达氏鳇不同发育期胚胎对低温的耐受研究

研究了达氏鳇12个发育期胚胎经过不同低温（2 ℃、3 ℃、5 ℃、7 ℃和8 ℃）处理12 h、24 h、2 d、3 d、6 d、10 d、15 d、20 d和30 d后的孵化率和仔鱼成活率.结果表明,卵黄栓期、隙状胚孔期、神经管闭合期胚胎在2～8 ℃水温下,处理24 h后孵化率为0;卵裂期、囊胚早期、原肠中期胚胎在2～8 ℃水温下,处理3 d后孵化率低于30%;囊胚晚期、原肠早期、眼基期、尾芽期、心跳期和尾达头部期胚胎在5～8 ℃水温下,处理3 d后孵化率、仔鱼成活率超过70%;随低温处理时间延长,胚胎和仔鱼的死亡率增加,处理时间与孵化率、仔鱼成活率呈负相关;囊胚晚期、原肠早期、眼基期胚胎在5 ℃水温下耐受力较强,处理10 d后孵化率、仔鱼成活率超过70%.本研究表明,达氏鳇胚胎发育过程中囊胚晚期、原肠早期和眼基期胚胎可以在某一低温下进行短期保存,其孵化率、仔鱼成活率与常温（16～17 ℃）下没有显著差异.这对于达氏鳇胚胎（受精卵）的长途运输有重要意义.     

外源激素、温度和亲本规格对大刺鳅人工催产及孵化的影响

综合分析比较了温度、外源激素和亲本规格3种因子对野生大刺鳅(Mastacembelus armatus)人工催产及孵化的影响, 结果显示: 大刺鳅催产及孵化的适宜水温为24—32℃, 最佳繁育水温为28℃, 效应期为(39.43±2.87)—(58.43±1.25)h, 孵化历时为(44.35±0.5)—(75.74±0.63)h, 效应时间和孵化历时随着水温升高逐渐缩短, 呈负相关; 亲本规格直接影响其催产及孵化效果。经外源激素催产后小规格亲本比大规格亲本性腺更早成熟, 催产效益期较短。产卵量、受精率和孵化率3个指标与亲本规格呈正相关, 规格越大产卵量越高卵子质量越好; 在适宜的剂量范围内3种外源激素组合均能部分实现催产。综合分析各项指标, 2种激素混合配方(DOM+LRH–A₂)的催产和孵化效果均较差, 3种外源激素混合使用(HCG+DOM+LRH–A₂)的效果最好, 适合用于大刺鳅繁育, 最佳催产剂量为1000 IU+5 mg+6 μg。     

不同水温对中华绒螯蟹胚胎发育的影

本文研讨了各种人控恒温和自然水温对中华绒螯蟹胚胎发育周期,各发育阶段以及卵裂同步率等的影响。在水温9.6±3.6℃到23℃之间,中华绒螯蟹的胚胎均能发育;最适发育水温为18—23℃。29℃以上,胚胎不能发育。变温对胚胎发育有益。胚胎在卵裂阶段对水温特别敏感,水温越高,卵裂虽然越快,但卵裂期同步率越低;胚胎处在自然水温中,经过低温,卵裂期同步率最高。     

鳜鱼人工繁殖的生态生理学特性

在鱖鱼(Siniperca chuatsi)苗种培育过程中,适时投喂适口饵料鱼是成功的关键。要掌握好鳜鱼人工养殖期中的不同水温,催情剂组合与效应时间、胚胎发育时间、胚后內源性营养期之间的关系,才能有效地制订鳜鱼和饵料鱼催产的计划,使鳜鱼苗适时地获得适口饵料。       

不同水温对中华绒螯蟹胚胎发育的影响

本文研讨了各种人控恒温和自然水温对中华绒螯蟹胚胎发育周期,各发育阶段以及卵裂同步率等的影响,在水温9．6±3．6度到23度之间,中华绒螯蟹的胚胎均能发育;最适发育水温为18－23度,29度以上,胚胎不能发育,变温对胚胎发育有益,胚胎在卵裂阶段对水温特别敏感,水温越高,卵裂虽然越快,但卵裂期同步率越低;胚胎处在自然水温中,经过低温,卵裂期同步率最高。     

新疆北鲵人工繁殖初步研究

近年来,我们进行了新疆北鲵的室外和室内的人工驯养和繁殖研究,成功地繁殖出了新疆北鲵。研究表明,新疆北鲵繁殖期为4－6月,产卵和胚胎发育水温在8－14℃,历时40—46天,胚胎和胚后发育分为25期,各期形态特征与小鲵科其他物种基本相似,不同的是刚孵化出的幼体无平衡器,变态完成时间长,幼体在水中发育约二年左右外鳃才消失,显示该物种的独特性;对野外产卵胶囊进行人工卵化和培育成功,为发展种群数量打下了基础。     

温度对尖裸鲤胚胎发育及其仔稚鱼生长性状的影响

采用实验生态学方法研究温度对尖裸鲤（Oxygymnocypris stewartii）胚胎发育及仔稚鱼生长性状的影响，旨在掌握温度对其早期发育的影响。结果表明，随着温度的升高，胚胎的孵化时间缩短，发育速度加快。在平均水温5 ℃、8 ℃、11 ℃、14 ℃和17 ℃下，尖裸鲤的胚胎孵化时间分别为530.78 h、366.12 h、214.22 h、220.63 h、153.95 h，温度和孵化时间呈幂函数关系，有效积温在水温为11 ℃时最低，为2 356.4 h ·℃。尖裸鲤胚胎不同发育时期在不同温度下的累计时间均呈现指数函数关系。随着温度的升高，孵化率呈现先降低后升高的趋势，水温范围在11 ~ 17 ℃时，温度系数Q10值和Q13值最接近2。尖裸鲤初孵仔鱼全长与温度间呈现三次多项式函数，全长与温度之间不存在显著性关系；而初孵仔鱼卵黄囊体积与温度间呈现显著性的二次多项式函数。综合各项指标表明，尖裸鲤胚胎的适宜孵化水温为11 ~ 17 ℃，仔稚鱼的适宜生长水温为14 ~ 17 ℃。     

寡齿新银鱼胚胎发育及其与温度的关系研究

在平均水温分别为１４．２、１５．６、１６．５、２３．４和２４．５℃时,寡齿新银鱼胚胎孵化时数依次为１４２、１１９、１０８、６８和６１ｈ．胚胎发育时序可分为１０期．温度与胚胎孵化时间呈幂函数关系,Ｈ＝６８６１．１９８８×Ｔ－１．４７１７;积温与胚胎孵化时间亦呈幂函数关系,Ｈ＝１．６０８１×１０－８×Ａ３．０１５１．     

威宁趾沟蛙早期胚胎发育的观察

用从野外采集受精卵室内观察的方法研究了威宁趾沟蛙的早期胚胎（8～25期）发育过程。结果表明：受精卵在水温为15±1℃的条件下从囊胚早期到鳃盖褶完成期需要519．23±1．57h,早期胚胎发育的特点是：大多数胚胎的孵化是在肌肉效应期;鳃盖褶完成中、后期胚体能到水面上活动;胚体纵轴伸长出现在神经褶后期;出水孔始于鳃盖褶完成期的胚体左侧靠前处;左侧鳃盖褶先发育完成。     

孵育温度对虾蟹幼体质量影响的初步研究

研究了亲体催产、幼体孵化和幼体培养温度对斑节对虾和中华绒螯蟹胚胎及早期幼体生长发育的影响．在实验温度（中华绒螯蟹,17～21℃;斑节对虾,26～30℃）范围内,胚胎及幼体的生长发育随温度升高而加快,但幼体的大小和蜕皮变态存活率随温度升高而降低．虾蟹幼体孵育的温度效应决定于亲体催产温度及升温方式、幼体孵化温度和培养温度．着重探讨了孵育温度等环境条件对幼体质量的影响,并提出从虾蟹胚胎和幼体发育期间能量代谢和物质代谢等途径开展进一步研究．     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.