concentration, respectively. Growth of A. niger was highly effected by chromium(VI) ions and inhibited by 75 mg dm⁻³ initial chromium(VI) concentration since some inhibition occurred at lower concentrations.     

真菌吸附铅锌的研究

正随着采矿业的迅速发展,越来越多的重金属通过多种途径进入土壤环境中,对生态环境造成了不可估量的破坏并严重威胁人类健康。铅锌在工业上具有非常重要的作用且其应用极为广泛,而他们具有的难去除、难迁移和生物累积等特性使得铅锌在环境中的污染尤为突出。通过微生物的生长代谢,有效降低土壤重金属毒性,是促进植物生长的重要步骤之一。同时也要求微生物自身具有抵抗重金属的功能,根际微生     

Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions alter the dynamics and distribution of Mn(II) in cultured chick glial cells

Previous studies revealed that Mn(II) is accumulated in cultured glial cells to concentrations far above those present in whole brain or in culture medium. The data indicated that Mn(II) moves across the plasma membrane into the cytoplasm by facilitated diffusion or counter-ion transport with Ca(II), then into mitochondria by active transport. The fact that 1–10 M Mn(II) ions activate brain glutamine synthetase makes important the regulation of Mn(II) transport in the CNS. Since Cu(II) and Zn(II) caused significant changes in the accumulation of Mn(II) by glia, the mechanisms by which these ions alter the uptake and efflux of Mn(II) ions has been investigated systematically under chemically defined conditions. The kinetics of [⁵⁴MN]-Mn(II) uptake and efflux were determined and compared under four different sets of conditions: no adducts, Cu(II) or Zn(II) added externally, and with cells preloaded with Cu(II) or Zn(II) in the presence and absence of external added metal ions. Zn(II) ions inhibit the initial velocity of Mn(II) uptake, increase total Mn(II) accumulated, but do not alter the rate or extent Mn(II) efflux. Cu(II) ions increase both the initial velocity and the net Mn(II) accumulated by glia, with little effect on rate or extent of Mn(II) efflux. These results predict that increases in Cu(II) or Zn(II) levels may also increase the steady-state levels of Mn(II) in the cytoplasmic fraction of glial cells, which may in turn alter the activity of Mn(II)-sensitive enzymes in this cell compartment.     

辣椒细胞质雄性不育系的3种同工酶分析

以辣椒细胞质雄性不育系21A及其同核异质保持系21B为试验材料,比较分析两系雄配子发育过程中酯酶（EST）、谷氨酸脱氢酶（GDH）和苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）同工酶的表达特征。结果表明：幼叶和花蕾的EST同工酶酶谱在谱带数目和酶带强弱上存在时空表达差异,并且随着雄配子发育的进行,保持系21B从中花蕾至特大花蕾比不育系21A多1条清晰的谱带（EST3e）,其差异表达发生在细胞学上观察到的败育时期之前;在GDH同工酶中,保持系21B从大花蕾至特大花蕾比不育系多6条谱带（GDH,和GDH1／2）,酶谱差异表达时期与细胞学上观察到的败育时期一致;而在MDH同工酶中,不育系21A和保持系21B的幼叶和各级花蕾的酶谱在谱带数目和谱带强弱上均没有明显差异。     

Immobilization of Cu(II) and Cr(IV) in basidiomycete-colonized sawdust

An investigation into the feasibility of removing Cu(II) and Cr(IV) from solution with basidiomycete (Gloeophylum sepiarium, Pleurotus sp.)-colonized sawdust was undertaken. Obeche (Triplochyton scleroxylon) sawdust exposed to the basidiomycetes for 1–3 months reduced the concentration of the metals in the solution to 22.0–84.4 mg/l. The supernatant from the centrifuged mixture of a solution of 100 mg metal ions/l and aqueous extract of a 3-month basidiomycete-degraded obeche sawdust contained lower concentration of the metal ions (38.6–75.4 mg/l). Unextracted sawdust of pigmented tropical timbers, African mahogany (Khaya ivorensis), black afara (Terminalia ivorensis) and camwood (Baphia nitida) exposed to the test basidiomycetes, removed Cu and Cr significantly better than the extracted sawdust. It is hypothesised that some products of basidiomycete wood-degradative activities were ligands which immobilized the test metals.     

Electrochemical synthesis and crystal structure of iron(II), cobalt(II), nickel(II) and copper(II) complexes of dianionic tetradentate N4 Schiff base ligand

The electrochemical oxidation of anodic metal (iron, cobalt, nickel and copper) in an acetonitrile solution of the potentially chelating Schiff base N,N(dithiodiethylenebis-(aminylydenemethylydene)-bis(1,2-phenylene)ditosylamide (H₂L) afforded stable complexes of empirical formula [ML]. The compounds obtained have been characterized by microanalysis, IR spectroscopy and ES-MS mass spectrometry. The crystal and molecular structures of [FeL]·CH₃CN (1) [CoL]·CH₃CN (2), [NiL]·CH₃CN (3) and [CuL]·CH₃CN (4) have been determined by X-ray diffraction in all complexes, the metal atom is in a distorted tetrahedral environment with the Schiff base acting as a tetradentate N4 donor.     

Polymerization study of o-Si(OH)4 and complexation with Am(III), Eu(III) and Cm(III)

The stability constants of Am⁺³, Cm³⁺ and Eu³⁺ with ortho silicate, were measured at pH 3.50 and in ionic strengths of 0.20-1.00 M (NaClO₄) by the solvent extraction method. The Am⁺³, Cm³⁺ and Eu³⁺ forms 1:1 complex with ortho silicate ion at pH 3.60 with the stability constant (log β₁) value of 8.02 ± 0.10, 7.78 ± 0.08 and 7.81 ± 0.11, respectively. The stability of these metal ions decrease with increased ionic strength from 0.20 to 1.00 M (NaClO₄) for silicic acid concentrations of 0.002-0.020 M. Increasing silicic acid concentration above 0.02 M increased the amount of M³⁺ extracted into the organic phase, contrary to the trend usually observed for increased ligand concentration in solvent extraction. This reversed trend is likely due to the extraction of cationic species of silicic acid by HDEHP. Aging time (60-300 min) had no effect on the stability constant of these metal ions for 0.002-0.020 M silicic acid at pH 3.50 and I = 0.20 M (NaClO₄).The fraction of polymeric silicic acid present in solutions of 0.20-4.50 M NaClO₄ solutions at pH 3.0-10.0, T = 0-60 °C and aging time = 5-300 min was measured for determination of the silicomolybdate reaction to ascertain the proper conditions to study metal-silicate complexation.