圈养马麝夏秋冬活动格局的比较

2000年6月至2001年1月间,在甘肃兴隆山保护区麝场对46只圈养马麝进行扫描取样观察,记录其站立及运动、摄食、反刍和静卧4种行为,并对各行为的发生率进行了统计分析。结果表明：圈养马麝的活动有昼夜节律和季节变化,夏季活动型属于晨昏型偏夜型,秋季偏向昼夜型,冬季也属昼夜型但趋于白昼活动;除季节间分布不一的晨昏活动高峰期外,3个季节均有相对恒定的午夜（22：00－01：30）活动高峰;气温是影响圈养马麝活动格局的主要因子。     

圈养环境中不同来源成年雄性马麝的行为差异

于2004年8月--2005年1月,采用焦点取样和连续记录方法,对甘肃兴隆山自然保护区马麝(Moschus sifanicus)繁育中心的雄性马麝进行了行为取样.按照动物来源,将样本动物区分为野捕雄麝(17头)和圈养繁殖雄麝(6头),记录了静卧及站立凝视等12种行为的发生频次,并分别对其在交配季节和非交配季节的行为发生频率进行比较.结果表明,由于圈养环境和管理模式相同,甘肃兴隆山繁育中心的野捕和圈养繁殖马麝的总体行为格局类似,但由于幼年期人工哺乳等因素对其行为发育的影响,野捕雄麝在非交配季节和交配季节的冲突行为的表达频次显著多于圈养繁殖雄麝(P＜0.05),而圈养繁殖雄麝在交配季节的亲和行为极显著地多于野捕雄麝(P＜0.01).此外,雄麝在非交配季节的静卧行为发生频次极显著地多于交配季节(P＜0.01),而在交配季节的站立凝视、运动和环境探究及冲突的发生频次均极显著地比非交配季节多(P＜0.01).     

野捕和圈养繁殖雄性马麝行为格局的比较

采用焦点取样和连续记录法,对甘肃兴隆山麝场圈养雄性马麝(Moschus sifanicus)进行行为取样,比较野捕和圈养繁殖雄性马麝的行为差异,并对雄麝在交配季节和非交配季节的行为时间分配进行分析.结果表明,由于圈养环境和管理模式相同,野捕和圈养繁殖马麝的总体行为格局类似,其时间和能量分配格局无本质差异,但由于幼年期的抓捕、人工哺乳及圈养方式等对其行为发育的影响,野捕雄麝的冲突行为表达强度显著高于驯产雄麝(P＜0.05).和非交配季节相比,雄麝在交配季节的静卧行为持续时间较少(P＜0.05),运动性增加(P＜0.05),摄食(P＜0.05)和反刍减少(P＜0.05),蹭尾标记及粪尿标记行为持续时间较长,增加了信息标记强度,且对相关的环境探究和尾阴探究等信息收集行为相应增加,但差异均不显著(P＞0.05).     

兴隆山自然保护区麝场圈养马麝刻板行为的比较

于2001年3月—2002年1月,采用焦点取样法对甘肃兴隆山自然保护区麝场圈养马麝的刻板行为进行了研究。结果表明:该麝场的圈养马麝有刻板行为的发育,雌麝的刻板行为持续时间少于雄麝,但二者间的差异不显著。野捕马麝幼年期的人工哺乳经历使其刻板行为表达强度相对小于麝场圈养下繁殖马麝。年龄对雌雄麝的刻板行为表达强度的效应相似,亚成体马麝的刻板行为表达较多,成体马麝体的刻板行为表达相对较少,老年马麝刻板行为持续时间最长,2.5和4.5岁是圈养马麝刻板行为发育的关键时期。此外,能顺利繁殖的个体,其刻板行为表达的持续时间少于繁殖失败的个体。     

圈养塔里木马鹿白昼活动时间分配及行为格局的初步研究

2004年10月3日至12日,在新疆南部且末县塔特让乡塔里木马鹿人工饲养场对15只圈养塔里木马鹿的活动时间分配及种群的站立和运动、休息(静卧)、摄食和饮水、反刍等4种行为,采用目标及扫描取样方法进行了观察,并对各行为的发生率进行了统计分析．结果表明：圈养塔里木马鹿白天用大多数时间来休息和静卧,摄食集中于早晨和晚上,反刍行为出现在摄食后,通常在中午和下午的高温下,停止摄食活动,进行反刍．另外圈养塔里木马鹿对栖息地环境有明显的选择行为,其喜好程度依次为干土地、摄食区、沼泽地、水泥地、水沟．     

甘肃兴隆山保护区圈养雄性马麝繁殖性能的行为判别

2000年6月至2001年2月,采用焦点取样连续记录方法,对甘肃兴隆山自然保护区马麝(Moschus sifanicus)繁育中心的雄性马麝进行了行为取样。按马麝爬胯结果,将样本动物区分为爬胯成功雄麝和爬胯失败雄麝,并对两类群雄麝在非交配季节(6—10月)和交配季节(11月—翌年1月)的行为格局分别进行了比较分析。结果表明,在单位取样时间(5min)内,爬胯成功雄麝在非交配季节的摄食行为持续时间显著少于爬胯失败雄麝,而静卧和蹭尾行为的持续时间显著多于爬胯失败雄麝。爬胯成功雄麝在交配季节的静卧时间显著少于爬胯失败雄麝,而攻击行为、蹭尾及粪尿标记的持续时间显著多于爬胯失败雄麝。根据以上结果,在麝类迁地保护和驯养实践中,雄性马麝的静卧和蹭尾行为(尤其是蹭尾)可以作为其爬胯成功度及繁殖性能的行为判别指标。这为马麝驯养实践,尤其是在提高配种雄麝选取的直观性及可操作性方面提供了量化行为参数。     

四川马尔康圈养林麝的刻板行为

在圈养环境下,迁地保育野生动物易发育刻板行为,刻板行为的发育可直接影响圈养野生动物的繁殖和存活,从而影响迁地保育。2016年5月1日至7月31日间,采用焦点取样及所有事件记录法对四川马尔康林麝繁育场的75头圈养林麝(Moschus berezovskii)进行了刻板行为取样,分析了性别、年龄、圈区环境、圈群结构等因素对其刻板行为的效应。结果表明,四川马尔康麝场的圈养林麝在单位取样时间(10 min)内展现的刻板行为持续时间占比为20.53%±2.43%(n=75);雌麝刻板行为持续时间占比(18.14%±3.26%,n=46)略低于雄麝(20.89%±3.98%,n=25);随圈养年限(本研究中的圈养林麝"年龄"即是"被圈养年数")增加,林麝展现刻板行为的持续时间显著增加(P0.05);圈区环境设施对刻板行为存在显著效应(P0.05),裸地基底圈舍中林麝的刻板行为持续时间占比最高(33.11%±6.16%,n=24);圈群结构对林麝刻板行为持续时间的影响不显著(P0.05),混合圈群的刻板行为持续时间(19.31%±3.18%,n=53)最小;圈群密度对刻板行为持续时间的效应不显著(P0.05)。增加圈养环境的植被覆盖,进行混合圈养,可有效降低圈养林麝的刻板行为强度,并可提升林麝迁地保育的有效性。     

圈养林麝夏季昼夜活动节律及时间分配

2011年、2012年的5～7月每月定期8天,每天00:00～24:00采用行为取样法在米亚罗养麝场观察记录54只林麝(15只成体雌麝,9只成体雄麝,10只亚成体雌麝,5只亚成体雄麝,15只幼麝)的行为。夏季共记录林麝83种行为,分成5种行为类型,即摄食、运动、休息、反刍及其他行为。夏季林麝具有明显的昼夜活动节律性,晨昏出现2个活动高峰期,分别为5:30～8:00和18:00～21:00,白昼活动率低于夜间。根据夏季林麝各行为累计时间和频率比较,表明圈养林麝的休息行为较高,尤其是幼体(65.38%±5.39%vs16.41h/d±1.29h/d),其次是摄食和运动行为。成体雌麝摄食行为比率高于成体雄麝、亚成体和幼体,这与夏季成体雌麝哺乳所需的能量较高有关。     

甘肃兴隆山保护区圈养雄性马麝繁殖性能的行为判别

2000年6月至2001年2月，采用焦点取样连续记录方法，对甘肃兴隆山自然保护区马麝（Moschus sifanicus）繁育中心的雄性马麝进行了行为取样。按马麝爬胯结果，将样本动物区分为爬胯成功雄麝和爬胯失败雄麝，并对两类群雄麝在非交配季节（6—10月）和交配季节（11月—翌年1月）的行为格局分别进行了比较分析。结果表明，在单位取样时间（5 min）内，爬胯成功雄麝在非交配季节的摄食行为持续时间显著少于爬胯失败雄麝，而静卧和蹭尾行为的持续时间显著多于爬胯失败雄麝。爬胯成功雄麝在交配季节的静卧时间显著少于爬胯失败雄麝，而攻击行为、蹭尾及粪尿标记的持续时间显著多于爬胯失败雄麝。根据以上结果，在麝类迁地保护和驯养实践中，雄性马麝的静卧和蹭尾行为（尤其是蹭尾）可以作为其爬胯成功度及繁殖性能的行为判别指标。这为马麝驯养实践，尤其是在提高配种雄麝选取的直观性及可操作性方面提供了量化行为参数。     

圈养马麝刻板行为表达与粪样类固醇激素的关系

2017年7月1日-8月31日及2018年6月1日-7月31日,在甘肃兴隆山保护区马麝繁育中心,采用焦点取样法和连续记录法进行了圈养马麝的刻板行为取样,采集同期粪样,并用放射免疫分析法（RIA）检测粪样中肾上腺皮质醇、睾酮及雌二醇激素的水平,分析了圈养马麝刻板行为表达与上述3种激素水平的关系。结果显示,展现刻板行为的圈养马麝的皮质醇水平（111.099 ± 16.231）ng/g略高于无刻板行为表达的马麝（95.640± 9.738） ng/g,差异未达显著（P> 0.05）;展现刻板行为雄麝的睾酮水平（135.900± 21.582）ng/g略高于无刻板行为的雄麝（108.182 ± 9.689） ng/g,差异也不显著（P> 0.05）;展现刻板行为雌麝的雌二醇水平（0.445 ± 0.116）ng/g显著低于无刻板行为雌麝（10.843 ± 1.142）ng/g（P< 0.05）。研究结果表明,圈养雄性马麝的刻板行为表达与其类固醇激素水平不相关;而雌麝的刻板行为表达与雌二醇分泌显著负相关,这与其繁殖及健康状况有关。在麝类驯养实践中,可将粪样类固醇激素水平（尤其是雌二醇）作为其受胁迫水平及行为健康的监测指标。     

圈养林麝春季活动节律及时间分配

2006 年春季,使用红外夜间观察记录仪,对崇明东平麝场12 只成年林麝(8 雌,4 雄)的行为进行了24 h昼夜连续观察。发现春季林麝的行为有37 种,可归并为休息、摄食、运动、社会、维持和排遗6 大行为类型,据此,建构了春季林麝的行为谱。根据各行为持续时间比率和频次分析表明,林麝的主要行为为休息;雌麝的摄食行为所占的比率高于雄麝,这是由于春季雌麝妊娠的能量需求较高所致。活动节律呈典型的晨昏双峰型,清晨(4:00 ～ 6:00)和傍晚(17:00 ～ 19:00)为活动高峰;夜间活动性显著高于白天。     

Seasonal behavioral patterns of captive alpine musk deer (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Moschus sifanicus</Emphasis>): Rut and pre-rut comparisons

Alpine musk deer (Moschus sifanicus), well-known for their musk production, are endemic to western China. Due to historical unrestricted illegal hunting and habitat loss, captive farming has been employed as a means of conserving this endangered species and developing sustainable musk harvesting techniques. For captive animals, an understanding of behavioral characteristics is vital to improve management practices. This study addressed a lack of information regarding the behavioral characteristics of alpine musk deer; specifically daily activity patterns in respect to gender and reproductive season. From August 2002 to January 2003, focal sampling was employed to observe 32 adult captive alpine musk deer (13 females and 19 males), at Xinglongshan Musk Deer Farm (XMDF), located at Xinglongshan National Nature Reserve, Gansu Province, China. Results indicated that the general behavioral patterns were similar between female and male captive alpine musk deer throughout both reproductive and non-reproductive seasons (rut and pre-rut season). Both male and female alpine musk deer demonstrated tail-pasting behavior during rut season, a previously male-only behavior trait. Female musk deer also rested comparatively more than males during pre-rut season.     

兴隆山圈养马麝的行为多样性

综合焦点取样、扫描取样和连续记录等方法,对甘肃兴隆山麝场圈养马麝（Moschus sifanicus）的行为进行了长期的行为取样。应用行为多样性分析方法提取样本行为流的综合信息,采用行为多样性指数和矫正行为多样性指数作为检测指标,分析了圈舍面积和环境丰富性等圈养环境特征对马麝行为多样性的影响,以及性别、年龄、性活跃度和幼年经历等个体特征对其行为多样性格局的效应。结果表明：圈养设施的物理特征可影响马麝的行为多样性,圈养面积较大、环境丰富性较高的圈舍内的马麝行为多样性有相对较高的趋势（但差异不显著,P=0．934）;雌麝的行为多样性明显低于雄麝（P=0．019）;个体年龄（亦直接反映圈养时间）对雌麝行为多样性的降低效应极显著（P：0．001）,但对雄麝没有影响（P=0．548）。马麝的行为多样性没有月间差异（雌：P=0．10;雄：P=0．109）,可能与圈养环境及饲养管理等因子对行为多样性的影响有关。马麝的行为多样性格局同其性活跃度相关。繁殖失败的雌麝的行为多样性有比繁殖成功的雌麝有降低的趋势,但差异不显著（P=0．96）。幼年受到的哺育方式差异对野外捕获和麝场自繁的马麝的行为多样性未产生显著影响（雌：P=0．173;雄：P=0．306）。     

圈养马麝刻板行为表达频次及影响因素

于2008年6月至2009年1月期间,采用焦点动物取样法,记录了甘肃兴隆山马麝驯养场的54头圈养马麝的刻板行为发生频次,按性别、年龄及年龄组、繁殖季节、动物来源和繁殖成效等变量区分样本动物,比较各类别间的刻板行为表达强度.结果表明,圈养马麝在单位取样时间(5 min)内平均表达(0.084±0.025)次刻板行为(n=54).圈舍活动场面积对马麝刻板行为表达强度的效应不显著,在面积较小圈舍中的马麝刻板行为的表达有较多的趋势.因雌麝的哺乳及育幼等原因,雌麝的刻板行为发生频次((0.07±0.03)次,n=31)显著低于雄麝((0.11±0.04)次,n=23,P＜0.05),但雌雄马麝的刻板行为频次均无显著月间差异,呈连续变化趋势,从8月开始,雌麝的刻板行为频次逐月攀升至1月的最大值( (0.020±0.012)次),而雄麝的刻板行为频次升至12月即急剧下降.马麝非交配季节的刻板行为频次( (0.037±0.017)次,n=47)显著少于交配季节((0.140±0.05)次,n=32).虽年龄较大的马麝的刻板行为有表达较强的趋势,但年龄及年龄组对马麝的刻板行为频次的效应均不显著.自繁圈养个体的刻板行为发生频次((0.10±0.06)次,n=15)有高于野捕圈养个体((0.07±0.02)次,n=30)的趋势,但差异不显著(P＞0.05).性不活跃雌麝的刻板行为频次((0.17±0.12)次,n=10)显著地多于性活跃雌麝((0.05±0.02)次,n=15,P＜0.05),性不活跃雄麝的刻板行为频次((0.10±0.04)次,n=13)高于性活跃雄麝((0.06±0.02)次,n=9),但差异不显著(P＞0.05).     

圈养马麝(Moschus sifanicus)个性特征及与麝香分泌的关系

采用焦点取样和扫描取样方法,对甘肃兴隆山麝场圈养马麝(Moschus sifanicus)交配季节及非交配季节进行行为取样。通过行为样本,对个体个性特征(活跃性、领域性、刻板性、探索性、行为冗余性)进行标准化处理,分析了年龄及性别对个性特征的效应,以及交配季节与非交配季节之间个性特征的差异,同时分析了马麝个性特征与泌香量的相互关系。结果表明:年龄增加对活跃性具有降低的效应(P0.05),并对非交配季节领域性具有降低效应(P0.05);非交配季节里雌性活跃性高于雄性(P0.05);不同季节间个性特征存在差异,交配季节活跃性与领域性均有高于非交配季节的趋势,并且活跃性与领域性在两季节间呈正相关关系(P0.05);雄麝泌香量与活跃性存在正相关关系(交配季节:r=0.518,P0.05;非交配季节:r=0.397,P0.05),与交配季节领域性同样具有正相关关系(r=0.406,P0.05)。本研究通过行为取样方法首次对马麝个性特征进行定量分析,探讨了将个性特征,特别是活跃性和领域性,作为泌香量预测指标的方法,对圈养动物个性研究的理论创新具有指导作用,同时对麝香及麝类资源的发展具有实践意义。     

The olfactory subgenome and specific odor recognition in forest musk deer

Olfactory receptors (ORs) are encoded by OR genes. The OR genes in forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii), which rely on olfaction for reproductive and social communication, are poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed the genome sequence of the forest musk deer to obtain its olfactory subgenome and compared it to other species. A total of 1378 OR‐related sequences were detected in the forest musk deer genome including 864 functional genes, 366 pseudogenes and 148 partial genes. These OR genes were classified into Class I and Class II and were further classified into 18 families and 244 subfamilies through sequence identity. Comparative analyses of the OR genes’ protein sequences in species from different orders (forest musk deer, human, mouse and dog) showed that 12 clusters were specific to forest musk deer. However, when compared to other Artiodactyl species (i.e. cattle, yak and pig) only two clusters were specific to forest musk deer. The odor identification potential of the OR genes in the forest musk deer was focused mainly on floral, woody, lemon, sweet and fatty odors. We also found that OR genes specific to forest musk deer were involved in the identification of spearmint and caraway. Our work is the first genome‐wide analysis of OR genes in forest musk deer. These findings will assist with better understanding the relationship between behavior and olfaction in the forest musk deer and the characteristics of the olfactory subgenome in Artiodactyl mammals.     

Ecological correlates of Himalayan musk deer Moschus leucogaster

Himalayan musk deer (Moschus leucogaster; hereafter musk deer) are endangered as a result of poaching and habitat loss. The species is nocturnal, crepuscular, and elusive, making direct observation of habitat use and behavior difficult. However, musk deer establish and repeatedly use the same latrines for defecation. To quantify musk deer habitat correlates, we used observational spatial data based on presence–absence of musk deer latrines, as well as a range of fine spatial‐scale ecological covariates. To determine presence–absence of musk deer, we exhaustively searched randomly selected forest trails using a 20‐m belt transect in different study sites within the Neshyang Valley in the Annapurna Conservation Area. In a subsequent way, study sites were classified as habitat or nonhabitat for musk deer. A total of 252 plots, 20 × 20 m, were systematically established every 100 m along 51 transects (each ~0.5 km long) laid out at different elevations to record a range of ecological habitat variables. We used mixed‐effect models and principal component analysis to characterize relationships between deer presence–absence data and habitat variables. We confirmed musk deer use latrines in forests located at higher elevations (3,200–4,200 m) throughout multiple seasons and years. Himalayan birch (Betula utilis) dominated forest, mixed Himalayan fir (Abies spectabilis), and birch forest were preferred over pure Himalayan fir and blue pine (Pinus wallichiana) forest. Greater crown cover and shrub diversity were associated with the presence of musk deer whereas tree height, diameter, and diversity were weakly correlated. Topographical attributes including aspect, elevation, distance to water source, and slope were also discriminated by musk deer. Over‐ and understory forest management can be used to protect forests likely to have musk deer as predicted by the models to ensure long‐term conservation of this rare deer.     

The relationship between the behavioral mode of endangered female musk deer and reproduction potential next year

This study was conducted at the Xinglongshan Musk Deer Farm, Gansu Province, northwestern China, between June 2004 and January 2005. Focal sampling and all occurrence surveying was used to record the behavior of 42 female captive Alpine musk deer (Moschus sifanicus) in the lead up to the 2005 breeding season. The frequencies of 12 behavior categories were recorded and the behavioral patterns were compared between successful breeding females (n = 28) and barren females (n = 14). Results indicated that, during nonmating season (August to October), the females who were barren in the following season, demonstrated more affinitive and self-directed behavior as compared with successful breeding females. Tail pasting behaviour was expressed only by successful breeding females, and was observed only within the mating season (from November to March). These findings have important implications in captive breeding programs and improving musk deer farming throughout China.