ε-聚赖氨酸发酵过程的活性变化及发酵调控

摘要:【目的】作为一种次级代谢产物,ε-聚赖氨酸生物合成受不同因素制约,为评价细胞活性对ε-聚赖氨酸生物合成的影响,研究发酵过程细胞活性、ε-聚赖氨酸合成及其它发酵参数变化,基于此改进发酵工艺。【方法】以BacLight Live/Dead和5-氰基-2,3-二甲苯基氯化四唑(5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride,CTC) 为荧光探针,激光扫描共聚焦显微镜监测不同发酵时期细胞活性,并分析pH、细胞生长、ε-聚赖氨酸生物合成以及葡萄糖利用;通过向ε-聚赖氨酸合成期细胞添加酵母粉调控细胞活性改进发酵工艺。【结果】BacLight Live/Dead为探针的共聚焦显示ε-聚赖氨酸发酵过程生长期(0－16 h)的细胞大都具有活性;CTC作为探针的分析显示生长期及ε-聚赖氨酸合成期前期(16－30 h)细胞活性高,ε-聚赖氨酸合成终止时细胞仅显示微弱活性;调控ε-聚赖氨酸合成期细胞活性的发酵工艺ε-聚赖氨酸终浓度达2.24 g/L(对照1.04 g/L)。【结论】调控ε-聚赖氨酸合成期细胞活性的发酵工艺可有效促进ε-聚赖氨酸生物合成。     

国内简讯

徐虹教授主持的"生物防腐剂ε-聚赖氨酸制备关键技术及其应用研究"项目通过鉴定和验收2012年2月18日,江苏省教育厅在南京工业大学对徐虹教授主持完成的省农业支撑项目"生物防腐剂ε-聚赖氨酸制备关键技术及其应用研究"进行了鉴定和验收。项目组自主选育获得1株ε-聚赖氨酸高产菌     

ε-聚赖氨酸产生菌TUST-2的分离鉴定

【目的】ε-聚赖氨酸是一种天然氨基酸同聚物,本研究目的为分离筛选新的ε-聚赖氨酸产生菌。【方法】采用一种新的分离方法从土壤中分离ε-PL产生菌。分离方法含3步:(1)富集培养ε-PL耐受菌;(2)通过改进的Nishikawa方法筛选;(3)挑选高浓度ε-PL耐受菌株。【结果】从海南省土样中分离获得ε-聚赖氨酸产生菌TUST-2。分类和形态特征属链霉菌属。16S rDNA序列分析比对结果表明TUST-2属淀粉酶产色链霉菌(Streptomyces diastatochromogenes)。经特征反应分析、水解物分析、红外光谱、1H NMR、13C NMR和MALDI-TOF-MS分析表明TUST-2发酵产物为ε-聚赖氨酸。【结论】根据16S rRNA基因序列比对和形态及生理生化特征表明ε-聚赖氨酸产生菌TUST-2属于淀粉酶产色链霉菌,命名为淀粉酶产色链霉菌TUST-2。     

核糖体工程技术选育ε-聚赖氨酸高产菌株

【目的】利用核糖体工程技术选育Streptomyces albulus AS3-14的链霉素和利福平双重抗性突变株,以提高其ε-聚赖氨酸合成能力。【方法】通过链霉素抗性筛选,获得链霉素抗性的ε-聚赖氨酸产量提高突变株;在此基础上,继续筛选其利福平抗性突变株,实现链霉素和利福平双重抗性ε-聚赖氨酸高产菌选育。【结果】获得的双重抗性高产突变株Streptomyces albulus WG-608的ε-聚赖氨酸摇瓶产量达到3.7 g/L,5 L发酵罐补料分批发酵ε-聚赖氨酸产量达到53.0 g/L,较出发菌株分别提高了42.3%和32.5%。【结论】链霉素和利福平双重抗性选育能够显著提高ε-聚赖氨酸产生菌Streptomyces albulus的产物合成能力。     

Genome shuffling筛选ε-聚赖氨酸高产菌及其对代谢流量分配的影响

【目的】从代谢流量分配的角度,探讨Genome shuffling导致链霉菌ε-聚赖氨酸合成量提升的原因。【方法】从葡萄糖耐受型的亲本菌株Streptomyces sp.AS32和ε-聚赖氨酸耐受型的亲本菌株Streptomyces albulus F15出发,进行三轮Genome shuffling,筛选得到ε-聚赖氨酸产量提高的链霉菌株Streptomyces sp.AF3-44,采用通量分析方法构建链霉菌ε-聚赖氨酸合成代谢网络,并对上述3株菌的代谢通量进行比较。【结果】AF3-44的ε-聚赖氨酸摇瓶产量为3.1 g/L,较AS32和F15分别提高了34%和29%。3株菌株中AS32三羧酸循环(TCA)的代谢通量最高;F15磷酸戊糖途径(PPP)代谢通量最高;AF3-44流向赖氨酸合成前体天冬氨酸以及ε-聚赖氨酸的通量最高,TCA和PPP通量位于两亲本菌株的中间水平,其中TCA中流向异柠檬酸的通量分别为AS32和F15的77%和116%,PPP中流向5-磷酸核酮糖的通量分别为AS32和F15的149%和92%。【结论】Genome shuffling导致了代谢流的重新分布,流向前体赖氨酸和ε-聚赖氨酸通量的增加,以及PPP和TCA通量配比的改变是链霉菌ε-聚赖氨酸合成量增加的重要因素。     

具有双重抗生素抗性的ε-聚赖氨酸高产菌株选育及生理特性

以ε-聚赖氨酸产量为1.60g/L的Streptomyces albulus M-Z18为出发菌株,利用核糖体工程技术选育具有双重抗生素抗性的ε-聚赖氨酸高产菌株,并对高产菌株和出发菌株的生理生化性能进行比较。通过链霉素诱变成功选育出了1株遗传稳定的ε-聚赖氨酸产生菌S.albulus S-7,ε-聚赖氨酸产量为2.03g/L;对S.albulus S-7叠加巴龙霉素,获得1株遗传稳定的具有双重抗性的ε-聚赖氨酸产生菌S.albulus SP-14,ε-聚赖氨酸产量为2.37g/L,比出发菌株S.albulus M-Z18的ε-聚赖氨酸产量增加了48.10%。使用链霉素和巴龙霉素选育具有双重抗生素抗性的ε-聚赖氨酸高产菌株是一种有效的手段。     

徐虹教授主持的“生物防腐剂ε-聚赖氨酸制备关键技术及其应用研究”项目通过鉴定和验收

2012年2月18日,江苏省教育厅在南京工业大学对徐虹教授主持完成的省农业支撑项目“生物防腐剂ε-聚赖氨酸制备关键技术及其应用研究”进行了鉴定和验收。项目组自主选育获得1株ε-聚赖氨酸高产菌株,对其合成代谢关键酶基因、酶学性质及代谢途径进行研究,构建了ε-聚赖氨酸生物合成的代谢网络。     

ω-3脂肪酸微胶囊制备方法研究进展

微胶囊技术是近年来食品领域的研究热点之一,研究表明,使用微胶囊技术包埋ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸可以提高其氧化稳定性和生物利用度。本文综述ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸微胶囊制备方法的研究进展,为ω-3脂肪酸在食品工业的进一步应用和开发提供科学依据。     

链霉菌Streptomyces sp. M-Z18转化前体L-赖氨酸合成ε-聚赖氨酸的研究

目的:考察不同细胞培养方式对Streptomyces sp. M-Z18转化前体L-赖氨酸合成ε-聚赖氨酸过程的影响。方法:利用两阶段细胞培养和发酵过程流加方式,建立了两阶段细胞培养转化前体L-赖氨酸合成ε-聚赖氨酸以及转化前体L-赖氨酸耦合甘油发酵生产ε-聚赖氨酸的策略。结果:(1)两阶段细胞培养转化前体L-赖氨酸合成ε-聚赖氨酸策略实现ε-PL积累15 g/L, 转化L-赖氨酸3 g/L;(2)转化前体L-赖氨酸耦合甘油发酵生产ε-聚赖氨酸策略使得ε-PL产量达到33.76 g/L,单位菌体的合成能力提高37.8%,转化L-赖氨酸4 g/L。这表明,上述两种方式下前体L-赖氨酸都能够被Streptomyces sp. M-Z18转化合成ε-聚赖氨酸,但转化效率还有待进一步提高。意义:揭示了Streptomyces sp. M-Z18合成ε-聚赖氨酸的限速步骤在于初级代谢产物L-赖氨酸的合成,这为后续利用代谢工程手段改造菌株提供了方向。     

艾叶油微胶囊的制备工艺研究

目的:研究艾叶油微胶囊的制备工艺。方法:采用复凝聚法制备艾叶油微胶囊,研究乳化时间、乳化转速、凝聚温度、凝聚转速等因素对艾叶油微胶囊成型性的影响,确定最佳制备工艺;采用热重法评价艾叶油微胶囊的缓释性和稳定性。结果:艾叶油微胶囊制备工艺为乳化时间20 min、乳化转速1 500 r·min-1、凝聚温度45℃、凝聚转速300 r·min-1,按此工艺制备得到的艾叶油微胶囊大小均匀、形状规则、不粘连。结论:采用复凝聚法制备艾叶油微胶囊,工艺稳定、产品成型性好,具有良好的缓释性和稳定性。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.