Effects of plasmid elimination on characteristics of coronatine-producing strain T1828

采用十二烷基硫酸钠( SDS)和提高生长温度结合法消除T1828菌株质粒后,筛选到无质粒突变株ZWL-15.以原始亲株T1828和无质粒突变株ZWL-15为出发菌株,考察了两者部分生物学特性.结果表明,菌株ZWL-15生长速率快于T1828,进入对数期和稳定期的时间分别提前1h和4h.在菌株ZWL-15发酵过程中添加0.01％的SDS有利于冠菌素的合成,最适发酵温度比T1828升高5℃,达到35℃,发酵周期提前4h,COR相对值是T1828的两倍左右.ZWL-15传代实验表明该突变株很稳定,且对氨苄青霉素敏感,氨苄青霉素基因初步定位于该菌属质粒上.     

洋葱伯克霍尔德菌T1828质粒消除方法及条件

采用十二烷基硫酸钠和提高生长温度结合法、紫外线涂布平板法、冻融法、吖啶橙法和黄芩甙提取液消除法等方法消除洋葱伯克霍尔德菌T1828菌株质粒,探讨适合洋葱伯克霍尔德菌质粒消除的方法,并研究最佳质粒消除条件。结果表明十二烷基硫酸钠和提高生长温度结合法最适合于洋葱伯克霍尔德菌T1828质粒消除,同时最佳消除条件为:在T1828培养16 h后加入SDS使其终浓度0.1%,36°C处理18 h,消除率达到49%。筛选到的无质粒突变株可以用于进一步的研究。     

Ap、Km和Cm抗性细菌在土壤中的差异分布及成因

从不同区域土壤中分离细菌：对其进行氨苄青碡素、卡那霉素和氯霉素的抗性测试,以及抗药性质粒分析。结果表明,对照区和生活区土壤细菌抗氨苄青霉素和卡那霉素菌株比例未见显著性差异,未检出抗氯霉素细菌。保护区中抗氨苄青霉素、卡那霉素菌株含质粒比例均为18.2％,生活区中抗氨苄青霉素和卡那霉素菌株含质粒比例分别为36.4％和27．3％。随机抽提质粒转化无抗忡菌,表明部分抗菌素抗性基因是由质粒携带。实验结果认为本地土壤中抗菌素抗性菌分布差异尚未有显著性表现。     

肺炎杆菌质粒图谱的研究与分析

本文对临床分离的８９株肺炎杆菌进行了７种抗生素敏感性检测以及质粒图谱分析。结果,９１．２％的菌株均对２种或２种以上抗生素耐药,并呈９个型别的耐药谱。全部被检菌株共分１６种质粒图谱,其中主要为ＰＰⅠ、ＰＰⅡ、ＰＰⅢ、ＰＰⅣ及ＰＰⅤ。这５种主要质粒图谱型别所包含的５６株菌株中,９４．６％的菌株具有共同稳定相似的耐药谱,即耐羧苄青霉素、氨苄青霉素及灭滴灵。另外７６株检出质粒的菌株中,９１．７％的菌株含有分子量１２６×１０￣６的大质粒。     

消除内生质粒对苏云金芽胞杆菌YBT-1463特性的影响

研究了经完全消除苏云金芽胞杆菌野生菌株YBT-1463的内生质粒对该菌部分形态、遗传及生理生化特性的影响。结果表明,消除内生质粒后的无质粒突变株不形成伴胞晶体,但电转化4种供体质粒,即pBMBl21、pBMB304-1Ab、pBMBLC和pBMB9748的效率显著提高,转化频率最高比出发菌株提高6.8×10 倍,而无质粒突变株对红霉素等10种抗生素的敏感性,对葡萄糖等19种碳源和谷氨酸等12种氮源的利用能力及生长性能与出发菌株无明显差异。     

两株高效相思根瘤菌的抗药性研究及其质粒组成分析

目的:研究相思根瘤菌质粒与其抗药性之间的关系。方法:研究了相思根瘤菌MZ和AJ018在含不同浓度的抗生素的固体培养基和液体培养基的生长情况,并用碱裂解方法对其质粒组成进行检测。结果:两菌株对链霉素和卡那霉素均无抗性,而对其它抗生素都有不同程度的抗性。MZ菌株对实验中的氯霉素、氨苄青霉素、四环素三种抗生素的耐受范围与最大耐受值都比AJ018强,当平板培养基中氨苄青霉素、四环素、氯霉素的终浓度分别为250μg/ml、75μg/ml、150μg/ml时,AJ018在平板上无菌落生长,当三种抗生素终浓度分别为800μg/ml1、50μg/ml、400μg/ml时无菌落生长。两菌株都含有一个大约50kb的质粒。     

组成型表达粪产碱杆菌青霉素G酰化酶重组大肠杆菌发酵条件研究

目的:对重组大肠杆菌组成型表达粪产碱杆菌青霉素G酰化酶(AfPGA)进行了发酵条件研究。方法:在摇瓶和5L发酵罐中研究了(NH4)2SO4和葡萄糖浓度对质粒的分离稳定性及青霉素G酰化酶表达的影响。结果:该工程菌质粒具有分离不稳定性,培养基中无(NH4)2SO4时发酵过程中pH和糊精水解生成葡萄糖的浓度变化较小,细胞前期(0h-12h)的生长速率降低,质粒分离稳定性和青霉素G酰化酶的表达水平提高。发酵过程中维持低葡萄糖水平可以限制细胞的生长速率,提高质粒稳定性和促进青霉素G酰化酶的合成。采用混合碳源发酵,发酵培养基含糊精2g/L,12h后以1g/L.h恒速流加葡萄糖至35h,控制流加过程葡萄糖浓度0.1g/L左右,平均比生长速率为0.06h-1,发酵结束时质粒稳定性为86%,青霉素G酰化酶的表达水平达23 000U/L。结论:重组大肠杆菌组成型表达青霉素G酰化酶的研究对工业生产有一定指导意义。     

双歧杆菌DM9227和乳酸杆菌DM8121质粒的检测及药敏试验

应用分子克隆常规质粒提取方法（略作修改）,对一株Ｂｉｆ．ｉｎｆａｎｔｉｓＤＭ９２２７及另一株Ｌａｃｔｏ．ｃａｓｉｅ．ＤＭ８１２１进行质粒提取及分析,并用固体培养基药敏纸片法测定此两株菌对１７种常用抗生素的敏感性。结果发现,ＤＭ８１２１及ＤＭ９２２７中无质粒的存在。药敏结果显示,ＤＭ８１２１对强力霉素、链霉素、庆大霉素较敏感,而对头孢菌素、氨苄青霉素、青霉素耐药。ＤＭ９２２７对头孢菌素、先锋霉素、庆大霉素、卡那霉素较敏感,对氨苄青霉素、羧苄青霉素、青霉素、强力霉素等耐药。     

高产谷胱甘肽新菌种的选育及其发酵条件的研究

通过对谷胱甘肽新产生菌——藤黄八叠球菌进行紫外诱变处理,筛选到一株抗乙硫氨酸和氯化锌的抗性菌株,该突变株发酵生产谷胱甘肽的产量比出发菌株提高268．9％。通过对碳源、氮源、温度、初始pH等发酵条件对该菌株生物合成谷胱甘肽的影响研究,表明突变株HY78在发酵温度37℃、初始pH7.0、摇床转速180r／min条件下,摇瓶发酵26h,该高产菌株在发酵液中合成谷胱甘肽的产量可达160．628mg／L。     

温泉嗜热菌LY的分离鉴定及质粒的初步研究

目的:从海南温泉中分离鉴定嗜热微生物,并了解其生理生化特征,同时对其质粒进行初步研究.方法:稀释平板法分离嗜热菌;形态学、生理生化和分子生物学方法进行菌种鉴定;氯化铯超速离心法测定菌株(G+ C) mol％含量;利用吖啶橙消除菌株质粒并分析质粒消除前后的生物学特性.结果:获得1株温泉嗜热菌菌株LY,其最适生长温度在80 ～ 85℃之间,最适pH值为6.0,对链霉素、卡那霉素、四环素、氨苄青霉素、氯霉素敏感.结合形态学、生理生化测试和16S rRNA序列分析鉴定菌株为Bacillus sp.LY.菌株的(G+C)mol％含量为66.90％.菌株质粒大于3000 bp,质粒消除前后,其生物学特性无明显差异.结论:温泉嗜热菌LY可作为耐热候选菌株进行后续深入研究.     

Regulation of toxin biosynthesis by plasmids in Vibrio cholerae

Vibrio cholerae strain 569B Inaba harbouring P plasmid produced less toxin than the parent strain. To examine the effect of plasmid loss on toxin production, temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of P, unable to replicate at 42 degrees C, were isolated. One ts plasmid was unstable at 42 degrees C and its loss yielded a cured strain that resumed a normal level of toxin biosynthesis characteristic of the plasmid-free parent strain. Toxin production was again suppressed in the cured strain after reacquisition of P plasmid. This suggested a role for plasmid-borne genes in the regulation of toxin biosynthesis. A mutant of strain 569B Inaba that produced mutant toxin was isolated by transfer of P and V plasmids. The mutant toxin was similar to choleragenoid because it did not give rise to symptoms of cholera but induced antitoxin immunity in rabbits.     

用于质粒DNA规模化生产的大肠杆菌发酵培养基的筛选

为降低质粒DNA的生产成本,在标准LB培养基的基础上,利用国产试剂配制成十种大肠杆菌液体培养基,以pEGFPC3、pcDNAlacZ和pcDNKLYZ质粒转化的JM109和DH5α大肠杆菌为指示菌进行小规模发酵培养,定时采样测量OD600值及质粒产量,获得一种高性价比培养基。用该培养基培养重组大肠肝菌,绘制生长曲线,并于其对数生长中期进行42℃诱导。结果表明经42℃诱导后,重组大肠肝菌JM109和DH5α的质粒产量均有提高,重组JM109的产量比重组DH5α约提高20％,为低成本、大规模生产重组质粒提供了良好的技术保障。     

Evidence for plasmid-mediated chemotaxis of Pseudomonas putida towards naphthalene and salicylate

A naphthalene (Nap) and salicylate (Sal) degrading microorganism, Pseudomonas putida RKJ1, is chemotactic towards these compounds. This strain carries a 83 kb plasmid. A 25 kb EcoRI fragment of the plasmid contains the genes responsible for Nap degradation through Sal. RKJ5, the plasmid-cured derivative of RKJ1, is neither capable of degradation nor is chemotactic towards Nap or Sal. The recombinant plasmid pRKJ3, which contained a 25 kb EcoRI fragment, was transferred back into the plasmid-free wild-type strain RKJ5, and the transconjugant showed both degradation and chemotaxis. The recombinant plasmid pRKJ3 was also transferred into motile, plasmid-free P. putida KT2442. The resulting transconjugant (RKJ15) showed chemotaxis towards both Nap and Sal. Two mutant strains carrying deletions in pRKJ3 (in KT2442) with phenotypes Nap- Sal+ and Nap- Sal-, were also tested for chemotaxis. It was found that the Nap- Sal+ mutant strain showed chemotaxis towards Sal only, whereas the Nap- Sal- mutant strain is non-chemotactic towards both the compounds. These results suggest that the metabolism of Nap and Sal may be required for the chemotactic activity.     

Physiological studies of a temperature-sensitive sporulation mutant of Bacillus cereus T.

Growth of temperature-sensitive mutant Bacillus cereus T JS22-C occurred normally at the restrictive temperature (37 degrees C), but sporulation was blocked at stage 0. The production of extracellular and intracellular proteases and of alkaline phosphatase occurred at 37 degrees C, but the expression of a functional tricarboxylic acid cycle did not. At the permissive temperature (26 degrees C), the mutant sporulated at a slightly lower frequency (60%) and at a lower rate than the parent strain. The oxidation of organic acids, which accumulate in the growth medium began at T0 in cultures of the parent strain but was delayed until about T3 in cultures of the mutant. Later events in sporulation were also delayed in the mutant by about 3 h. Experiments in which the temperature of growth was shifted from 37 to 26 degrees C or from 26 to 37 degrees C at various times showed that the temperature-sensitive event began approximately 1 h after the end of exponential growth and ended when the cells reached the end of stage II (septum formation). The absence of a functional tricarboxylic acid cycle in cells of the mutant grown at 37 degrees C or shifted from 26 to 37 degrees C before T1 did not appear to be due to a lesion in one of the structural genes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle but was more likely due to the inability of the cells to derepress the synthesis of some of the enzymes of that cycle.     

Conjugative transfer of pTd33-plasmid between strains of Agrobacterium

Supramembrane structures that connect conjugating agrobacterial cells were visualized for the first time by transmission electron microscopy. The primary contact of cells during conjugation was shown to occur through the formation of long pili containing no VirB1 protein. Pretreatment of agrobacterial cells with acetosyringone resulted in a six- to tenfold increase in the transfer frequency of the plasmid pTd33 at 19-25 degrees C and had almost no effect at 30 degrees C. The transfer of the plasmid pTd33 from A. tumefaciens strain GV3101 to plasmid-free A. tumefaciens strain UBAPF-2 was 16 times decreased after the centrifugation of cells. The transfer efficiency of the plasmid pTd33 from A. tumefaciens strain LBA2525 (virB2::lacZ) to plasmid-free A. tumefaciens strain UBAPF-2 was one order of magnitude lower than the transfer from the wild-type A. tumefaciens strain GV3101. Treatment of donor cells with 0.01% SDS before mating decreased the transfer efficiency by a factor of 26. The role of pili in the establishment of contact between conjugating cells of agrobacteria is discussed.     

利用原生质体紫外诱变技术选育可常温发酵的中国被毛孢新菌株

中国被毛孢(Hirsutella sinensis)是天然冬虫夏草[Cordyceps sinensis(Berk)Sacc.]的真正无性型,其生长温度低(低于20℃),生长缓慢(发酵周期长达20～30d),对人工发酵的技术条件要求很高,因而大大增加了工业化发酵生产的成本和技术难度。为了解决上述问题,实验中从天然冬虫夏草子座中分离到中国被毛孢菌株BS-1,并对其进行了原生质体紫外诱变处理。经过粗筛和精筛,从中选出一株可常温下(25～28℃)发酵、生长迅速(发酵周期4～5 d)、有效成分(甘露醇和腺苷)含量显著高于原始菌株的诱变株BS-5962。通过连续10代PDA斜面继代培养和摇瓶试验,以及连续3批的1t罐的中试试验,检查结果表明所得诱变株性状优异而稳定。可为降低中国被毛孢的液体深层发酵成本和技术难度提供一种有效的解决方案。     

Isolation, and morphological and chemical properties of an autolysis-deficient mutant of Clostridium botulinum type A.

An autolysis-deficient mutant was isolated from Clostridium botulinum type A 190L by treatment with ethyl methanesulfonate. The cell wall prepared from the mutant autolyzed at much slower rate than that from the parent strain, accompanying with much less liberation of both amino terminals and reducing groups. Electron microscopic observation revealed that the mutant strain was converted to short rod or curved spherical form with thickened cell walls when the growth temperature was shifted from 37 to 45 C. The mutant had a significantly larger amount of non-peptidoglycan-carbohydrate complexes than did the parent strain and became markedly resistant to the autolysin partially purified from the parent, compared with the parent strain. Furthermore, the mutant was fairly tolerant to killing by penicillin. These results suggest that the autolysis deficiency of the mutant was due not only to the deficient production of autolysin but also to the excess accumulation of carbohydrate in the cell wall.     

Mutant of Escherichia coli K-12 Deficient for Detergent-Resistant Phospholipase A

A mutant deficient for detergent-resistant (DR) phospholipase A was isolated from Escherichia coli K-12. Because the enzyme is membrane-bound and the substrate is a lipid, a special procedure was developed for isolating mutants deficient for the enzyme from agar plates. A sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-sensitive mutant was used as a parental strain for the isolation of DR phospholipase A-deficient mutant. Soft agar containing an unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph and SDS was poured over colonies of the parental strain. The cells were easily solubilized with SDS, and phospholipids were efficiently digested by DR phospholipase A from the colonies on an agar plate. Fatty acids released supported the growth of the indicator bacteria. After the cells of the parent were mutagenized with nitrosoguanidine, colonies which could not support the growth of an unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph in the presence of SDS were selected. Four mutants were isolated after in vitro scre[UNK]ning of DR phospholipase A activity of 30 halo-less clones. Since an extract of the parent strain mixed with that of a mutant strain was still active, it was concluded that the inability to hydrolyze phospholipids was not due to the accumulation of inhibitory substance; the activity of DR phospholipase A in the mutant was less than 1% of the parental activity. Physiological studies indicated that DR phospholipase A is not essential for the growth of E. coli.     

Effect of alteration of the acetic acid synthesis pathway on the fermentation pattern of escherichia coli

The glucose metabolism of an Escherichia coli strain bearing mutations abolishing both acetyl phosphotransferase (PTA) and acetate kinase (ACK) activities was studied under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. These studies were conducted in a complex medium with the mutant carrying no plasmid, the mutant carrying the common cloning vector pUC19, and the mutant carrying a plasmid bearing the "pet" operon that encodes Zymomonas mobilis pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase activities. The mutant carrying no plasmid showed lower specific growth and glucose uptake rates relative to the parent wild-type strain (K-12), Lactic acid was produced at higher levels than the wild type, and considerable amounts of pyruvic acid were secreted as an unusual byproduct. Analysis of other fermentation products showed low but significant amounts of acetic acid, no accumulation of formic acid, and lower secretion of succinate and ethanol. The maintenance of the plasmid pUC19 in the mutant negatively affected metabolism. Expression of the pet operon overcame the metabolic stress caused by the plasmid, enhancing growth and glucose uptake rates to the values observed in the plasmidfree mutant. Also, expression of the pet operon allowed consumption of pyruvate accumulated during the first hours of fermentation.