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在全球变化和人类活动的影响下,生物多样性正以前所未有的速度丧失,全球生物正经受第六次生物多样性危机。淡水生态系统是最脆弱的生态系统之一。淡水鱼类作为淡水生态系统的重要组成部分,承受着日趋严重的气候变化、栖息地退化、生物入侵和过度捕捞等压力,面临巨大的威胁。在此背景下,如何准确评估鱼类种群和群落对环境变化的响应,以及鱼类群落结构和功能的变化对生态系统功能的影响是淡水鱼类多样性和淡水生态系统保护的关键问题。近年来,淡水鱼类功能生态学的快速发展为解答这一问题提供了一个框架。系统地介绍了淡水鱼类功能生态学主要研究内容、方法、进展及其应用,并着重介绍了淡水鱼类功能特征及其与环境的关系、环境变化下的功能生态学响应研究。据此提出了淡水鱼类功能生态学未来的重点研究方向,指出了其在鱼类多样性保护和资源利用等领域的应用前景。 相似文献
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研究调查了蓬安段2014—2019年洪水期 (6、7和8月)和枯水期 (11、12和1月)渔获物, 用11项鱼类功能性状类型结合蓬安段鱼类群落结构特点来分析该江段鱼类群落功能多样性在洪、枯期上的变化及与水环境的关系。研究结果表明, (1)2014—2019年洪水期的物种丰富度指数、辛普森多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和香浓威纳指数均高于枯水期; (2)SIMPER分析显示, 大鳍鳠Mystus macropterus、子陵吻鰕虎鱼Ctenogobius giurinus、似鳊Pseudobrama simoni、黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus fulvidraco、鳜Siniperca chuatsi、蛇 Saurogobio dabryi、飘鱼Pseudolaubuca sinensis、鲫Carassius auratus、黄尾鲴Xenocypris davidi和? Hemiculter leucisculus是造成洪水期与枯水期鱼类群落结构变化的主要差异贡献种; (3)各年份洪水期的功能丰富度FRic、功能离散度FDiv、功能散布度FDis和二次熵指数Rao及2015、2016和2017年的功能均匀度指数FEve均显著高于枯水期(P<0.05), 表明枯水期鱼群落的抵抗力稳定性和恢复力稳定性显著低于洪水期, 即枯水期水生生态系统功能较脆弱; (4)鱼类群落功能多样性与水环境因子存在显著相关关系, 但不同时期的功能多样性指数与环境因子相关性程度则呈现较大差异, 表明功能多样性是鱼类群落结构和各水环境因子综合作用的结果。 相似文献
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功能多样性是联系生物多样性和生态系统功能的关键性因素。植物群落内功能多样性的量化描述对于研究生物多样性响应环境变化及其对生物多样性-生态系统功能关系的影响至关重要。由于功能多样性的概念含混不清,使得对其范围的确定、定量描述及其对生态系统功能的作用的评价存在较大的难度。在查阅大量文献的基础上,以植物群落为例,介绍了功能多样性的定义、计算方法及研究中应注意的问题。在植物群落功能多样性指数的选择和测定过程中,对获取相关物种必要的功能特征信息、确定其权重、确定不同物种在群落中的相对丰富度、利用所得的功能多样性指数解释和预测生态系统过程的变化等问题,进行了研究。 相似文献
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澜沧江-湄公河是东南亚最大的河流, 也是世界上淡水生物多样性最高的三大河流之一。由于特殊的地理位置和国际河流属性, 澜沧江-湄公河淡水鱼类的多样性现状仍缺乏系统的认识。本文在近20年调查的基础上, 系统整理了澜沧江-湄公河中上游32个支流或亚流域的淡水鱼类物种名录, 在此基础上对其种类组成和分布进行了分析, 并利用分类学多样性指数对澜沧江-湄公河中上游流域的物种多样性进行了评估。结果表明, 澜沧江-湄公河中上游共记录了淡水鱼类745种, 分属于2纲17目63科229属, 其中鲤形目鱼类451种, 占物种数的60.5%。分类学多样性指数显示, 从源头到中游, 淡水鱼类在分类阶元上的分布越来越均匀, 亲缘关系越来越远, 分类多样性越来越高。聚类分析(cluster analysis, CA)和多维尺度分析(multi-dimensional scaling, MDS)表明, 当Jaccard相似性系数为8.69时, 澜沧江-湄公河中上游32个亚流域可以分为源区、上游和中游3组; 相似性分析(ANOSIM)结果显示, 各组之间淡水鱼类组成差异显著(R = 0.877, P = 0.001)。相似性百分比分析(similarity percentage analysis, SIMPER)结果表明, 导致3组差异性的鱼类主要是鲤形目和鲇形目鱼类, 且随着地势阶梯的升高出现了科级、属级类群的替代。近几十年来, 随着流域各国人口的增长和经济的快速发展, 澜沧江-湄公河鱼类多样性和渔业资源面临严重威胁, 未来需加强流域内国家间合作, 在流域尺度上制定科学保护计划。 相似文献
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根据2019年4月至2021年3月的调查数据,对海南岛陵水河流域淡水鱼类群落结构、多样性及其历史变化进行了研究。共调查到鱼类47种,隶属于6目19科,其中海南特有种7种,陵水河流域历史未记录种21种。鲤形目(Cypriniformes)鱼类种类最多,为23种,占物种总数的49%。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)为3.12、物种丰富度(D)为6.10、均匀度指数(J'')为0.81、优势度(λ)为0.06。与历史资料相比陵水河流域土著鱼类缺失种类达16种,其中受威胁鱼类种类锐减明显,同时外来鱼类种类显著增加。本研究结果为陵水河流域淡水鱼类多样性保护策略制定提供科技支撑,同时为海南省热带淡水鱼类多样性保护研究积累基础数据。 相似文献
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张凭智;张崇良;薛莹;纪毓鹏;任一平;徐宾铎 《水生生物学报》2025,49(4):042517-1-042517-10
为查明黄河口及其邻近海域鱼类功能和环境变化的关系,根据2013年6、7、8、10月和2014年2、4、5月共7次黄河口及其邻近海域渔业资源底拖网调查数据,选取包含有关鱼类摄食、运动、生态适应性、繁殖行为和种群动态等13种功能性状,利用功能丰富度指数(Functional richness index, FRic)、功能均匀度指数(Functional evenness index, FEve)、功能离散度指数(Functional divergence index, FDiv)共3个功能多样性指数和群落加权平均数指数(Community Weighted Mean, CWM)等方法,研究了该海域鱼类群落功能多样性的时空变化。结果表明,各月份多以食底栖动物、营养级较低、生长系数较低、恢复力较高、口端位或下位且较小、体型为鳗形和侧扁形、生活于海水和咸淡水的短距离洄游或定居性的暖温性鱼类为主,如矛尾虾虎鱼(Chaeturichthys stigmatias)、短吻红舌鳎(Cynoglossus joyneri)和赤鼻棱鳀(Thryssa kammalensis)等。FRic在6月最高为0.81,在2月最低为0.32; FEve在5月最高为0.50,在8月最低为0.24。FDiv在10月最高为0.94,在4月最低为0.236。总体上FRic在黄河口及河口外侧海域最高,在黄河口南北两侧较低; FEve由沿岸向东逐渐升高;FDiv普遍偏高,在黄河口及北部海域较低,黄河口南部及东部海域较高。鱼类群落功能多样性与温度、深度及盐度有显著相关性。由于鱼类的洄游,该海域鱼类功能性状和群落功能多样性呈现出月变化特征。 相似文献
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广西野生淡水鱼类的物种多样性及其资源的可持续利用 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
广西地形复杂,河流众多,适于不同鱼类的栖息和繁殖.经对分布于广西境内的各水系鱼类资源的调查、对相关馆藏标本的进一步鉴定以及对相关文献的整理,目前已知广西淡水鱼类15目37科143属290种和亚种,其中很多种类具有重要经济价值.对广西及其邻近省区鱼类多样性指数的计算、比较和分析表明,广西地区G指数最高,F指数和G-F指数除低于云南外,高于广东、海南、贵州和湖南.广西野生淡水鱼类的显著特点是物种多样性高,特有属、种多,很多物种分布区狭窄,区系成分表现出明显的东洋界特点,不同水系鱼类组成各具特色.近年来,广西自然水域的野生鱼类资源的破坏较为严重,本文对广西野生淡水鱼类资源的可持续利用进行了讨论. 相似文献
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物种的功能特征是联系群落结构和功能的关键因素,开展功能多样性研究可以更好地理解群落结构和功能的关系。为了解三峡库区鱼类群落结构和功能多样性的空间格局,作者于2019年和2020年对三峡库区库首秭归、库中云阳、库尾巴南及库首支流香溪河下游峡口、库中支流小江下游高阳、库尾支流嘉陵江下游合川等江段的鱼类进行调查,分析了鱼类群落结构和多样性,从摄食、运动和繁殖3个方面探讨了鱼类功能多样性空间格局。在三峡库区及主要支流共采集到鱼类78种,隶属于6目15科56属。各江段以广适性和静水性鱼类为主,其中库首秭归和支流香溪河下游峡口、小江下游高阳江段的短颌鲚(Coilia brachygnathus)和贝氏?(Hemiculter bleekeri)等静水性鱼类相对丰度较高,库中云阳、库尾巴南和支流嘉陵江下游合川江段的蛇鮈(Saurogobio dabryi)和光泽黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus nitidus)等广适性鱼类相对丰度较高。非度量多维尺度(non-metric multidimensional scale, NMDS)和Bray-Curtis相异性指数分析表明,秭归和嘉陵江下游合川江段群... 相似文献
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为了解江西柘林水库鱼类群落结构和多样性的时空变化特征,研究鱼类物种多样性和功能多样性的关系,于2020年9月至2021年4月在该水库调查分析了鱼类物种组成、优势度及群落物种多样性和功能多样性。结果表明,共采集鱼类53种,分属于5目12科36属。其中,鲤形目(38种)种类最多,占调查物种数的71.69%,柘林水库上、中、下游库区分别采集到鱼类36、40和32种,各库区均以鲤形目鱼类为主,分别占采集物种数的72.97%、85.00%和75.00%。优势物种主要是■(Hemiculter leucisculus)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)和黄尾鲴(Xenocypris davidi),重要种主要是草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鳊(Parabramis pekinensis)、鲫(Carassius auratus)、蒙古红鲌(Erythroculter mongolicus)等。鱼类群落结构季节性差异大于空间格局差异,主要表现为秋季和冬季之间;生物多样性指数Margalef和功能丰富... 相似文献
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The relationships between functional traits and environmental gradients are useful to identify different community assembly processes. In this work, we used an approach based on functional traits to analyse if changes in hydroperiod and tree covers of ponds are relevant for local amphibian community assembly processes. Ephemeral ponds with low vegetation cover are expected to impose constraints on different species with particular trait combinations and, therefore, to exhibit communities with lower functional diversity than more stable ponds with greater tree cover. Sampling was conducted in 39 temporary ponds located along vegetation and hydroperiod gradients in the most arid portion of the Chaco ecoregion. Seven functional traits were measured in each species present in the regional pool. Associations between these traits and environmental gradients were detected using multivariate ordination techniques and permutation test (RLQ and fourth‐corner analyses respectively). Functional diversity indices were then calculated and related to variations in the environmental gradients. The results obtained allowed us to identify different sets of traits associated with hydroperiod and tree cover, suggesting that these environmental variables are relevant for structuring amphibian communities according to interspecific variations in functional traits from both, larval and adult stages. Contrary to our expectations, communities associated with more stable ponds and with greater tree cover exhibited lower functional diversity than expected by chance (and were the ponds with highest species richness). This result indicates that the reduction in relative importance of environmental restrictions imposed by a very short hydroperiod and the lack of tree cover, favours different species of the regional pool that are similar in several functional traits. Accordingly, communities associated with stable ponds with high tree cover exhibited high functional redundancy. 相似文献
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植物性状(Plant trait)或植物功能性状(Plant functional trait)通常是指植物对外界环境长期适应与进化后所表现出的可量度、且与生产力优化或环境适应等密切相关的属性。近几十年来,植物性状研究在性状-生产力、性状-养分、性状间相互关系、性状-群落结构维持等方面取得了卓越成就。然而,由于大多数性状调查都是以植物群落内优势种或亚优势种为对象,使其在探讨群落尺度的性状-功能关系、性状数据如何用于改进或优化模型、性状数据如何与遥感连接等问题时,存在空间尺度和量纲不匹配的极大挑战。为了破解上述难题,亟需发展新的、基于单位土地面积的群落性状(Community trait)概念体系、数据源和计算方法等,推动植物性状数据与快速发展的宏观生态学新技术(遥感、模型和通量观测等)相结合,既拓展了植物性状研究范畴,又可推动其更好地服务于区域生态环境问题的解决。所定义的群落性状(如叶片氮含量、磷含量、比叶面积、气孔密度、叶绿素含量等),是在充分考虑群落内所有物种的性状实测数据,再结合比叶面积、生物量异速生长方程和群落结构数据等,推导而成的基于单位土地面积的群落性状。受测试方法的影响,传统的直接算术平均法或相对生物量加权平均法所获得的群落水平的植物性状(如叶片氮含量g/kg或%),虽然可以有效地探讨群落结构维持机制,由于无法实现对群落性状在量纲上向单位土地面积转换,使它很难与模型和遥感数据相匹配。基于单位土地面积的群落性状,可在空间尺度匹配(或量纲匹配)的前提下实现个体水平测定的植物性状数据与生态模型和遥感观测相联系,更好地探讨区域尺度下自然生态系统结构和功能的关系及其对全球变化的响应与适应。同时,它也可更好地建立群落水平的性状-功能的定量关系(非物种水平),为更好地探讨自然群落结构维持机制和生产力优化机制提供了新思路。 相似文献
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针对目前关于植物群落功能性状构建模式及其驱动因素存在的争议, 研究了33个物种10个功能性状的构建模式。研究结果显示: (1)在刈割-施肥复合梯度上, 这些功能性状主要表现为随机构建模式, 发生随机性和确定性构建的样方比例分别为82.7%和17.3%; (2)在10个功能性状中, 生长型、生活周期、单株地上干质量、叶面积和叶干质量5个功能性状为随机构建模式, 不受试验处理和群落特征(地上净初级生产力、刈割生物量损失、群落高度)变化的影响。植物倾斜度、繁殖方式、固氮性、株高和比叶面积5个功能性状的构建模式与试验处理或群落特征变化有关, 表现出趋同或趋异构建响应。其中, 植物倾斜度和比叶面积的构建模式仅受群落特征影响, 而固氮性、繁殖方式和株高3个性状的构建模式同时还受刈割或施肥处理的影响, 其构建模式因功能性状而异; (3)群落的生物量损失和地上净初级生产力是解释植物功能性状构建模式变化较理想的群落特征; (4)刈割和施肥处理对株高的构建模式具有相反效应, 而刈割和施肥的交互作用对其无显著影响。上述结果说明该研究群落植物功能性状的构建存在不同模式, 以随机构建模式为主, 确定性构建模式居次要地位。确定性构建模式与试验处理和群落特征变化有关, 而且是性状依赖的。相反选择力对趋同和趋异构建模式的平衡效应能引起功能性状发生随机构建。 相似文献
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Samantha K. Dawson Carlos Prez Carmona Manuela GonzlezSurez Mari Jnsson Filipe Chichorro Max MallenCooper Yolanda Melero Helen Moor John P. Simaika Alexander Bradley Duthie 《Ecology and evolution》2021,11(23):16434
Trait and functional trait approaches have revolutionized ecology improving our understanding of community assembly, species coexistence, and biodiversity loss. Focusing on traits promotes comparability across spatial and organizational scales, but terms must be used consistently. While several papers have offered definitions, it remains unclear how ecologists operationalize “trait” and “functional trait” terms. Here, we evaluate how researchers and the published literatures use these terms and explore differences among subdisciplines and study systems (taxa and biome). By conducting both a survey and a literature review, we test the hypothesis that ecologists’ working definition of “trait” is adapted or altered when confronting the realities of collecting, analyzing and presenting data. From 486 survey responses and 712 reviewed papers, we identified inconsistencies in the understanding and use of terminology among researchers, but also limited inclusion of definitions within the published literature. Discrepancies were not explained by subdiscipline, system of study, or respondent characteristics, suggesting there could be an inconsistent understanding even among those working in related topics. Consistencies among survey responses included the use of morphological, phonological, and physiological traits. Previous studies have called for unification of terminology; yet, our study shows that proposed definitions are not consistently used or accepted. Sources of disagreement include trait heritability, defining and interpreting function, and dealing with organisms in which individuals are not clearly recognizable. We discuss and offer guidelines for overcoming these disagreements. The diversity of life on Earth means traits can represent different features that can be measured and reported in different ways, and thus, narrow definitions that work for one system will fail in others. We recommend ecologists embrace the breadth of biodiversity using a simplified definition of “trait” more consistent with its common use. Trait‐based approaches will be most powerful if we accept that traits are at least as diverse as trait ecologists. 相似文献
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A global meta‐analysis of the relative extent of intraspecific trait variation in plant communities
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Andrew Siefert Cyrille Violle Loïc Chalmandrier Cécile H. Albert Adrien Taudiere Alex Fajardo Lonnie W. Aarssen Christopher Baraloto Marcos B. Carlucci Marcus V. Cianciaruso Vinícius de L. Dantas Francesco de Bello Leandro D. S. Duarte Carlos R. Fonseca Grégoire T. Freschet Stéphanie Gaucherand Nicolas Gross Kouki Hikosaka Benjamin Jackson Vincent Jung Chiho Kamiyama Masatoshi Katabuchi Steven W. Kembel Emilie Kichenin Nathan J. B. Kraft Anna Lagerström Yoann Le Bagousse‐Pinguet Yuanzhi Li Norman Mason Julie Messier Tohru Nakashizuka Jacob McC. Overton Duane A. Peltzer I. M. Pérez‐Ramos Valério D. Pillar Honor C. Prentice Sarah Richardson Takehiro Sasaki Brandon S. Schamp Christian Schöb Bill Shipley Maja Sundqvist Martin T. Sykes Marie Vandewalle David A. Wardle 《Ecology letters》2015,18(12):1406-1419
Recent studies have shown that accounting for intraspecific trait variation (ITV) may better address major questions in community ecology. However, a general picture of the relative extent of ITV compared to interspecific trait variation in plant communities is still missing. Here, we conducted a meta‐analysis of the relative extent of ITV within and among plant communities worldwide, using a data set encompassing 629 communities (plots) and 36 functional traits. Overall, ITV accounted for 25% of the total trait variation within communities and 32% of the total trait variation among communities on average. The relative extent of ITV tended to be greater for whole‐plant (e.g. plant height) vs. organ‐level traits and for leaf chemical (e.g. leaf N and P concentration) vs. leaf morphological (e.g. leaf area and thickness) traits. The relative amount of ITV decreased with increasing species richness and spatial extent, but did not vary with plant growth form or climate. These results highlight global patterns in the relative importance of ITV in plant communities, providing practical guidelines for when researchers should include ITV in trait‐based community and ecosystem studies. 相似文献
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Functional diversity research enhances our understanding of ecosystems and both their functioning and their responses to environmental variations. This study investigated the biological trait responses of benthic invertebrate communities to various environmental conditions in estuarine habitats. We analyzed benthic macroinvertebrate communities in freshwater and estuarine environments to compare their characteristics between estuary sites with and without artificial barriers. Moreover, we combined taxonomic analyses (species richness, abundance, and four community indices) with functional diversity indices and biological trait analyses. The major results are as follows: (i) the most important environmental factors shaping species distribution in estuarine habitats were salinity and electrical conductivity; (ii) comparing functional diversity indices, tidal estuaries revealed that seawater intrusion induced changes in species distribution and the dispersion of benthic macroinvertebrates; (iii) the presence or absence of artificial barriers in estuaries affected biological traits owing to the influence of specific functional strategies of certain species. Consequently, the presence or absence of artificial barriers in estuaries can lead to significant changes in habitat connectivity and functional diversity related to ecosystem functions. These findings indicate that the presence of artificial barriers can significantly influence the ecological dynamics of estuarine ecosystems, thereby affecting species distribution, functional diversity and habitat connectivity. Understanding these effects contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of ecosystem functionings, as it complements existing taxonomic findings and integrates information about the functional aspects of diverse ecosystems. 相似文献
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基于功能性状探讨物种共存机制,已成为近年来群落生态学研究的热点内容。为探讨群落垂直结构构建的成因,该研究以昆明筇竹寺地区的半湿润常绿阔叶林为对象,调查乔木层、灌木层及草本层不同层次间植物叶片的功能性状。结果表明:(1)植物各功能性状均存在不同程度的随层次变化的趋势。(2)按照植物的生活型将元江锥群落分为乔木、灌木以及草本3层,与功能性状的聚类结果基本一致。(3)乔木、灌木和草本3个层次的S.E.S PW值均小于0,可知群落内物种的功能性状结构均呈现显著的发散。综上结果认为,植物群落不同物种的叶片功能特征对群落垂直方向上不同光照和水分条件组合的适应是群落垂直结构构成的主要影响因素,支持生境过滤是群落垂直结构构建的主要生态过程; 在不同层次内的物种具有不同的功能性状,同一层次内通过竞争排斥加大物种多样性; 群落垂直结构的形成是群落内垂直方向上环境因子发生变化的结果,对资源有不同需求的物种分布在不同空间高度上,群落垂直结构则是对资源的有效利用,增加了群落内物种多样性。 相似文献
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Examination of 111 peacock wrasse [Symphodus tinea (L.)] and 97 brown wrasse ( Labrus merula L.) from the Valencian coast (Spain) yielded 24 metazoan parasite species (11 Digenea, three Cestoda, four Nematoda. one Acanlhocephala, five Crustacea). Eighteen species were from 5. tinea and 17 from L. merula; 11 of the 24 species were common to both hosts. Brillouin's diversity index, was applied to fully censused parasite infracommunities. This is the first time that all the metazoan parasites (internal and external) in any position in the host have been analysed for diversity. High values of prevalence, intensity, and diversity parameters indicate that these labrid fishes support diverse parasite communities. This may be due to their diverse diet, mainly marine invertebrates which are possible intermediate hosts; they also support certain netnatodes and crustaceans which have direct life-cycle. 相似文献