井冈山鹿角杜鹃群落灌木层功能多样性及其随海拔梯度的变化

研究植物群落功能多样性沿环境梯度的变化可以揭示功能多样性与生态系统功能间的关系及维持机制。以井冈山地区鹿角杜鹃（Rhododendron latoucheae）群落为研究对象,通过调查不同海拔梯度群落灌木层植物的物种组成与结构特征,研究了该群落类型灌木层植物的物种多样性、功能多样性、环境因子的特征及其相互之间的关系。结果表明：1）群落类型灌木层植物物种多样性和功能多样性沿海拔梯度呈现不同的变化趋势。物种多样性指数均随着海拔的升高呈减小趋势,而功能多样性指数的变化却较为复杂。其中FRic、FEve和FDis随着海拔的升高显著减小,FDiv和Rao却随海拔的升高而增加;2）群落中物种多样性和功能多样性呈现复杂的相关性。FRic、FEve与丰富度指数呈显著正相关,而Rao、FDis、FDiv与Simpson优势度指数呈线性相关关系,且具有显著相关性;3）群落所分布的坡位及土壤氮与磷含量等环境因子对灌木植物的功能多样性有着重要的影响。鹿角杜鹃群落灌木层植物的物种多样性和功能多样性的相互关系及其对环境变化的响应共同决定了群落的生态系统功能。     

Phenotypic differentiation within a foundation grass species correlates with species richness in a subalpine community

The effects of species loss on ecosystems depend on the community’s functional diversity (FD). However, how FD responds to environmental changes is poorly understood. This applies particularly to higher trophic levels, which regulate many ecosystem processes and are strongly affected by human-induced environmental changes. We analyzed how functional richness (FRic), evenness (FEve), and divergence (FDiv) of important generalist predators—epigeic spiders—are affected by changes in woody plant species richness, plant phylogenetic diversity, and stand age in highly diverse subtropical forests in China. FEve and FDiv of spiders increased with plant richness and stand age. FRic remained on a constant level despite decreasing spider species richness with increasing plant species richness. Plant phylogenetic diversity had no consistent effect on spider FD. The results contrast with the negative effect of diversity on spider species richness and suggest that functional redundancy among spiders decreased with increasing plant richness through non-random species loss. Moreover, increasing functional dissimilarity within spider assemblages with increasing plant richness indicates that the abundance distribution of predators in functional trait space affects ecological functions independent of predator species richness or the available trait space. While plant diversity is generally hypothesized to positively affect predators, our results only support this hypothesis for FD—and here particularly for trait distributions within the overall functional trait space—and not for patterns in species richness. Understanding the way predator assemblages affect ecosystem functions in such highly diverse, natural ecosystems thus requires explicit consideration of FD and its relationship with species richness.     

Grazing increases functional richness but not functional divergence in Tibetan alpine meadow plant communities

Plant community diversity and ecosystem function are conditioned by competition among co-occurring species for multiple resources. Previous studies suggest that removal of standing biomass by grazing decreases competition for light, but coincident grazing effects on competition for soil nutrients remain largely unknown in Tibetan rangelands where grazing tends to deplete soil phosphorus availability. We measured five functional traits indicative of plant productivity and stoichiometry leaf carbon concentration (LCC), leaf nitrogen concentration (LNC), leaf phosphorus concentration (LPC), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC) for component species of plant communities in grazed and ungrazed plots in five Tibetan alpine meadows. We examined the diversity of traits singly Rao index of functional diversity (FDrao) and in aggregate functional richness (FRic), functional divergence (FDiv), and functional evenness (FEve) in response to grazing. We tested whether foliar trait diversity increases with nutrient competition but decreases with light competition when competitive exclusion is reduced by grazing. The FDrao of LPC significantly increased under grazing, but FDrao for LCC, LNC and SLA tended to decrease. The FDrao of LDMC increased at the drier site but decreased at the wettest site. There was a strong negative association between increase in FDrao of LPC and decrease in soil nutrients, especially soil phosphorus availability. The FRic for all five traits together increased with species diversity following grazing, but neither FDiv nor FEve differed significantly between grazed and ungrazed plots at most sites. Grazing in Tibetan alpine meadows tends to increase competition for soil phosphorus while decreasing competition for light, resulting in an increase in the functional richness in grazed plant communities without any significant changes in the overall functional diversity of foliar traits. Our study highlights the potential importance of grazing mediated competition for multiple resources in alpine meadow ecosystems.     

海州湾鱼类群落功能多样性的时空变化

功能多样性是联系物种、生态环境和生态系统功能的基础.从功能多样性的角度研究群落结构,有助于更好地理解生物多样性与生态系统功能之间的关系.本研究根据2011—2017年(除2012年外)春、秋季海州湾渔业资源底拖网调查数据,选取反映鱼类摄食、运动、生态适应性、繁殖行为和种群动态特征的13个功能性状,利用功能丰富度指数、功能均匀度指数、功能离散度指数和群落特征加权平均数指数(CWM),研究了海州湾鱼类群落功能多样性的季节、年际和空间的变化.结果表明: 海州湾鱼类群落功能多样性指数具有显著的季节差异,其中秋季功能丰富度指数显著高于春季,春季功能离散度指数显著高于秋季,鱼类洄游是造成功能多样性指数季节变化的主要原因;CWM分析表明,春季鱼类群落优势种为营养级较高、运动能力较强、生长系数、恢复力和脆弱性较高的冷/暖温性鱼类,秋季则相反,春、秋季鱼类群落均以产浮性卵鱼类为主;鱼类群落功能多样性指数呈现一定的年际变化,其中春、秋季各功能多样性指数在不同年际均呈波动趋势,表明海州湾鱼类群落稳定性较低;鱼类群落功能多样性指数呈现显著的空间差异,其中20 m以深远岸水域功能离散度指数较高.海州湾鱼类群落功能多样性具有明显的时空变化特征,鱼类生态位与其对资源的利用均随季节、年际和空间而变化.     

Functional diversity research of forest communities in the Xiaowutai Mountain National Nature Reserve,Hebei

Plant functional traits are the plant physiological characteristics which can response to the changes of the living environment and have a certain impact on the ecosystem structure and function. The objective of our study was to explore characters of present functional diversity indices, the relationships between functional diversity and environmental variables, the relevance of species diversity and functional diversity. In this paper, habitat type, seed dispersal, pollination method, life cycle, life form, leaf form, leaf hair type, flowering period and flowering time were chosen as functional traits, and the research were done in the typical forest communities in the Xiaowutai Mountain National Nature Reserve, Hebei. One hundred and forty-eight quadrats (10 m × 10 m) of forest communities were established along altitude gradients, at the same time, species composition, functional traits, and environmental variables were measured in each quadrat. The results showed that functional diversity indices in forest communities that were calculated by functional distances varied greatly. Functional diversity indices (FAD, MFAD, FDp, FDc, FRic, Rao and FDis) had highly significantly positive correlation with Patrick index and showed a linear increasing trend. All the nine functional diversity indices (FAD, MFAD, FDp, FDc, FRic, Rao, FEve, FDiv, FDis) had significantly correlation with Shannon-Wiener index and Pielou index. Only FDiv showed significantly negative correlation, and the other eight functional diversity indices showed positive correlation. Environmental filtering was important to functional diversity pattern, and functional diversity indices showed correlation with environmental variables. Altitude was a significant factor to functional diversity in forest communities. Except for FDiv, other functional diversity indices displayed a decreasing trend along altitude gradients. Among all the functional diversity indices, only Rao and FDis showed significantly positive correlation with aspect. The functional diversity indices (FAD, MFAD, FDp, FDc, FRic, Rao and FDdis) showed a negative correlation with slope, slope position, litter layer thickness, soil thickness, while, they showed a positive correlation with soil temperature and disturbance. All the nine indices were proved successful in the analysis of functional diversity in forest communities with different effectiveness. They were divided into three categories, functional richness (FAD, MFAD, FDp, FDc, FRic), functional divergence (Rao, FDis), functional evenness (FEve, FDis). Meanwhile, each category was highly inter-correlated and each category was relatively independent with other categories. The study of functional diversity provides a number of ecological indication and monitoring methods for the forest, and it can address a wide range of important ecological questions that links species and ecosystems through mechanisms in biodiversity research.     

南四湖沉水植物物种多样性和功能多样性对水深梯度的响应

从物种多样性和功能多样性探讨沉水植物群落对水深的响应可深刻揭示水深对群落构建的影响机制。以南四湖不同水深沉水植物群落为研究对象,对比分析了群落的9个加权功能性状（株高、茎分支数、茎节数、茎直径、根长、根围直径、生物量分配比、比叶面积、植物体磷含量）、5个物种多样性指数（Berger-Parker生态优势度指数、Margalef丰富度指数、Simpson多样性指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数）和5个功能多样性指数（功能丰富度FRic指数、功能均匀度FEve指数、功能离散度FDiv指数、功能分散度FDis指数和二次熵Rao指数）以及物种多样性和功能多样性关系对水深的响应规律。研究结果表明：（1）水深可显著改变群落株高、根长、根围直径、比叶面积、生物量分配比和植物体磷含量6个加权功能性状;群落茎分支数、茎节数和茎直径3个加权功能性状对水深变化无显著响应;（2）水深可显著影响群落物种多样性和功能多样性,中等水深处沉水植物群落具有较高的Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Berger-Parker生态优势度指数、Pielou均匀度指数以及功能丰富度FRic指数、功能均匀度FEve指数、功能离散度FDis指数、二次熵Rao指数;（3）水深可改变5个物种多样性指数与功能丰富度FRic指数、功能均匀度FEve指数、功能离散度FDiv指数3个功能多样性指数间的相关关系,但对5个物种多样性指数与功能离散度FDis指数、二次熵Rao指数2个功能多样性指数间的相关关系无显著影响。研究结论为：群落不同测度的物种多样性和功能多样性指数及其相关关系对水深变化的响应迥异,在探讨水深对沉水植物群落构建的影响机制时应从多个方面综合考量。     

高寒草地植物物种多样性与功能多样性的关系

物种多样性与功能多样性的关系是生态学当前研究的热点问题之一,不同区域典型生态系统物种多样性和功能多样性的关系研究有利于生物多样性保护理论的全面发展。以青藏高原地区的主要草地生态系统—高寒草甸和高寒草原为研究对象,采用4个物种多样性指数(Patrick丰富度指数、Shannon-Weiner多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Simpson优势度指数)和9个功能多样性指数(FAD功能性状距离指数、MFAD功能性状平均距离指数、基于样地的FDp和基于群落的FDc功能树状图指数、FRic功能体积指数、FEve功能均匀度指数、Rao功能离散度常二次熵指数、FDiv功能离散指数、FDis功能分散指数),分析了高寒草地植物物种多样性、功能多样性关系及其与初级生产力的关系,以期阐明3个科学问题:不同草地类型的高寒草地生态系统植物物种多样性和功能多样性有何差异?高寒草地生态系统的植物物种多样性和功能多样性有何关系?高寒草地生态系统物种多样性、功能多样性对生态系统功能的影响有何异同?研究结果表明:(1)与高寒草原相比,高寒草甸具有更高的物种多样性、功能丰富度和功能离散度;(2)高寒草甸中,Patrick丰富度与功能丰富度指数(FAD、MFAD、FDp、FDc)和功能离散度指数(FDiv)的具有较强的相关性,最优拟合方程分别为幂函数和二次多项式函数;(3)高寒草原中,Patrick丰富度与功能丰富度指数(FAD、MFAD、FDp、FDc、FRic)、Shannon指数和Simpson指数与FEve指数的相关性较强,最优拟合方程为二次多项式函数,Pielou指数与FEve指数的相关性较强,最优拟合方程为指数函数;(4)高寒草甸的初级生产力分别与物种丰富度指数Patrick、功能离散指数FDiv具有较强的相关性;而高寒草原的初级生产力与4个物种多样性指数间均具有较强的相关性,与功能离散指数FDiv具有较强的相关性,最佳拟合方程均为二次多项式函数。研究的总体结论为:物种多样性、功能多样性、二者之间的关系以及二者与生态系统服务功能(以初级生产力为例)之间的关系在高寒草甸和高寒草原群落中表现迥异,因此在研究青藏高原高寒草地的生态功能时,不能仅仅测度传统的物种多样性,还应测度与物种多样性、生态功能密切相关的功能多样性。     

不同林龄刺槐林下植物群落物种组成及功能多样性差异分析

群落物种组成与功能多样性动态变化反映了种群的现状及未来群落的演替趋势。本文选取不同林龄刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia L.)林的林下草地植被为研究对象,通过群落特征调查和功能性状测定,分析不同林龄刺槐林林下植物的群落物种组成及功能多样性的差异与动态变化。结果显示：(1)林下草地植物群落主要以菊科、蔷薇科多年生杂类草为主,随林龄的增加,以菊科为主的植物群落逐渐演替为以禾本科为主的植物群落,双子叶植物数目逐渐减少,单子叶植物数目逐渐增加。(2)除群落总盖度外,林下植物群落各数量特征随林龄的增加而增加。(3)Rao二次熵指数随林龄的增加而逐渐降低,功能丰富度指数、功能均匀度指数和功能离散度指数随林龄的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,功能多样性动态变化主要归因于群落地上生物量及植物叶片面积和质量的改变。     

澳门城市栖息地斑块中鸟类群落功能和谱系多样性

了解群落构建过程是生态学的核心和基本问题,这对于解释物种共存和物种多样性的维持,完善生物多样性保护政策至关重要。与传统的物种多样性相比,功能和谱系多样性能够提供更多的信息,特别是在群落构建过程方面提供深刻见解。2014年5月—2017年1月,采用样线法对澳门地区5个城市栖息地斑块中(生态一区、鹭鸟林、赛马场滩涂、关闸口岸滩涂和莲花桥侧红树林)的鸟类进行繁殖季和越冬季的调查,共调查14次。利用鸟类丰富度和多度来表征群落的物种多样性,其中多度以最大值保留法计;功能和谱系多样性分别采用功能丰富度(functional richness:FRic)和Faith'PD。同时,利用基于多度加权的平均成对功能距离(mean pairwise functional distance,MFD)和平均成对谱系距离(mean pairwise phylogenetic distance,MPD)来表征群落的功能和谱系结构。结果表明:共记录98种鸟类,隶属于14目32科,目、科、种中数量最多的依次为,雀形目鸟类最多为47种,鹭科物种数为11种,白鹭多度为849只;鸟类物种丰富度(68种)和PD在生态一区最高,多度在莲花桥侧红树林最高为2940只,MFD和FRic在赛马场滩涂最高,MPD在生态一区最高;斑块面积在鸟类丰富度、多度、FRic和PD中具有普遍重要性,植被面积和滩涂面积则分别强烈影响着MFD和MPD;关闸口岸滩涂和莲花桥侧红树林的鸟类群落SES.MFD显著低于随机值(P <0. 05),鹭鸟林和赛马场滩涂的鸟类群落SES. MPD显著低于随机值(P<0.05),表明关闸口岸滩涂和莲花桥侧红树林鸟类群落功能聚集(functional clustering),可能与生境过滤驱动群落构建有关。栖息地斑块的特征差异导致了鸟类群落构建机制的不同,这是仅仅考虑物种多样性难以提供的信息,说明了研究群落构建机制时考虑多维度多样性的必要性。     

Testing the Link between Functional Diversity and Ecosystem Functioning in a Minnesota Grassland Experiment

The functional diversity of a community can influence ecosystem functioning and reflects assembly processes. The large number of disparate metrics used to quantify functional diversity reflects the range of attributes underlying this concept, generally summarized as functional richness, functional evenness, and functional divergence. However, in practice, we know very little about which attributes drive which ecosystem functions, due to a lack of field-based tests. Here we test the association between eight leading functional diversity metrics (Rao’s Q, FD, FDis, FEve, FDiv, convex hull volume, and species and functional group richness) that emphasize different attributes of functional diversity, plus 11 extensions of these existing metrics that incorporate heterogeneous species abundances and trait variation. We assess the relationships among these metrics and compare their performances for predicting three key ecosystem functions (above- and belowground biomass and light capture) within a long-term grassland biodiversity experiment. Many metrics were highly correlated, although unique information was captured in FEve, FDiv, and dendrogram-based measures (FD) that were adjusted by abundance. FD adjusted by abundance outperformed all other metrics in predicting both above- and belowground biomass, although several others also performed well (e.g. Rao’s Q, FDis, FDiv). More generally, trait-based richness metrics and hybrid metrics incorporating multiple diversity attributes outperformed evenness metrics and single-attribute metrics, results that were not changed when combinations of metrics were explored. For light capture, species richness alone was the best predictor, suggesting that traits for canopy architecture would be necessary to improve predictions. Our study provides a comprehensive test linking different attributes of functional diversity with ecosystem function for a grassland system.     

Different Assembly Processes Drive Shifts in Species and Functional Composition in Experimental Grasslands Varying in Sown Diversity and Community History

Background

The prevalence of different biotic processes (limiting similarity, weaker competitor exclusion) and historical contingency due to priority effects are in the focus of ongoing discussions about community assembly and non-random functional trait distributions.

Methodology/Principal Findings

We experimentally manipulated assembly history in a grassland biodiversity experiment (Jena Experiment) by applying two factorially crossed split-plot treatments to all communities: (i) duration of weeding (never weeded since sowing or cessation of weeding after 3 or 6 years); (ii) seed addition (control vs. seed addition 4 years after sowing). Spontaneous colonization of new species in the control treatment without seed addition increased realized species richness and functional richness (FRic), indicating continuously denser packing of niches. Seed addition resulted in forced colonization and increased realized species richness, FRic, functional evenness (FEve) and functional divergence (FDiv), i.e. higher abundances of species with extreme trait values. Furthermore, the colonization of new species led to a decline in FEve through time, suggesting that weaker competitors were reduced in abundance or excluded. Communities with higher initial species richness or with longer time since cessation of weeding were more restricted in the entry of new species and showed smaller increases in FRic after seed addition than other communities. The two assembly-history treatments caused a divergence of species compositions within communities originally established with the same species. Communities originally established with different species converged in species richness and functional trait composition over time, but remained more distinct in species composition.

Conclusions/Significance

Contrasting biotic processes (limiting similarity, weaker competitor exclusion) increase functional convergence between communities initially established with different species. Historical contingency with regard to realized species compositions could not be eradicated by cessation of weeding or forced colonization and was still detectable 5 years after application of these treatments, providing evidence for the role of priority effects in community assembly.     

基于物种落差分析的公园鸟类多样性提升设计——以湖南常德螺湾湿地公园为例

随着城市化发展,许多公园鸟类栖息环境遭受破坏,导致当前的鸟类多样性与历史上的和周边的都存在较大差异,为此,我们从项目区域的当前-周边-历史三者间在鸟类物种及其栖息地上的落差分析入手,以此确定目标物种及其栖息地,并加以归类,从而有针对性地进行相关设计。2016年5月至2017年3月在湖南常德柳叶湖螺湾湿地公园开展的鸟类多样性提升设计中,通过实地调查并结合文献查阅,记录到项目区域16种,周边79种,历史上146种鸟类,运用三者间的物种落差分析法确定主要的21种可恢复目标物种和4种栖息地类型,结合项目区域及周边空间特点,将项目区域划分为4个区域,在各区域内设计并营建相应的栖息地,再配套采用多种鸟类招引措施。至2017年3月,项目区鸟类已可实地观察到39种,并于2017年12月吸引到超过2000只的野鸭群来此越冬。以上实际效果表明,设计有效地提升了湿地公园鸟类多样性且增加了景观要素,可充分发挥生物保护功能。     

淡水鱼类功能多样性及其研究方法

目前,群落功能多样性备受生态学界关注,被认为是能解决生态问题的一种重要途径。我国对于群落功能多样性主要集中在植物群落和微生物群落,而在鱼类群落方面的研究几乎是空白。我国鱼类资源正面临着严重威胁,包括水坝建设导致的鱼类通道受阻、水库形成造成鱼类产卵场功能消失、过度捕捞、水质恶化和富营养化加重、外来种入侵等因素,导致渔业资源急剧衰退,水生生态系统功能下降。以淡水鱼类群落为例,对鱼类功能多样性的数据获取及处理分析与评价、测定指标及计算方法与研究难点等进行综述,以期为鱼类资源保护提供新的理论依据和切入点。     

嘉陵江中游蓬安段鱼类群落功能多样性研究

研究调查了蓬安段2014—2019年洪水期 (6、7和8月)和枯水期 (11、12和1月)渔获物, 用11项鱼类功能性状类型结合蓬安段鱼类群落结构特点来分析该江段鱼类群落功能多样性在洪、枯期上的变化及与水环境的关系。研究结果表明, (1)2014—2019年洪水期的物种丰富度指数、辛普森多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和香浓威纳指数均高于枯水期; (2)SIMPER分析显示, 大鳍鳠Mystus macropterus、子陵吻鰕虎鱼Ctenogobius giurinus、似鳊Pseudobrama simoni、黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus fulvidraco、鳜Siniperca chuatsi、蛇 Saurogobio dabryi、飘鱼Pseudolaubuca sinensis、鲫Carassius auratus、黄尾鲴Xenocypris davidi和? Hemiculter leucisculus是造成洪水期与枯水期鱼类群落结构变化的主要差异贡献种; (3)各年份洪水期的功能丰富度FRic、功能离散度FDiv、功能散布度FDis和二次熵指数Rao及2015、2016和2017年的功能均匀度指数FEve均显著高于枯水期(P<0.05), 表明枯水期鱼群落的抵抗力稳定性和恢复力稳定性显著低于洪水期, 即枯水期水生生态系统功能较脆弱; (4)鱼类群落功能多样性与水环境因子存在显著相关关系, 但不同时期的功能多样性指数与环境因子相关性程度则呈现较大差异, 表明功能多样性是鱼类群落结构和各水环境因子综合作用的结果。     

Functional diversity,functional composition and functional β diversity drive aboveground biomass across different bioclimatic rangelands

There has been a growing interest in understanding how biodiversity affects the functioning of ecosystems, while, it is still unclear how and to what extent different aspects of biodiversity are related to ecosystems function. We tested the relationship between aboveground biomass (AGB) and various aspects of functional diversity (functional richness (FRic), functional evenness (FEve) and functional divergence (FDiv)), functional β diversity and functional composition. Our study areas were located in four different bioclimatic regions including desert-steppe, steppe, semi-steppe, and Mediterranean rangelands extending along a productivity gradient created by the elevational-rainfall variations in the central Zagros Mountains of Iran.The results showed that FDiv positively predicted AGB in more productive (i.e., Mediterranean) and negatively in less productive rangelands of desert-steppe, steppe and semi-steppe. Functional β diversity predicted AGB only in more productive regions in semi-steppe and Mediterranean rangelands. Functional β diversity decomposed into turnover and nestedness, with turnover being more important in more productive and nestedness being more important in less productive ecosystems. The results also showed that the effects of FD and functional β diversity on AGB are generally directed by animal grazing through homogenizing community-wide trait composition in less productive ecosystems and inducing shifting mosaics across locations in more productive ecosystem.The results indicate that different components of FD were significantly related to AGB and the strength and direction of these effects vary with the different components studied and the bioclimatic regions under the study. In higher productive ecosystems, both functional diversity and functional β diversity are likely to contribute more to AGB through the complementary use of the resources. In less productive ecosystems, however, the functional identity of dominant species and traits would drive AGB.     

The conservation value of cacao agroforestry for bird functional diversity in tropical agricultural landscapes

Cacao agroforestry have been considered as biodiversity‐friendly farming practices by maintaining habitats for a high diversity of species in tropical landscapes. However, little information is available to evaluate whether this agrosystem can maintain functional diversity, given that agricultural changes can affect the functional components, but not the taxonomic one (e.g., species richness). Thus, considering functional traits improve the understanding of the agricultural impacts on biodiversity. Here, we measured functional diversity (functional richness‐FD, functional evenness‐FEve, and functional divergence‐Rao) and taxonomic diversity (species richness and Simpson index) to evaluate changes of bird diversity in cacao agroforestry in comparison with nearby mature forests (old‐growth forests) in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We used data from two landscapes with constraining areas of mature forest (49% Una and 4.8% Ilhéus) and cacao agroforestry cover (6% and 82%, respectively). To remove any bias of species richness and to evaluate assembly processes (functional overdispersion or clustering), all functional indices were adjusted using null models. Our analyses considered the entire community, as well as separately for forest specialists, habitat generalists, and birds that contribute to seed dispersal (frugivores/granivores) or invertebrate removal (insectivores). Our findings showed that small cacao agroforestry in the forested landscape sustains functional diversity (FD and FEve) as diverse as nearby forests when considering the entire community, forest specialist, and habitat generalists. However, we observed declines for frugivores/granivores and insectivores (FD and Rao). These responses of bird communities differed from those observed by taxonomic diversity, suggesting that even species‐rich communities in agroforestry may capture lower functional diversity. Furthermore, communities in both landscapes showed either functional clustering or neutral processes as the main driver of functional assembly. Functional clustering may indicate that local conditions and resources were changed or lost, while neutral assemblies may reveal high functional redundancy at the landscape scale. In Ilhéus, the neutral assembly predominance suggests an effect of functional homogenization between habitats. Thus, the conservation value of cacao agroforestry to harbor species‐rich communities and ecosystem functions relies on smallholder production with reduced farm management in a forested landscape. Finally, we emphasize that seed dispersers and insectivores should be the priority conservation targets in cacao systems.     

Functional diversity of macroinvertebrates on abandoned cattle enclosures in a semi‐arid African savannah

Zimbabwe is experiencing a shift in land‐use, away from livestock farming and towards wildlife conservation. The abandonment of livestock farming may have unforeseen consequences on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, as cattle kraals create valuable nutrient‐rich patches across the semi‐arid savannah. It is unclear how macroinvertebrates functionally respond to such nutrient‐rich patches in semi‐arid savannahs. We analysed functional diversity of both aboveground and belowground taxa on abandoned cattle kraals and savannah control plots in Save valley Conservancy (SVC). We used distance‐based multivariate techniques to estimate indices of functional diversity. Our results indicated that after two decades of abandonment, kraals had higher functional richness (FRic), functional divergence (FDiv) and functional dispersion (FDis) of macroinvertebrates when both aboveground and belowground species are combined. When aboveground macroinvertebrates were considered alone, no difference was observed for all the considered functional indices. However, only FRic was higher on kraals when belowground macroinvertebrates were separately considered. Our results suggest that two‐decade‐old abandoned kraals may have recovered enough for aboveground species to match the surrounding savannah plot and even surpassed the savannah control for belowground species functional diversity.     

Effects of seasonality on the species–area relationship: a case study with birds in urban parks

Aim To examine how parameters of the species–area curve and factors determining bird species richness are affected by seasonality. Location One hundred and thirty urban parks of the city of Valencia (Spain) ranging between 0.03 and 18.6 ha. Methods Bird censuses were conducted monthly during 1998 and 2004. For each park, 27 variables were recorded as measures of size, structure and isolation. Linear regression was used to test for patterns in species richness relative to independent variables. The results of each season were compared. Results Curves corresponding to the breeding period (spring–summer) had significantly higher intercepts, but slopes did not change across seasons. Turnover rates of resident species were dependent on patch size and isolation considering spring, but not autumn, from different years. Additionally, turnover rates in spring were lower in parks in close proximity to others than in isolated ones. In all seasons, the number of bird species showed a strong relationship with park area, which explained c. 60% of the variation in species numbers. Habitat variables and park isolation explained a small amount of the variation in species numbers. The data did not give support to the random placement hypothesis. Main conclusions The overall conclusions of this study give little support to the possible influence of seasonality on species–area relationship or on the three main hypotheses explaining it. This lack of influence of seasonality could be explained by the seasonal stability of the bird populations of the parks within the study area as a consequence of different factors, mainly the characteristics of the species pool, similarity in the features of the parks irrespective of their size, and stability of resources and conditions across seasons. The question of whether this lack of influence of seasonality on the species–area relationship occurs in those ecological systems that have a larger seasonal variation than the urban parks of the study area remains unresolved. Closer examination of the seasonal patterns reported in this study is likely to be useful in increasing our understanding of the species–area relationship.     

Loss of functional diversity under land use intensification across multiple taxa

Land use intensification can greatly reduce species richness and ecosystem functioning. However, species richness determines ecosystem functioning through the diversity and values of traits of species present. Here, we analyze changes in species richness and functional diversity (FD) at varying agricultural land use intensity levels. We test hypotheses of FD responses to land use intensification in plant, bird, and mammal communities using trait data compiled for 1600+ species. To isolate changes in FD from changes in species richness we compare the FD of communities to the null expectations of FD values. In over one-quarter of the bird and mammal communities impacted by agriculture, declines in FD were steeper than predicted by species number. In plant communities, changes in FD were indistinguishable from changes in species richness. Land use intensification can reduce the functional diversity of animal communities beyond changes in species richness alone, potentially imperiling provisioning of ecosystem services.     

基于功能和谱系视角分析繁殖留鸟对风机的响应

风电作为清洁可再生绿色能源越来越受到世界各国的重视,其建设规模也在不断扩大,导致风电建设与鸟类保护的矛盾进一步凸显,如何协调风电发展与物种保护已成为生态学家和保护生物学家关注的热点主题。为了探究风机对鸟类物种、功能和谱系的影响,本研究于2019年1、3、4、5月,采用样线法对连山风电场的鸟类多样性进行了4次调查。根据样线离风机距离的远近设置4个梯度: 100～300 m有6条样线,300～500 m 有13条样线,500～700 m 有8条样线,>700 m 有5条样线。结果表明: 本次调查中记录了繁殖留鸟76种,隶属于11目31科,目、科中数量最多是雀形目(53种)和画眉科(12种)。鸟类物种丰富度、功能丰富度(FRic)和谱系多样性(Faith PD)随着离风机距离的增加呈增加趋势: 在500 m以内未显著增加,500 m外呈显著增加趋势;鸟类群落水平的扩散能力呈现出增加趋势。鸟类群落的平均成对功能和谱系距离的标准化效应值(SES.MFD和SES.MPD)均小于0,其中显著低于随机值的样线占比约为50%(P<0.05)。风力发电机对鸟类物种、功能和谱系的影响主要在前500 m的距离;本研究的4个梯度中,鸟类群落的功能和谱系结构均表现为聚集特征。研究证实,风机对鸟类的影响是多维度的,在评估风机对鸟类群落的影响时仅考虑物种多样性可能难以提供全面的信息。