费希尔曲霉脂肪酶在毕赤酵母中的优化表达及高密度发酵

【背景】脂肪酶广泛应用于纺织、食品、药品、皮革等工业领域,其在微生物中的异源表达研究进一步促进了脂肪酶产品的生产和应用。【目的】实现来源于费希尔曲霉的脂肪酶在毕赤酵母中的高效异源表达,探究其合适的表达及发酵条件,提高产量,降低成本。【方法】对费希尔曲霉的脂肪酶编码基因进行密码子优化后,应用pPIC9k质粒整合到毕赤酵母GS115基因组上,构建高产脂肪酶Lip605的毕赤酵母工程菌;并通过响应面发酵条件优化、筛选最适伴侣蛋白和高密度发酵相结合的方法,综合提高脂肪酶表达量。【结果】确定高产脂肪酶毕赤酵母工程菌的最优摇瓶发酵产酶条件为:甲醇3.103%(体积比),生物素0.4 mg/L,酵母粉11.5 g/L,酵母基础氮源培养基(yeast nitrogen base,YNB) 13.4 g/L,初始pH 6.4,装液量50 mL/250 mL,转速220 r/min,温度24°C,培养时间40 h。优化后的胞外脂肪酶酶活达到72.34 U/mL,较优化前提高了5.8倍;进一步选择12个伴侣蛋白分别与脂肪酶Lip605进行共表达,其中共表达伴侣蛋白Rpl10(pPICZA-RPL10)效果最佳,可使Lip605表达量进一步提高46.8%;在此基础上,经过10 L发酵罐分批补料的高密度发酵,工程菌株发酵142 h,胞外脂肪酶酶活最高达到680 U/mL,蛋白浓度为15.89 g/L。【结论】应用复合策略有效提高了脂肪酶Lip605在毕赤酵母中的发酵产量,为其进一步工业化生产奠定了良好的基础。     

多拷贝毕赤酵母重组菌表达GCL摇瓶优化和高密度发酵

目的:构建高效表达白地霉脂肪酶的毕赤酵母重组菌株,并对筛选得到的菌株进行摇瓶发酵条件优化和分批补料高密度发酵工艺研究。方法:将诱导型表达载体pPIC9K-gcl电转化至毕赤酵母GS115。通过橄榄油-罗丹明B平板和摇瓶发酵筛选高脂肪酶活力的重组菌株,运用基于TaqMan探针的实时荧光定量PCR 法确定其拷贝数,并对菌株进行摇瓶发酵条件优化。在此基础上,研究重组菌在3L 发酵罐中的高密度发酵工艺。结果:筛选得到一株具有3 个白地霉脂肪酶基因拷贝的菌株GS115/pPIC9K-gcl 78#,初始酶活力为220 U/ml。当摇瓶发酵条件为甲醇诱导96 h,每24 h甲醇添加量1 %,接种量2 %,培养基初始pH 7.0,500 ml摇瓶装液量50 ml,甲醇诱导温度25℃ 时酶活力达735 U/ml。3L 发酵罐高密度发酵176.5 h,酶活力达到3360 U/ml,总蛋白含量达到4.30 g/L,且发酵过程中细胞活性一直保持在96 % 以上。结论:基因拷贝数与重组菌株的产酶水平呈正相关,摇瓶优化可显著提高重组菌株的产酶能力,为白地霉脂肪酶的工业化生产奠定了技术基础。     

共表达HAC1和分子伴侣基因对甘露聚糖酶在毕赤酵母中表达的影响

为了提高甘露聚糖酶ManA在毕赤酵母中分泌表达的酶活,选择毕赤酵母内质网未折叠蛋白反应(Unfolded protein response,UPR)激活调控因子HAC1与5种毕赤酵母蛋白折叠相关的分子伴侣ERO1、PDI、PDI1、CPR5、BiP,通过构建pPICZA-HAC1等6种胞内表达重组质粒,分别电转化至分泌表达ManA的毕赤酵母重组菌中胞内共表达,并分析其重组菌摇瓶发酵时ManA表达的影响。结果发现在摇瓶发酵水平,胞内共表达HAC1、ERO1、PDI的重组菌发酵上清液中的ManA酶活力分别提高了26%、15%、20%,其重组菌发酵上清液的酶活力分别达到1 014 U/mL、925 U/mL、965 U/mL。通过对各重组菌上清液酶活力、胞内滞留酶活力、上清液蛋白浓度数据进行分析,进一步选择将HAC1、ERO1、PDI进行两基因或三基因组合,并分别在分泌表达ManA的重组菌胞内共表达,但各共表达重组菌发酵上清液的酶活力都没有进一步的提升。单独共表达HAC1或者分子伴侣ERO1、PDI可以辅助ManA的正确折叠,提高其蛋白表达。     

共表达分子伴侣PDI和Ero1对灰盖鬼伞过氧化物酶在毕赤酵母中表达的影响

来源于灰盖鬼伞长度为1 092 bp的CiP目的基因与AOX1启动子一起整合进酵母染色体基因组中。重组蛋白CiP在酿酒酵母信号肽的引导下成功分泌到胞外,质谱鉴定为目的蛋白,成功在毕赤酵母中表达灰盖鬼伞过氧化物酶(CiP)。将伴侣蛋白内质网氧化还原酶1(Ero1)、二硫键异构酶(PDI)分别单独及同时转入CiP酵母受体菌中,研究它们对CiP在毕赤酵母中表达的影响。结果表明:在摇瓶中,相对于无分子伴侣的菌株,单独整合PDI及同时整合Ero1、PDI菌株的CiP酶活分别提高了2.43和2.62倍,活力达到316 U/m L和340 U/m L。挑选同时整合Ero1、PDI伴侣蛋白的CiP菌株,5 L发酵罐进行高密度发酵,酶活最高达到3 379 U/m L,比摇瓶提高约10倍。本实验结果较目前已报道的1 200 U/m L已是最高水平。     

理性设计和基因剂量效应提高米根霉脂肪酶ROL的表达水平

[目的]实现米根霉(Rhizopus oryzae)脂肪酶ROL在毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)中的高效表达,为其产业化奠定基础。[方法]通过基因的理性设计提高其在毕赤酵母中的表达水平,再通过构建含串联的ROL基因的表达载体,获得含多拷贝ROL基因的重组菌株,拟通过提高ROL基因在宿主细胞中的基因剂量来进一步提高其表达量。[结果]基因的理性设计和基因剂量有效地提高了ROL基因在毕赤酵母中的表达量。原始ROL基因重组表达菌株活性最高的为260 U/mL。进行密码子优化后,发酵罐条件下,其活性最高的为26 500 U/mL,前后相比较,酶活力提高10倍。[结论]成功获得了脂肪酶ROL高效表达的菌株,完成了在小型发酵罐中的产酶能力评估,为该酶的工业化生产奠定了基础。     

共表达分子伴侣PDI和Ero1对葡萄糖氧化酶在毕赤酵母中表达的影响

通过单独表达蛋白质分子伴侣二硫键异构酶(PDI)和共表达PDI和内质网氧化还原酶(Ero1),提高重组葡萄糖氧化酶在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达。将构建的蛋白质分子伴侣表达载体p PICZ/PDI和p PICZ/Ero1-PDI线性化后,电击转化重组毕赤酵母X33/p MD-GOD细胞,用含有250μg/m L G418和50μg/m L Zeocin的YPD双抗平板筛选阳性转化子,阳性转化子进行试管发酵和10 L发酵培养后,分析共表达PDI和Ero1-PDI对GOD表达水平的影响。结果显示,共表达PDI及Ero1-PDI分别使葡萄糖氧化酶在10 L发酵罐中30℃培养,酶活分别达到476 U/m L和736 U/m L,相比原始菌株在相同条件下分别提高了29.7%和100%。整合分子伴侣PDI和Ero1促进蛋白正确折叠明显地提高葡萄糖氧化酶蛋白表达。     

采用混合策略提高葡萄糖氧化酶在毕赤酵母中的表达水平

为了提高葡萄糖氧化酶 (GOD) 在毕赤酵母中的表达水平,提出了甲醇/山梨醇混合碳源诱导和共表达分子伴侣二硫键异构酶 (PDI) 和透明颤菌血红蛋白 (VHb) 两种策略。利用对照菌株X33/pPIC9k–GOD 在5 L发酵罐放大培养时,采用甲醇/山梨醇混合碳源诱导,GOD最终酶活为456 U/mL,比只采用甲醇作为单一碳源诱导时GOD最终酶活提高了20%。利用整合伴侣蛋白菌株X33/pPIC9k-GOD/pPICZ-PDI-VHb在5 L发酵罐进行高密度发酵,采用甲醇/山梨醇混合碳源诱导,GOD最终酶活达到716 U/mL,蛋白浓度为7.4 g/L。研究结果对提高外源蛋白在毕赤酵母中的表达有重要参考价值。     

里氏木霉Cel5A基因优化及其在毕赤酵母中的高效表达

内切纤维素酶Cel5A缺乏是限制纤维素酶制剂高效酶解天然纤维素的关键因素。本文尝试构建高效表达里氏木霉Cel5A的毕赤酵母重组菌株以弥补目前Cel5A的天然分泌不足,通过基因密码子偏好性优化里氏木霉Cel5A基因和构建表达载体p PIC9K-eg2,并将其电转入毕赤酵母GS115以构建重组子,利用浓度梯度平板和摇瓶发酵筛选获得一株高产毕赤酵母Pichia pastoris菌株GS115-EGⅡ。重组酶的酶学性质分析显示,该酶分子量50 k Da、最适p H(p H 4.5)略有降低及最适反应温度为60℃,专一性地作用于非结晶纤维素,与天然里氏木霉Cel5A并无明显区别。通过摇瓶发酵的初步优化,该菌摇瓶培养条件:培养温度28℃、起始p H 5.0、接种量2%、每24 h添加甲醇1.5%(V/V)、每24 h添加山梨醇4 g/L及吐温80添加4 g/L,发酵192 h重组酶酶活达到24.0 U/m L。进一步上罐(5 L)发酵180 h,该重组酶Cel5A酶活高达270.9 U/m L,蛋白含量达到4.16 g/L。重组毕赤酵母P.pastoris GS115-EGⅡ是一株适合于外源表达Cel5A的工程菌,该重组酶可替代天然分泌Cel5A适用于当前酶基生物炼制模式下木质纤维素基质高效水解中。     

硫酸锌(ZnSO4)对米根霉发酵产乳酸的影响

[目的]为了了解无机盐与米根霉L-乳酸代谢之间的关系,提高米根霉菌株RLC41-6发酵产L-乳酸的产率与质量,研究了ZnSO4浓度与菌株乳酸代谢和细胞内乳酸脱氢酶活性的关系.[方法]在米根霉培养基中加入不同浓度ZnSO4,经过36℃培养36 h后,应用HPLC-反相色谱法测定产物中的L-乳酸含量,并利用活性PAGE分析法测定细胞内乳酸脱氢酶的活性和组成.[结果]实验结果显示,ZnSO4对除LDH1之外的其它几条同工酶都有促进作用,尤其对LDH4,LDH5作用明显,当ZnSO4浓度大于0.02％时,LDH4,LDH5达到最大水平,同时高浓度的锌离子在体外抑制了LDH的活性.当ZnSO4浓度为0.02％时LDH酶活达到最大200 U/mL,HPLC图谱表明,此时发酵产物的只有L-乳酸,且产量达到最大137g/L,乳酸转化率为91％.[结论]Zn+会影响米根霉的乳酸代谢过程,并导致发酵过程中产物类型的变化,合适浓度的ZnSO4在米根霉代谢产乳酸的过程中,提高了乳酸脱氢酶LDH的表达,抑制丙酮酸进入苹果酸和富马酸途径,从而有利于提高葡萄糖到乳酸的代谢.     

Efficient secretion of lipase r27RCL in Pichia pastoris by enhancing the disulfide bond formation pathway in the endoplasmic reticulum

The lipase r27RCL from Rhizopus chinensis CCTCC M201021 was heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115 by simultaneous co-expression with two secretion factors ERO1p and PDI involved in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Compared to the expression of the lipase alone (12,500 U/ml), co-expression with these two proteins resulted in the production of larger total quantities of enzymes. The largest increase was seen when the combined ERO1p/PDI system was co-expressed, resulting in approximately 30 % higher enzyme yields (16,200 U/ml) than in the absence of co-expressed secretion factors. The extracellular protein concentration of the recombinant strain Co XY RCL-5 reached 9.39 g/l in the 7-l fermentor. Simultaneously, the fermentation time was also shortened by about 8 h compared to that of the control. The substrate-specific consumption rate (Qs) and the product-specific production rate (Qp) were both investigated in this research. In conclusion, the space–time yield was improved by co-expression with ERO1p and PDI. This is a potential strategy for high level expression of other heterologous proteins in P. pastoris.     

固态发酵苦荞制备多肽菌种的筛选

【目的】筛选固态发酵苦荞高产多肽及发酵产物液具有抗菌、抗氧化活性的菌株。【方法】采用米曲霉、酱油曲霉、雅致放射毛霉和少孢根霉分别对苦荞进行固态发酵,以蛋白酶活力、水解度、可溶性肽得率、抑菌率和体外自由基清除率作为筛菌指标。【结果】米曲霉固态发酵苦荞的可溶性肽得率最高达38.83%±1.18%,发酵产物液对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌率分别为96.62%±1.66%和97.54%±0.54%,同时羟自由基(·OH)清除率和二苯基苦味酰基苯肼自由基(DPPH·)清除率分别为55.65%±1.25%和10.84%±1.03%。对米曲霉发酵2 d发酵产物液的不同分子量分布及活性分析表明,分子量大小对抗菌及抗氧化活性有一定的影响。【结论】米曲霉可作为固态发酵苦荞制备多肽且发酵产物液具有抗菌及抗氧化活性的最佳菌株,并在多肽产量提升及抗菌、抗氧化活性的研究上具有巨大空间。     

Overexpression of Candida rugosa lipase Lip1 via combined strategies in Pichia pastoris

In this study, combined strategies were employed to heterologously overexpress Candida rugosa lipase Lip1 (CRL1) in a Pichia pastoris system. The LIP1 gene was systematically codon-optimized and synthesized in vitro. The Lip1 activity of a recombinant strain harboring three copies of the codon-optimized LIP1 gene reached 1200 U/mL in a shake flask culture. Higher lipase activity, 1450 U/mL, was obtained using a five copy number construct. Co-expressing one copy of the ERO1p and BiP chaperones with Lip1p, the CRL1 lipase yield further reached 1758 U/mL, which was significantly higher than that achieved by expressing Lip1p alone or only co-expressing one molecular chaperone. When cultivated in a 3 L fermenter under optimal conditions, the recombinant strain GS115/87-ZA-ERO1p-BiP #7, expressing the molecular chaperones Ero1p and BiP, produced 13,490 U/mL of lipase activity at 130 h, which was greater than the 11,400 U/mL of activity for the recombinant strain GS115/pAO815-α-mCRL1 #87, which did not express a molecular chaperone. This study indicates that a strategy of combining codon optimization with co-expression of molecular chaperones has great potential for the industrial-scale production of pure CRL1.     

复合脂肪酶协同催化制备生物柴油的研究

【目的】探讨复合酶协同催化体系在含水量较高的体系中催化油脂制备生物柴油的工艺条件。【方法】通过基因工程手段在毕赤酵母中分别高效分泌表达南极假丝酵母脂肪酶(CALB)和米根霉脂肪酶(ROL),构建CALB和ROL复合酶协同催化体系制备生物柴油,利用单因素实验优化工艺条件,以甲酯化得率作为复合酶协同催化体系效能的评价标准。【结果】优化工艺条件为:CALB?ROL最佳复合酶配比为7?3,每克大豆油中加入16 U的复合脂肪酶,甲醇与大豆油摩尔比为4?1,并按0 h时2?1醇油摩尔比,12 h和24 h时以1?1醇油摩尔比分批加入甲醇,含水量为30%-60%之间,40°C反应29-34 h,甲酯得率达到93%。【结论】该复合酶协同催化体系对环境友好,与常规酶法制备生物柴油工艺相比对酶的使用量和催化时间减少幅度都在50%以上,本复合酶协同催化体系能有效降低生物柴油制备成本,具有较好的工业化应用前景。     

Biochemical and molecular characterization of a lipase produced by Rhizopus oryzae

A novel strain of Rhizopus oryzae WPG secretes a noninduced lipase (ROLw) in the culture medium; purified ROLw is a protein of 29 kDa, the 45 N-terminal amino acid residues were sequenced, this sequence is very homologous to Rhizopus delemar lipase (RDL), Rhizopus niveus lipase (RNL) and R. oryzae lipase (ROL29) sequences; the cloning and sequencing of the part of the gene encoding the mature ROLw, shows two nucleotides differences with RDL, RNL and ROL29 sequences corresponding to the change of the residues 134 and 200; ROLw does not present the interfacial activation phenomenon when using tripropionin or vinyl propionate as substrates; the lipase activity is maximal at pH 8 and at 37 degrees C, specific activities of 3500 or 900 U mg(-1) were measured at 37 degrees C and at pH 8, using olive oil emulsion or tributyrin as substrates, respectively; ROLw is unable to hydrolyse triacylglycerols in the presence of high concentration of bile salts; it is a serine enzyme as it is inhibited by tetrahydrolipstatin and was stable between pH 5 and pH 8.     

Effects of co-expression of molecular chaperones on heterologous soluble expression of the cold-active lipase Lip-948

The cold-active lipase gene Lip-948, cloned from Antarctic psychrotrophic bacterium Psychrobacter sp. G, was ligated into plasmid pColdI. The recombinant plasmid pColdI+Lip-948 was then transformed into Escherichia coli BL21. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that there was substantive expression of lipase LIP-948 in E. coli with a yield of about 39% of total protein, most of which was present in the inclusion body. The soluble protein LIP-948 only consisted of 1.7% of total LIP-948 with a specific activity of 66.51U/mg. Co-expression of molecular chaperones with the pColdI+Lip-948 were also carried out. The results showed that co-expression of different chaperones led to an increase or decrease in the formation of soluble LIP-948 in varying degrees. Co-expression of pColdI+Lip-948 with chaperone pTf16 and pGro7 decreased the amount of soluble LIP-948, while the soluble expression was enhanced when pColdI+Lip-948 was co-expressed with "chaperone team" plasmids (pKJE7, pG-Tf2, pG-KJE8), respectively. LIP-948 was most efficiently expressed in soluble form when it was co-expressed with pG-KJE8, which was up to 19.8% of intracellular soluble proteins and with a specific activity of 108.77U/mg. The soluble LIP-948 was purified with amylase affinity chromatography and its enzymatic characters were studied. The optimal temperature and pH of LIP-948 was 35°C and 8, respectively. The activity of LIP-948 dropped dramatically after incubation at 50°C for 15min and was enhanced by Sr(2+), Ca(2+). It preferentially hydrolyzed 4-nitrophenyl esters with the shorter carbon chain.     

里氏木霉与米根霉混合固态发酵产纤维素酶

以里氏木霉及米根霉单菌固态发酵为对象,考察不同混合发酵形式对里氏木霉与米根霉混合固态发酵产纤维素酶的影响。结果表明:同时接种里氏木霉与米根霉,试验考察的两菌种接种量比1∶1(以孢子个数计)及5∶1条件下,两菌未产生明显协同产酶作用。米根霉延时(24 h)接种且菌种量比5∶1以及米根霉延时(48 h)接种且菌种量比1∶1,2种发酵形式产酶情况类似,滤纸酶活(FPA)及羧甲基纤维素酶(CMCase)酶活相对米根霉单菌发酵有所提高,而β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-GA)酶活相对里氏木霉单菌固态发酵结束时分别增加4.66及4.40倍,可以发现两菌产生一定协同作用。在米根霉延时(48 h)接种且菌种量比5∶1的发酵形式下,FPA及CMCase在发酵第7天酶活分别达到44.04 IU/g、627.14 U/g(以1 g干曲计),分别是里氏木霉固态单菌发酵产酶达到稳定期时酶活的1.36和1.63倍,两菌产生了有效的协同作用。     

Kinetic studies of Rhizopus oryzae lipase using monomolecular film technique

Rhizopus oryzae lipase (ROL) was found to be a true lipase. This enzyme presents the interfacial activation phenomenon. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of ROL was compared to those of rhizopus lipases. Purified ROL possesses the same N-terminal sequence as the mature Rhizopus niveus lipase (RNL). This sequence was found in the last 28 amino acids of the propeptide sequence derived from the cDNA of Rhizopus delemar lipase (RDL). Using the baro-stat method, we have measured the hydrolysis rate of dicaprin films by ROL as a function of surface pressure. Our results show that Rhizopus oryzae lipase is markedly stereoselective of the sn-3 position of the 2,3 enantiomer of dicaprin. Polyclonal antibodies (PAB) directed against ROL have been produced and purified by immunoaffinity. The effects of these PAB on the interfacial behavior of ROL were determined. The immunoblot analysis with polyclonal antibodies anti-ROL (PAB anti-ROL) and various lipases shows a cross-immunoreactivity between the lipase from the rhizopus family (Rhizopus delemar lipase and Rhizopus arrhizus lipase).