甜瓜乙烯受体基因Cm-ETR1 cDNA的克隆及表达特性分析

乙烯感知和信号转导的初始成分是乙烯受体,为探明甜瓜乙烯受体基因Cm-ETR1在甜瓜果实成熟过程中的作用,以甜瓜品种河套蜜瓜为材料,根据GenBank中登录的甜瓜乙烯受体基因Cm-ETR1的cDNA序列(登录号为AF054806),设计合成特异性引物,采用RT-PCR技术克隆得到Cm-ETR1基因全长cDNA序列,提交到GenBank中(登录号为EF495185)。序列分析表明,序列长度为2 256 bp,编码区为2 223 bp,编码740个氨基酸,与已报道的cantalupenis甜瓜ETR1基因的cDNA序列完全一致。Cm-ETR1蛋白的系统进化树分析结果表明,该乙烯受体蛋白在各物种间高度保守,与黄瓜乙烯受体蛋白相似性最高,一致性为99%,与龙眼乙烯受体蛋白相似性最低,一致性为86%。定量PCR分析结果显示,随着甜瓜果实内源乙烯合成量和成熟程度的增加,Cm-ETR1基因的表达量同步增加,在果实乙烯跃变期,Cm-ETR1的表达量也达到最高值,内源乙烯合成量与Cm-ETR1基因表达量间呈显著正相关,表明Cm-ETR1基因在甜瓜果实成熟过程中可能具有重要的作用。     

荷包猪SLA-DRB基因cDNA的克隆及分子进化特征分析北大核心CSCD

旨在研究荷包猪SLA-DRB基因的分子特征,设计引物用RT-PCR扩增3头荷包猪DRB基因c DNA,并克隆至p MD18-T Vector,阳性克隆测序并做序列分析,分别进行同源性、分子进化及主要氨基酸变异位点分析。结果表明,成功从3头荷包猪中扩增得到SLA-DRB基因,分别命名为SLA-DRB-HB01-03,经序列测定后,证实c DNA全长为836 bp,其中1-801为ORF区,共编码266个氨基酸。同源性分析显示,SLA-DRB-HB与其他SLA-DRB等位基因的同源性介于90.3%-99.8%之间。分子进化分析表明,荷包猪SLA-DRB-HB独立分支,与其他等位基因相比较,进化更加原始。氨基酸变异位点和多态性分析结果显示,SLA-DRBHB本身存在一定的多态性。     

荷包猪SLA-DRB基因cDNA的克隆及分子进化特征分析

旨在研究荷包猪SLA-DRB基因的分子特征,设计引物用RT-PCR扩增3头荷包猪DRB基因c DNA,并克隆至p MD18-T Vector,阳性克隆测序并做序列分析,分别进行同源性、分子进化及主要氨基酸变异位点分析。结果表明,成功从3头荷包猪中扩增得到SLA-DRB基因,分别命名为SLA-DRB-HB01-03,经序列测定后,证实c DNA全长为836 bp,其中1-801为ORF区,共编码266个氨基酸。同源性分析显示,SLA-DRB-HB与其他SLA-DRB等位基因的同源性介于90.3%-99.8%之间。分子进化分析表明,荷包猪SLA-DRB-HB独立分支,与其他等位基因相比较,进化更加原始。氨基酸变异位点和多态性分析结果显示,SLA-DRBHB本身存在一定的多态性。     

乌拉尔甘草查尔酮合酶基因的克隆及序列分析

目的:对乌拉尔甘草查尔酮合酶(CHS)进行cDNA序列克隆及分析。方法:根据Gen Bank数据库中已注册胀果甘草CHS的cDNA序列(EU706287)设计引物,采用RT-PCR法从乌拉尔甘草根样中克隆CHS的cDNA序列,利用Editseq 7.10、DNAMAN 6.0及MEGA 5.0进行序列分析。结果:克隆得到34条长度为1175 bp的CHS序列,包含一个完整的开放读框,编码一条由389个氨基酸残基组成的多肽。这34条CHS序列可分为15种单倍型(单倍型1~15),一致性为98.97%,存在61个变异位点;其对应的34条CHS氨基酸序列,可分为9种氨基酸序列类型(AA-1~AA-9),一致性为99.51%,存在13个变异位点。同源性分析显示,乌拉尔甘草中该基因序列与胀果甘草在进化关系上最近,与小立碗藓在进化关系上最远。结论:克隆了乌拉尔甘草CHS基因cDNA序列,并对其进行了序列多态性分析,为进一步研究CHS基因在甘草黄酮代谢途径中的作用提供了理论依据。     

胀果甘草查尔酮异构酶基因的克隆及序列分析

目的:对胀果甘草甘草苷生物合成途径的关键酶查尔酮异构酶(CHI)进行基因克隆及序列分析。方法:根据乌拉尔甘草CHI基因c DNA序列设计引物,以胀果甘草主根总RNA为模板RT-PCR扩增CHI基因c DNA序列,并对其进行分析。结果:克隆得到20条胀果甘草CHI基因c DNA序列,开放读框全长690 bp,编码229个氨基酸残基。20条胀果甘草CHI基因的c DNA序列存在22个变异位点,一致性为99.54%,可分为6种单倍型;其编码的氨基酸序列存在14个变异位点,一致性为98.98%。胀果甘草CHI基因编码蛋白为稳定性亲水蛋白,相对分子质量为24.5×103,等电点为5.3~6.2,不含信号肽,无跨膜区,二级结构以α螺旋和无规则卷曲为主,保守结构域包含一个查耳酮超家族结构域。同源性分析显示,不同物种间的CHI基因同源性较低。结论:克隆了胀果甘草CHI基因c DNA序列,为进一步研究不同基原甘草中甘草苷生物合成的分子调控机制奠定了基础,并为优质甘草的分子选育提供了理论依据。     

马铃薯甲虫两个系统性RNA干扰缺失基因cDNA的克隆、序列分析和时空表达

【目的】克隆马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata(Say)两条Sid-1基因的全长并分析其时空表达。【方法】本研究通过RT-PCR和5'/3'RACE等技术从马铃薯甲虫中克隆全长序列,通过序列多重比对和系统发育分析研究序列的保守性和基因起源,通过阶段收样,组织解剖和qPCR技术获得这两个基因的时空表达。【结果】从马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata的4龄幼虫中克隆得到LdeSid-1a和LdeSid-1c,其m RNA全长为2 887和3 733 bp,编码759和782个氨基酸,分子量为86.19和90.27 ku,两条蛋白质序列的相似性为59%。与其它昆虫的系统性RNA干扰缺失基因的比对结果显示,LdeSid-1a和LdeSid-1c分属于鞘翅目系统性RNA干扰缺失基因的两个分支,均具有典型的11个跨膜域结构,在蛋白质序列的N端具有4段高度保守的基序。qPCR的时序分析表明LdeSid-1a和LdeSid-1c的表达从初孵幼虫开始逐渐上升,而LdeSid-1c在卵中的表达也较高,组织中的分布结果表明,两个基因在所有组织中均表达,在前肠、中肠和后肠以及生殖系统中表达较高,在神经系统中为优势表达。LdeSid-1a和LdeSid-1c的Gen Bank登录号为KR153284和KR153285。【结论】LdeSid-1a和LdeSid-1c具有典型的系统性RNA干扰缺失基因家族的结构,时空表达和系统发育的结果均表明这两条基因可能在幼虫的高龄阶段起到重要作用。     

小鼠脂联素受体2基因编码区的克隆及序列分析

构建小鼠脂联素受体2(mAdipoR2)基因cDNA克隆,并进行序列及基因结构分析,为进一步研究小鼠AdipoR2的表达和生物学活性奠定基础。用RT—PCR方法扩增mAdipoR2基因cDNA,获得的片段连接至pGEM-T载体,转化JM109大肠杆菌,经酶切鉴定后,进行序列测定。利用因特网生物信息学资源分析mAdipoR2基因序列。结果成功地构建了mAdipoR2基因cDNA克隆,其序列与GenBank登录序列一致。通过与小鼠基因组序列比对,分析了mAdipoR2基因结构,其编码序列由7个外显子组成,编码1个含7个跨膜区的膜蛋白,但该受体不属于G蛋白偶联受体家族(GPCRs)。mAdipoR2与人及大鼠蛋白的同源性分别为91％和95％。     

棉铃虫普通气味受体基因HarmOR9和HarmOR29的克隆和组织表达分析

【目的】对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera 2个普通气味受体基因的cDNA全长进行分析,明确这两个普通气味受体基因在不同组织中的表达分布,为进一步的功能研究奠定基础。【方法】利用PCR结合RACE技术克隆棉铃虫两条普通气味受体基因的cDNA全长;利用不同的生物信息学软件对序列进行结构预测、序列比对和进化树分析;利用半定量RT-PCR检测其在棉铃虫成虫不同组织中的表达。【结果】获得两条棉铃虫气味受体基因的全长序列,并命名为HarmOR9和HarmOR29（GenBank登录号分别为KJ188252和KJ188253）。序列分析显示,HarmOR9全长1 206 bp,编码401个氨基酸;HarmOR29全长1 188 bp,编码395个氨基酸。选择已报道的鳞翅目昆虫烟青虫Heliothis assulta、家蚕Bombyx mori、烟芽夜蛾Heliothis virescens和棉铃虫的气味受体与本实验克隆得到的两个气味受体基因的编码产物进行序列比对和进化树分析,结果显示这两个气味受体与性信息素受体区别明显,并与其他普通气味受体聚类在一起。半定量RT-PCR的结果显示HarmOR9与HarmOR29都主要在触角中高表达且无雌雄间差异,HarmOR29在其他组织中均不表达;而HarmOR9在雄虫下唇须中有微量表达,在其他组织中均不表达。【结论】本研究从棉铃虫中克隆得到2个气味受体基因HarmOR9和HarmOR29的cDNA全长,其编码产物具有气味受体的典型特征并且属于普通气味受体。明确了这两个气味受体基因都在棉铃虫成虫的触角中高表达,且无雌雄差异,推测其可能参与了棉铃虫普通气味的识别过程。     

东方蜜蜂气味受体基因Or1和Or2的克隆与序列分析

本研究采用自行设计的引物对东方蜜蜂Apis cerana Fabricius气味受体(odorant receptors)Or1、Or2的部分基因组序列(GenBank登录号为:JN544932,JN544931)进行了克隆、测序和分析,以探寻传统气味受体(AcOr1)和非典型气味受体(AcOr2)基因在近缘种昆虫间的进化差异。试验所得的东方蜜蜂气味受体基因Or1、Or2的序列长度分别为1247bp和1138bp,各包含4个和2个内含子,编码区序列长度分别为682、686 bp。经序列比对发现,两气味受体DNA序列在东、西方蜜蜂及熊蜂间差异较大,最低相似性仅为56%(AcOr1—BtOr82a-like),差异的主要来源为内含子长度及其碱基的变异,而编码区氨基酸序列相似性较高,均达85%以上;从整体分析来看,在膜翅目昆虫中,非典型气味受体AcOr2较传统气味受体AcOr1是相对保守的气味受体基因。     

马铃薯腐烂茎线虫L 型半胱氨酸蛋白酶新基因(Dd-cpl-1) 的克隆与序列分析

L型半胱氨酸蛋白酶基因 (Cathepsin L-like cysteine proteinase gene) 为与植物寄生线虫寄生能力相关的多功能基因。运用RT-PCR和RACE的方法从马铃薯腐烂茎线虫Ditylenchus destructor中克隆出1个L型半胱氨酸蛋白酶新基因Dd-cpl-1 (GenBank登录号为GQ180107)。该基因Dd-cpl-1 cDNA全长序列含有1个1 131 bp的开放性阅读框 (ORF),编码376个氨基酸残基,其5′末端及3′末端分别含有29 bp和159 bp的非编码区 (UTR)。Dd-cpl-1内含子外显子结构分析结果表明,其基因组序列包含7个内含子,且各内含子两端剪接位点序列遵守GT/AG规则。Dd-cpl-1基因推定的蛋白Dd-CPL-1与松材线虫L型半胱氨酸蛋白酶高度同源,一致性达到77％。以不同物种中L 型半胱氨酸蛋白酶氨基酸序列进行比对分析,推测推定的蛋白 Dd-CPL-1含有L型半胱氨酸蛋白酶基因家族高度保守的催化三联体 (Cys183,His322 和Asn343) 以及ERFNIN基系和GNFD基系。半胱氨酸蛋白酶系统发育分析表明,Dd-cpl-1 属于由L型半胱氨酸蛋白酶组成的进化分支。Dd-cpl-1的这些序列特征进一步表明其为L型半胱氨酸蛋白酶基因。这是首次在马铃薯腐烂茎线虫中克隆到的L型半胱氨酸蛋白酶,为今后在蛋白水平对其进行进一步的功能分析提供基础。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Phylogenetic investigations of Sordariaceae based on multiple gene sequences and morphology

The family Sordariaceae incorporates a number of fungi that are excellent model organisms for various biological, biochemical, ecological, genetic and evolutionary studies. To determine the evolutionary relationships within this group and their respective phylogenetic placements, multiple-gene sequences (partial nuclear 28S ribosomal DNA, nuclear ITS ribosomal DNA and partial nuclear β-tubulin) were analysed using maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses. Analyses of different gene datasets were performed individually and then combined to generate phylogenies. We report that Sordariaceae, with the exclusion Apodus and Diplogelasinospora, is a monophyletic group. Apodus and Diplogelasinospora are related to Lasiosphaeriaceae. Multiple gene analyses suggest that the spore sheath is not a phylogenetically significant character to segregate Asordaria from Sordaria. Smooth-spored Sordaria species (including so-called Asordaria species) constitute a natural group. Asordaria is therefore congeneric with Sordaria. Anixiella species nested among Gelasinospora species, providing further evidence that non-ostiolate ascomata have evolved from ostiolate ascomata on several independent occasions. This study agrees with previous studies that show heterothallic Neurospora species to be monophyletic, but that homothallic ones may have a multiple origins. Although Gelasinospora and Neurospora are closely related and not resolved as monophyletic groups, there is insufficient evidence to place currently accepted Gelasinospora and Neurospora species into the same genus.     

Changes of dung beetle communities from rainforests towards agroforestry systems and annual cultures in Sulawesi (Indonesia)

Little is known about how tropical land-use systems contribute to the conservation of functionally important insect groups, including dung beetles. In a study at the margin of Lore Lindu National Park (a biodiversity hotspot in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia) dung-beetle communities were sampled in natural forest, young secondary forest, agroforestry systems (cacao plantations with shade trees) and annual cultures (maize fields), each with four replicates (n = 16 sites). At each site we used 10 pitfall traps, baited with cattle dung, along a 100 m transect for six 3-day periods. The number of trapped specimens and species richness at the natural forest sites was higher than in all land-use systems, which did not significantly differ. Each land-use system contained, on average, 75% of the species richness of the natural forest, thereby indicating their importance for conservation. However, a two-dimensional scaling plot based on NESS indices (m = 6) indicated distinct dung beetle communities for both forest types, while agroforestry systems and annual cultures exhibited a pronounced overlap. Mean body size of dung beetles was not significantly influenced by land-use intensity. Five of the six most abundant dung beetle species were recorded in all habitats, whereas the abundance of five other species was significantly related to habitat type. Mean local abundance and number of occupied sites were closely correlated, further indicating little habitat specialisation. The low dung beetle diversity (total of 18 recorded species) may be due to the absence of larger mammals in Sulawesi during historical times, even though Sulawesi is the largest island of Wallacea. In conclusion, the dung beetle fauna of the lower montane forest zone in Central Sulawesi appears to be relatively robust to man-made habitat changes and the majority of species did not exhibit strong habitat preferences.     

安徽牯牛降的丝孢菌Ⅰ

本文报导作者采自安徽枯牛降自然保护区的18种丝孢菌,分属于5个属,其中有3个新种:牛皮冻生尾孢(Cercospora paederiicola),山鸡椒假尾饱(Pseudocercospora litseae-cubebae),鸡血藤生假尾孢(P. millettiicola)和2个中国新纪录。文中对新种进行了描述及绘图,新记录种作了简要说明。研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。