背瘤丽蚌胚胎发育的初步研究

用显微技术研究了背瘤丽蚌(Lamprotula leai)胚胎发育和钩介幼虫结构。结果表明,背瘤丽蚌卵为均黄卵,受精卵分布在雌蚌内、外鳃腔中进行胚胎发育;胚胎发育同步;胚胎发育过程包括受精卵、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、膜内钩介幼虫期和钩介幼虫期;卵裂为螺旋不等完全卵裂;未受精的成熟卵在鳃腔内退化;胚胎发育期与胚胎、外鳃和内鳃颜色相关;怀卵母蚌胚胎在外界环境变化时容易全部流产。分析认为背瘤丽蚌胚胎发育期的繁殖特征可指导人工苗种生产。     

绢丝丽蚌年龄与生长的研究

绢丝丽蚌一年生长一个生长轮。年轮可肉眼观察贝壳外表面凹陷的生长轮来鉴定,用纵剖贝壳明暗相间层数与打磨后观察棱柱层和珍珠层上的生长轮来验证。绢丝丽蚌10龄以前生长较快,10龄以后生长逐渐减慢。10龄以前年龄(A)与壳长(L)呈直线相关,年龄与壳重(Ws)、体重(W)均呈幂函数相关,其10龄以前的方程式分别为：L=0．8980A 0．8600(r=0．9883),Ws=1．0175A^2.3399(r=0．9997),W=1．3188A^2.3333=0．9997)。10龄以后年龄与壳长、壳重和体重均呈直线相关,其回归方程式分别为：L=0．1817A 7．9085(r=0．9813),Ws=10．7720A 61．1930(r=0．9902),W=13．6960A 78．8690(r=0．9903)。壳长与壳重、体重之间均呈幂函数相关,其相关方程式分别为：Ws=0．6303L^2.4846(r=0．9999),W=0．8181L^2.4775(r=0．9999)。壳重与体重之间呈线性相关,其回归方程式为：W=0．3560 1．2744Ws(r=0．9999)。     

绢丝丽蚌寄生变态发育的研究

绢丝丽蚌钩介幼虫在雌蚌外鳃中发育成熟后于冬季排放到体外,而后寄生到宿主鱼的鳃丝进行变态发育,寄生期历时近4个月.寄生后3d,内、外足丝消失;35d后,肉足形成;90d后,肠、闭壳肌、肾脏和鳃原基等生成;壳面加厚且外凸.次年春季,钩介幼虫变态发育成大小为253.37×273.26×179.96μm的稚蚌,脱离鱼鳃营独立生活     

三角帆蚌幼蚌贝壳形态及体重生长规律

为了掌握三角帆蚌幼蚌贝壳形态及体重的生长规律,采用模型拟合的方法研究了三角帆蚌（Hyriopsis cumingii）幼蚌一个生长周期内4个贝壳性状形态及体重性状的生长规律。结果显示,三角帆蚌幼蚌的贝壳形态与体重的增长过程均遵循Logistic生长模型。运用Levenberg-Marquardt迭代法估计出生长模型中的3个生长参数,得到在观测周期内各性状的生长极限值分别为,壳长9.216 cm、壳高4.985 cm、壳宽2.212 cm、全高8.262 cm、体重75.240 g;各性状的快速生长区间分别为壳长2.211 ~ 5.181月龄、壳高2.107 ~ 5.363月龄、壳宽2.712 ~ 5.470月龄、全高2.294 ~ 5.026月龄、体重4.247 ~ 8.065月龄,可见体重具有明显的生长延缓现象。各性状的瞬时增长率曲线均呈钟型,先增大到达生长拐点后又逐渐减小;瞬时增长加速度曲线为倒S型曲线,有最高和最低点;相对增长率在养殖初期最大,然后随着生长逐渐下降。上述结果可为三角帆蚌的养殖生态及选择育种提供参考。     

褶纹冠蚌钩介幼虫非寄生变态发育观察及早期稚蚌的生长

为揭示褶纹冠蚌钩介幼虫变态发育特征及过程,采用体外培养方法实现了褶纹冠蚌钩介幼虫的非寄生变态发育。运用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对变态发育过程中幼虫外部形态、内部器官发育进行了系列观察,对非寄生变态发育的稚蚌后期生长发育进行跟踪研究,并分析了底泥和光照两种环境因子对稚蚌存活及生长的影响。结果显示:在整个培养过程中,钩介幼虫的外部形态及大小未出现显著性变化,而斧足、鳃丝、外套膜及内脏团等组织器官逐步形成;在培养第3天,幼虫可见斧足雏形,鳃丝、外套膜纤毛尚未发现;在培养第6天,斧足成形,可见斧足侧沟,外套膜纤毛稀疏,鳃丝出现;培养第9天,斧足纤毛、外套膜纤毛增多,鳃丝密集。稚蚌投喂30d后,鳃丝基本成形。养殖试验结果表明:底泥对稚蚌存活和生长具有显著影响（P < 0.01）,而光照无显著性影响（P>0.05）。该结果为蚌科钩介幼虫变态发育生物学研究积累了基础资料,也通过对稚蚌生长的评估证实了体外培养是蚌类人工繁育及保护的有效技术途径。     

大竹蛏胚胎发生及稚贝发育基本特征

在人工培育条件下,对大竹蛏(Solen grandis)胚胎发生及稚贝发育进行显微观察,探究大竹蛏胚胎及幼虫发育规律。结果表明,大竹蛏胚胎及幼虫发育过程为:受精卵、卵裂、囊胚期、原肠期、担轮幼虫、D形幼虫、稚贝。在日平均水温为22.4℃时,受精后20～24 h发育成D形幼虫,5～7 d变态为稚贝,38 d稚贝已具备成贝形态,壳长壳高比为2.60。从受精卵到附着所需积温为3 088.79～5 005.19℃.h。稚贝先形成出水管,后形成进水管,最终形成"一管双孔"。壳长与壳高关系式为y=150.37e0.002 7 x,x为壳高(μm),y为壳长(μm),R2=0.985 5,P0.01;壳长与日龄关系式为y=143.38e0.091 6 x,x为日龄(d),y为壳长(μm),R2=0.979 5,P0.01;壳高与日龄关系式为y=33.979 x-15.450,x为日龄(d),y为壳高(μm),R2=0.987 3,P0.01。     

氨对褶纹冠蚌钩介幼虫及稚蚌的急性毒性

为探究氨对蚌类早期生活史阶段的毒性效应,研究分别以褶纹冠蚌(Cristaria plicata)的钩介幼虫及稚蚌为实验对象开展了24h和48h的急性毒性实验。结果表明:氨对褶纹冠蚌钩介幼虫的24h半致死浓度(LC₅₀)为0.63 mg NH₃-N/L (NH₃,分子氨)和78 mg TAN_7.0,20℃/L (TAN_7.0,20℃,pH 7.0水温20℃时即标准化的总氨氮);氨对褶纹冠蚌稚蚌的48h LC₅₀为0.60 mg NH₃-N/L和104 mg TAN_7.0,20℃/L;上述阈值高于已有研究中氨对其他淡水蚌类的毒性阈值;褶纹冠蚌钩介幼虫对氨氮的耐受性低于稚蚌,二者均低于幼蚌,因此褶纹冠蚌更早期生活史阶段对氨的耐受性更低。相关研究结果可完善氨对蚌类毒性的理解,为水体氮管理策略的制定和蚌类保护提供一定科学依据。     

背瘤丽蚌F型线粒体基因组全序列分析

部分双壳贝类的线粒体遗传方式是特殊的双重单亲遗传方式:F型存在于雌性体细胞组织和性腺中,M型仅存在于雄性个体的性腺中。通过LA-PCR扩增、SHOT-GUN测序、软件拼接获得背瘤丽蚌(Lamprotula leai)F型线粒体基因组全序列。线粒体基因组全长为16530 bp,包括13个蛋白质编码基因,22个tRNA其中包括2个tRNA^Ser和2个tRNA^Leu,2个SrRNA及27个长度不等的非编码区,最长的两个非编码区分别为969 bp、228 bp。比较分析已登录到GenBank中的淡水蚌类F型线粒体结构特征,结果显示背瘤丽蚌F型A+T含量为60.28%,表现出A+T偏好性,淡水蚌类线粒体基因组长度的差异主要表现为非编码区长度的差异。此外,背瘤丽蚌mtDNA的COⅡ-12S rRNA区域基因排列存在差异,是ND3、tRNA^His、tRNA^Ala、tRNA^Ser1、tRNA^Ser2、tRNA^Glu、ND2、tRNA^Met 8个基因发生重排造成。F型线粒体序列构建的系统进化树中,淡水蚌类和海水双壳贝类分别聚为一支。研究结果为进一步研究淡水珍珠蚌的DUI线粒体遗传方式和种质资源保护奠定基础,为双壳贝类mtDNA基因重排提供依据。     

水体Ca2+对三角帆蚌珍珠质沉积的影响

为研究不同水体Ca2+浓度(10-80 mg/L)下三角帆蚌生长和珍珠质沉积量和晶体结构的变化, 采用鱼蚌混养的养殖模式养殖10周。结果表明, 1龄幼蚌生长的适宜Ca2+浓度为40 mg/L, 2龄未植片三角帆蚌生长的适宜Ca2+浓度为40-70 mg/L, 2龄植片三角帆蚌珍珠沉积的适宜Ca2+浓度为40 mg/L。拉曼光谱分析和珍珠层小片的扫描电镜观察结果表明, 适宜Ca2+浓度影响三角帆蚌珍珠质沉积可能是通过促进外套膜组织有机基质分泌从而调节CaCO3晶体形成和生长实现的。研究结果提示, 在三角帆蚌生长快速季节, 养殖水体中添加一定的钙源如生石灰等将有利于蚌体和珍珠的生长。同时研究结果也为加快珍珠培育, 提高珍珠品质提供理论依据和实践操纵手段。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒研究进展

传染性法氏囊病(Infection bursal disease, IBD)是由鸡传染性法氏囊病毒(Infectious bursal disease virus, IBDV)引起的鸡和火鸡的一种高度接触性传染病,给世界各国的禽养殖业带来了巨大损失.自IBDV发现至今新的变异株不断出现,分子结构的改变导致病毒致病力的改变及宿主对疫苗应答的改变,使得传统的疫苗已不能控制其流行,因此各国学者对其基因组结构和功能进行了广泛深入的研究,并积极研制新型有效的疫苗以达到防治的目的.     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).