菠菜甜菜碱醛脱氢酶基因在烟草中的表达

质粒pLS9含有1．5kb的编码菠菜甜菜碱醛脱氢酶(BADH)基因。经限制酶切后克隆到植物表达载体的35S启动子和PolyA终止子之间。经农杆菌介导转化烟草,获得90多株抗卡那霉素再生植株。经PCR检测证明60％以上再生植株含有BADH基因。转基因植株经Western blot,BADH酶活性测定,BADH酶活性特异性染色法检查和耐盐性分析,证明菠菜BADH基因在烟草正常表达。在叶绿体和胞液中均有BADH酶存在。转基因植株能耐较高浓度盐。     

农杆菌介导的甜菜碱醛脱氢酶基因转化甘蓝的研究

为获得抗旱和耐盐性提高的甘蓝植株,通过农杆菌介导法将来自菠菜的甜菜碱醛脱氢酶（Betaine Aldehyde Dehydrogenase,BADH）基因导人甘蓝品系03079,并采用正交设计优化影响转化效率的参数,建立了甘蓝高效转化体系,即以侵染液为AA液体培养基、乙酰丁香酮200μmol L^-1、侵染时间20min、共培养天数2d为最佳转化参数,在该条件下转化率可达54．26％。转基因甘蓝植株经PCR检测初步说明BADH基因已导入甘蓝中,Southern杂交证明BADH基因已稳定整合到甘蓝基因组中。甜菜碱脱氢酶活性测定结果表明,经过聚乙二醇（PEG）、NaCI和干旱处理的转基因甘蓝植株的BADH酶的平均比活力范围在2．1Umg^-1～3．6Umg^-1之间,不同处理的转基因株系酶比活力显著高于相应的未转基因株系。膜的相对电导率测定结果说明,经过PEG、NaCl和干旱处理的转基因植株平均相对电导率在16．2％～32．6％之间,耐逆境胁迫处理后的绝大多数转基因株系相对电导率显著低于相应对照。多数转BADH基因甘蓝植株在干旱、盐胁迫和PEG胁迫条件下生长势强于未转基因植株,表现为大多数转基因株系株高增幅显著高于对照,说明BADH基因的导入能提高转基因甘蓝植株的抗旱和耐盐性。我们获得的抗旱和耐盐能力明显提高的转基因甘蓝植株,可作为培育耐盐、抗旱甘蓝品种的种质材料。     

CMO与BADH双基因表达载体构建及在烟草中的表达

本研究的目的是将甜菜碱合成关键酶CMO与BADH基因构建到同一表达载体中,利用转基因方法将该表达载体导入植物体内,完善植物体内的甜菜碱合成途径,提高植物的抗旱性和耐盐性。以pC1303质粒为基础,构建了均由35S启动子驱动的CMO基因和BADH基因的植物双基因表达载体pC35SC35SB1303。利用冻融法将其导入农杆菌LBA4404中,通过农杆菌介导法分别将CMO基因、BADH基因以及该双基因表达载体导入烟草中,PCR检测和Northern杂交分析表明,外源基因已整合到受体植物基因组中并正常表达。对转基因植株及对照植株甜菜碱含量的检测结果表明,转双基因植株的甜菜碱含量明显高于转BADH基因植株、转CMO基因植株及对照植株。     

甜菜碱醛脱氢酶(BADH)基因转化小麦及其表达

采用基因枪法将山菠菜甜菜碱醛脱氢酶 (BADH)基因导入小麦 (TriticumaestivumL .)品种 ,并且得以表达。该基因由玉米Ubi1启动子控制。在盐胁迫条件下 ,多数转基因植株叶片的BADH活性比受体亲本提高 1～ 3倍 ,部分植株相对电导率比亲本明显低 ,表明转基因植株的细胞膜在胁迫时有受损较轻倾向。PCR和Southern杂交分析证实外源BADH基因已插入小麦基因组 ,平均转化频率为 4.1%。     

转BADH基因紫花苜蓿山苜2号品种的抗盐性鉴定及系统选育

利用转基因技术创造苜蓿新种质已成为牧草新技术育种的重要组成部分。为了有效地从苜蓿转基因植株及其后代中选育出优良品种,深入研究转基因苜蓿的植物学性状及其产量十分重要。以通过农杆菌介导技术获得的T0代转BADH基因苜蓿为试材,利用分子生物学方法对其自交株系的世代群体连续进行抗盐性鉴定筛选和系统选育,首次获得了具有抗盐碱能力的转基因苜蓿稳定株系。同时,通过品种比较实验、区域实验和生产实验,表明在不同盐碱地条件下,转BADH基因的苜蓿植株产草量明显高于对照（未转基因的中苜1号）,生产实验的干草增产率介于13.11%–24.98%之间。上述结果表明,外源目的基因主要特性的遗传稳定,进而从实践上验证了转BADH基因工程操作的实用性。     

转BADH基因紫花苜蓿山苜2号品种的抗盐性鉴定及系统选育

利用转基因技术创造苜蓿新种质已成为牧草新技术育种的重要组成部分。为了有效地从苜蓿转基因植株及其后代中选育出优良品种, 深入研究转基因苜蓿的植物学性状及其产量十分重要。以通过农杆菌介导技术获得的T₀代转BADH基因苜蓿为试材, 利用分子生物学方法对其自交株系的世代群体连续进行抗盐性鉴定筛选和系统选育, 首次获得了具有抗盐碱能力的转基因苜蓿稳定株系。同时, 通过品种比较实验、区域实验和生产实验, 表明在不同盐碱地条件下, 转BADH基因的苜蓿植株产草量明显高于对照(未转基因的中苜1号), 生产实验的干草增产率介于13.11%–24.98%之间。上述结果表明, 外源目的基因主要特性的遗传稳定, 进而从实践上验证了转BADH基因工程操作的实用性。     

甜菜碱醛脱氢酶基因在水稻中的表达及转基因植株的耐盐性研究

甜菜碱醛脱氢酶(BADH)是渗透调节剂甜菜碱生物合成中涉及的第2个酶,我们将含盐生植物山菠菜BADH基因的植物双元表达载体经基因枪法导入水稻,经盐胁迫筛选得到转化植株,经RAPD检测全部阳性,在随机选择的10株转化植株中全部测出BADH活性,而对照未见.Northern杂交表明,其中7株为阳性.在含0.5%氯化钠的盐池中大多数转基因植株生长基本正常,结实率约为10%,而对照受盐害现象显著,几乎全部枯萎.     

高粱ATP合成酶E亚基基因(SbATPase-E)的克隆及其抗逆功能研究

高粱是一种抗旱性较强的禾谷类作物。本研究在高粱中克隆到一个全长为693 bp的编码ATP合成酶E亚基的基因(SbATPase-E)。在高粱幼苗期,SbATPase-E基因受Na Cl和脱落酸(ABA)处理诱导上调表达。该基因在拟南芥中过量表达可提高转基因植株的耐旱性和耐盐性,在逆境胁迫条件下转基因拟南芥植株较野生型植株根系发达,可能是转基因植株耐旱性和耐盐性提高的主要原因。在干旱胁迫条件下,转基因植株中DREB2A、P5CS1、RD29A、RAB18和ABI1基因的表达量相对于野生型植株中的表达量提高更为显著;在高盐处理条件下,转基因植株中SOS1和SOS2基因的表达量也较野生型植株中的表达量明显提高。这些抗逆相关基因的上调表达可能是转基因植株抗逆性提高的主要分子机制。     

转AtNHX1基因玉米的产生及其耐盐性分析

以玉米(ZeamaysL.)骨干自交系DH4866、齐319和鲁原16106的胚性愈伤组织为材料,采用农杆菌介导法将AtNHX1和hpt基因转入玉米培养细胞,经筛选获得了抗潮霉素的愈伤组织并再生植株。经PCR检测和Southernblot验证,确定了22.8%的再生植株为转基因植株。农杆菌液浓度、愈伤组织基因型及共培养时间对转化率均有明显影响。外源基因在转基因植株后代中的分离呈多样性,在部分株系中表现出孟德尔遗传规律。耐盐筛选表明,一些转基因植株及其后代具有很好的耐盐性,部分株系可在0.8%-1.0%NaCl溶液浇灌下萌发和生长。Northern杂交表明,植株耐盐性提高与AtNHX1基因的转录水平相一致。     

NRRB在水稻应答高盐和干旱胁迫中的功能解析

为研究NRRB在水稻抗逆反应中的作用,通过重叠延伸PCR扩增NRRB基因编码区,构建超量表达载体,并转化水稻愈伤组织获得超量表达转基因水稻植株。鉴定结果表明,该基因已被整合到水稻基因组中,并实现超量表达;同时构建了抑制表达载体,获得转基因株系,PCR检测结果证实NRRB基因在转基因水稻中受到明显抑制。对T1代转基因植株进行抗旱性、耐盐性分析,结果显示,超量表达NRRB基因增强了转基因水稻对干旱的抗性,抑制表达NRRB基因的转基因水稻对干旱的敏感性增强,表明NRRB正调控水稻对干旱的抗性;耐盐性分析表明,NRRB基因的抑制表达降低了植株对盐的敏感性。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.