大豆根茬木霉腐解产物的鉴定及其化感作用的研究

采用不同极性溶剂环己烷、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇连续提取及XAD 4树脂提取大豆根茬木霉腐解产物 ,并对各提取组分进行了化感作用研究 ,对化感作用明显的组分用GC MS进行了化学成分分析 .结果表明 ,大豆根茬木酶腐解产物的 2周、4周环己烷、乙酸乙酯、XAD 4树脂提取组分能显著抑制初期大豆种子萌发 (2 1h) ,随大豆种子萌发时间的延长 ,抑制作用减弱 .2周、4周根茬各提取组分对大豆种子萌发中的胚根生长 ,所表现出的化感抑制作用规律是 :0 .5 0、1.0 0gDW·ml-1乙酸乙酯、XAD 4树脂提取组分与 0 .10、0 .2 5 gDW·ml-1乙酸乙酯、XAD 4树脂组分及环己烷提取组分胚根长的RI值 (化感作用效应指数 )差异达显著或极显著水平 .乙酸乙酯、正丁醇、XAD 4树脂提取组分中的有机化合物种类有 :有机酸、酚、醛、酮、苯、胺、腈、酯等 ,其中大多为化感物质 .     

重迎茬大豆根际土壤有机化合物的初步鉴定及对大豆种子萌发的化感作用

采用气相色谱－质谱联用技术（ＧＣ－ＭＳ）鉴定了用无水乙醇浸提的结荚期重迎茬大豆根际土壤有机化合物,并对其化感作用进行了初步研究,结果表明,重迎茬大豆根土壤中主要含有有机酸类、酯类、醇类、酮类、醛类、苯类、酚类、烃类及萘、呋喃类等有机化合物;其中包含很多普被报道过的化感物质,在本试验的根本土壤用量条件下,其醇提液对大豆种子萌发及胚根生长未表现出化感作用,这可能与其致害浓度有关,此外,本文还探讨了化感     

两种基因型大豆根分泌物对大豆根腐病菌的化感作用

采用生物模拟试验、化学分析等方法,研究了两种大豆基因型(9536、吉林30)的根分泌物中的糖、氨基酸、有机酸组分对大豆根腐病菌的化感作用.结果表明,两种大豆基因型(9536、吉林30)根分泌物糖组分表现出低浓度显著促进、高浓度显著抑制半裸镰孢菌、尖镰孢菌生长的规律,对粉红粘帚菌的生长影响不明显;氨基酸组分对上述三种病原菌所表现出的促进、抑制规律不同,9536基因型根分泌物氨基酸组分的中、高浓度处理对半裸镰孢菌、粉红粘帚菌、尖镰孢菌的生长表现出显著的抑制作用,而吉林30多表现出显著的促进作用;有机酸组分对半裸镰孢菌、粉红粘帚菌、尖镰孢菌生长都有显著的抑制作用.两种基因型大豆根分泌物(糖、氨基酸、有机酸组分)与根腐病害发生密切相关,大豆基因型不同,根分泌物对根腐病菌的化感促进或抑制作用有差异.     

两种羟基苯乙酸对大豆萌发的化感效应研究

通过田间和室内试验相结合,利用高效液相色谱检测大豆根际土境和残茬腐解液中的对羟基苯乙酸和间羟基苯乙酸的含量;在培养皿内研究两种酚酸对大豆生长抑制效应;研究了二者对大豆DNA熔点(Tm)的影响,并采用SDS—PAGE方法研究二者对根系蛋白合成的影响．结果表明,在大豆根际土境和残茬腐解液中检测到对羟基苯乙酸;两种羟基苯乙酸处理后,大豆例根效和主根长均显著减少,表现出明显的化感抑制效应,间羟基苯乙酸的抑制效应更明显;两种羟基苯乙酸使大豆DNA的熔点(Tm)下降,一些小分子蛋白的合成受到影响,从而抑制大豆生长,表现出典型的化感效应。     

麦秸还田耕层酚酸的时间变化及其对夏玉米幼苗生长和产量的影响

麦秸还田作为常规农业措施已应用多年。近年来 ,随着国内外对化感作用研究的日益开展 ,对此措施有了新的认识。 Kimber[7] ,Mc Calla,Duley[9] 和马永清 [2 ,5]等均报道麦秸覆盖在一些情况下会抑制下茬作物的生长 ;马瑞霞等 [1,4 ]在室内腐解麦秸 ,将提取液分离鉴定 ,发现麦秸腐解产生的酚、酸、醛、酮类化合物对玉米种子萌发有抑制作用。但这方面的报道多限于室内模拟、盆栽等试验 ,而在生产条件下表现如何 ,未见报道。本试验以酚酸为代表研究麦秸还田后土壤耕层内化感物质的时间变化 ,以及对夏玉米生长的影响 ,以期为大田生产进一步应用…     

大豆地上部水浸液的化感作用及化感物质的鉴定

研究了重迎茬大豆花荚期植株地上部水浸液及其提取物对大豆种子萌发及幼苗生长的化感作用 ,并鉴定了有明显化感作用组分的物质。结果表明 :与对照组比 ,0 .1 0 g DW/ ml重茬大豆水浸液显著地抑制了大豆胚根生长 ;3 .75× 1 0 - 2g DW/ ml、7.5 0× 1 0 - 2 g DW/ ml正茬、重茬、迎茬大豆水浸液对砂培大豆苗的生长有显著的化感抑制作用 ;重茬、正茬大豆水浸液乙酸乙酯提取的酸性组分、XAD-4树脂提取组分 ,在 0 .6～ 1 .2 g DW/ ml浓度下 ,对大豆种子萌发初期的萌发率及萌发过程中的胚根生长亦表现出显著的化感抑制作用 ;重茬水浸液乙酸乙酯提取的中性、碱性组分在 1 .2 g DW/ ml浓度下 ,对大豆胚根生长有显著抑制作用。上述各组分化感作用大小随组分浓度增加而增加。在相同浓度处理下水浸液及其提取物的化感抑制作用有重茬大于正茬的趋势 ,统计检验差异均不显著。 GC-MS鉴定结果显示 ,正茬、重茬乙酸乙酯酸性组分、XAD-4树脂提取组分中的有机化合物主要是 :丁二酸、苯甲酸、邻羟基苯甲酸、4-羟基苯甲酸、对羟基肉桂酸、2 -甲基苯酚、2 -甲氧基 -4-乙烯基苯酚、间苯三酚、2 -甲基苯甲醛、3 -甲基苯甲醛、5 ,6,7,7a-四氢 -4,4,7a-三甲基 -2 (4 H) -苯并呋喃酮、2 ,4-戊二烯腈等。     

三七重茬根际土壤中化感物质的测定及其对 三七根腐菌的生长作用

目的研究三七重茬根际土壤中化感物质的组成及其对病原微生物的化感作用。方法采用乙酸乙酯提取三七重茬根际土壤中的化感物质,利用GC-MS对萃取液进行物质组成分析,并研究检测中出现的特征性化感物质对羟基苯甲酸、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯对三七根腐病菌(F.oxysporum Schlecht)的化感作用。结果采集的三七重茬土壤中共检测到29种化感物质,其中2种特征性化感物质对羟基苯甲酸、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯对三七病原菌的生长呈现低促高抑的现象,且当对羟基苯甲酸浓度为5mmol/L时能促进病菌小孢子的产生。结论检测到的化感物质组分为苯甲酸及其衍生物类、酚类、酯类、饱和烃类等物质。这些物质在低浓度时有利于病原菌的生长,对病害的发生具有促进作用。     

黄瓜种子及其萌发期的化感作用研究

以大白菜、萝卜、番茄和黄瓜种子为受体,采用实验室培养皿种子发芽生物测试法研究了黄瓜种子浸提液、种子萌发、胚根和芽苗分泌物、芽苗腐解物和芽苗浸提液的化感效应。结果表明:(1)黄瓜种子浸提液对大白菜、萝卜、番茄和黄瓜种子萌发均有化感抑制作用,即黄瓜种子内含有某些化感抑制物质。(2)在水浸提过的黄瓜种子萌发过程中,它不仅对其近邻套种的大白菜、萝卜和番茄种子萌发产生化感抑制作用,而且其胚根和芽苗分泌物对后茬播种的4种蔬菜种子发芽也表现出不同程度的化感抑制作用;黄瓜芽苗腐解物和芽苗水浸提液也对各受体蔬菜种子发芽与生长产生不同程度的化感抑制作用,且随着腐解芽苗量的增加或浸提液浓度的升高,各受体蔬菜种子的发芽指标值、化感效应指数值和综合效应值随之降低。(3)黄瓜种子浸提液及芽苗各器官的化感物质对黄瓜种子的萌发与生长产生了自毒作用,且黄瓜芽苗腐解物、芽苗浸提液、胚根及芽苗分泌物对受体黄瓜的自毒作用均为最大。研究发现,黄瓜种子浸提液、种子萌发时期以及芽苗各器官的化感物质主要是通过抑制受体胚根的生长而起化感抑制作用,即受体蔬菜种子胚根对化感效应最为敏感;因黄瓜种子及萌发期释放化感物质的途径有所不同,导致受体大白菜、萝卜、黄瓜和番茄的化感响应也不相同;在黄瓜种子萌发和芽苗生长的早期,化感物质即开始在芽苗体内进行合成与积累,一部分可通过胚根和芽苗分泌途径释放到环境中,另一部分可通过芽苗腐解途径释放化感物质,并对受体蔬菜种子萌发与生长表现出较强的化感抑制作用。     

不同作物秸秆对辣椒的化感效应

采用室内生物测定、室外盆栽的实验方法,研究了不同大田作物秸秆浸提液、腐解液及腐解物对辣椒的化感效应。结果表明:秸秆浸提液和腐解液对辣椒种子萌发的化感效应不同,浸提液抑制辣椒种子萌发,且随着浸提液浓度的增加,辣椒发芽指数、胚根长显著或极显著受到抑制,其中以大豆秸秆浸提液的抑制作用最强;秸秆腐解液对辣椒种子的萌发总体上表现为促进效应,腐解物对辣椒的株高、茎粗、鲜质量及根系活力均具有促进作用,且与腐解 物的添加量呈正比;不同秸秆腐解物的化感效应大小依次为玉米秸秆>水稻秸秆>大豆秸秆。     

辣椒秸秆腐解物化感作用的研究

以粉碎腐解的辣椒秸秆为材料研究其对自身的化感作用.按照植株干重∶田园土重为1∶100、3∶100和5∶100不同比例进行盆栽试验.结果表明,腐解物中的化感物质导致辣椒植株生长减缓.在60 d时测定,植株高度、茎粗、地上和地下部分干重等生物量下降了0.0374～0.0646、0.0020～0.0097、0.0050～0.0355、0.0916～0.3584,光合指标叶面积、叶绿素含量减小了0.0016～0.0251、0.0043～0.0242;在120 d时,腐解物中的化感物质抑制程度增加,但与对照比较均未达到显著水平.腐解物中的化感物质对辣椒根系活力、根系保护酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性的抑制及MDA生成量、相对电导率的促进均随着处理含量加大、处理时间延长,化感作用加强,化感效应范围为0.0163～0.6507,明显高于其对生长指标的化感效应.     

野生露珠杜鹃林不同分解层的土壤化感潜力

探明野生杜鹃群落不同层次土壤浸提物的化学成分及其含量差异,为阐明杜鹃群落天然更新障碍与化感作用之间的关系提供基础数据,从化学生态学角度解释群落天然更新障碍的原因。通过种子发芽试验,比较凋落物层(L层)、腐殖质层(H层)和土壤表层(S层)浸提液对自身种子萌发的化感效应,采用内标法结合气相色谱-质谱(GC/MS)联用等技术鉴定土壤浸提液所含的有机化合物。(1)种子发芽试验显示,露珠杜鹃不同土壤层浸提液的化感效应不同。L层的抑制作用最为强烈,其浸提液显著抑制自身种子的萌发。H层和S层对自身具有一定的抑制作用,与对照相比不显著;(2)鉴定了不同层次土壤浸提液中所含的有机化合物,L层、H层和S层均检测出31种组分,其中相对含量大于5%的组分分别有6、8和8种。L层浸提液主要化感成分为丙三醇和棕榈酸,分别达到总量的19.56%和19.17%;H层主要化感成分为2-羟基丙酸和棕榈酸,分别达到总量的14.05%和12.48%;S层土壤浸提物的主要化感成分为棕榈酸和2-羟基乙酸,分别达到总量的14.91%和12.79%。野生露珠杜鹃不同土壤浸提物的化感物质含量以L层最高,L层作为群落土壤化感物质的主要来源;从化感物质组分来分,长链脂肪酸和有机酸类是H层和S层主要的化感物质种类,长链脂肪酸类和醇类是L层主要的化感物质种类。杜鹃群落林下土壤中存在的化感物质可能是其天然更新障碍的重要原因之一。     

Decomposition of Plant Debris by the Nematophagous Fungus ARF

In the study of the biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes, knowledge of the saprophytic ability of a nematophagous fungus is necessary to understand its establishment and survival in the soil. The objectives of this study were (i) to determine if the nematophagous fungus ARF (Arkansas Fungus) shows differential use of plant residues; and (ii) to determine if ARF still existed in the soil of a field in which ARF was found originally and in which the population level of Heterodera glycines had remained very low, despite 15 years of continuous, susceptible soybean. Laboratory studies of the decomposition of wheat straw or soybean root by ARF were conducted in two separate experiments, using a CO₂ collection apparatus, where CO₂-free air was passed through sterilized cotton to remove the microorganisms in the air and then was passed over the samples, and evolved CO₂ was trapped by KOH. Milligrams of C as CO₂ was used to calculate the percentage decomposition of the plant debris by ARF. Data indicated ARF decomposed 11.7% of total organic carbon of the wheat straw and 20.1% of the soybean roots in 6 weeks. In the field soil study, 21 soil samples were taken randomly from the field. Only 3 months after the infestation of the soil with H. glycines, the percentage of parasitized eggs of H. glycines reached 64 ± 19%, and ARF was isolated from most parasitized eggs of H. glycines. Research results indicated ARF could use plant residues to survive.     

Effect of the application of selenium on selenium content of soybean and its products

Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of the application of selenium on the selenium content of soybean and its products in two counties with selenium-deficient soil. Selenium-enriched soybean was produced by the application of sodium selenite and Se-enriched fertilizer. The selenium contents of soybeans, soybean protein and okra were determined by hydride-generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The results showed that the selenium contents of soybean, soybean protein, and okra were significantly increased by the application of sodium selenite and selenium-enriched fertilizer. Foliar application of selenium provided a higher efficiency for increasing the selenium content of soybean than soil application. Significant differences were found in that soybean cultivars exhibited different accumulation of selenium. There was no remarkable difference in soybean yield, soybean protein, and lipid between selenium and control. The selenium-enriched protein derived from selenium-enriched soybean could be used as a functional ingredient and soybean okra as a selenium-enriched feed for animals for increasing selenium intake.     

Phenolic substances as allelopathic agents arising during the degradation of rye (Secale cereale) tissues

Rye seedlings, tillering plants and crop residues were allowed to decompose in model incubation experiments. Young tissues gave rise to high concentrations of allelochemicals, whereas crop residues did not produce inhibitors. Seven phenolic acids were identified in the investigated materials; p-hydroxybenzoic protocatechuic, gallic, vanillic, syringic, p-coumaric, ferulic as well as benzoic acid. However, neither the level of these acids nor the total content of phenolic compounds corresponded to the level of phytotoxicity determined in bioassays. This demonstrated that, apart from phenolics, other unidentified water-soluble organic compounds were also responsible for the toxicity of rye decomposition products. The study was conducted within program CPBP 04.10.03. The study was conducted within program CPBP 04.10.03.     

小麦根区微生物分解小麦残体产生的化感物质及其生物活性的研究

取小麦根区土壤微生物于不同ｐＨ（５,７,８）条件下,在室内腐解成熟期麦秸。对不同时间提取物做生物活性检验,部分样品进行ＧＣ－ＭＳ测定。结果表明：酸性提取液对小麦,玉米种子萌发均表现出抑制作用,其强弱与腐解时间有关。第１天的提取物对小麦、玉米根长的抑制作用极显著（Ｐ〈０．０１）,第２周的提取物,以ｐＨ７时对小麦抑制最强,萌发率为零。第４周提取物ｐＨ８（Ａ）对小麦不但无抑制作用,反而有明显的刺激作用。     

Characterization of a metal-chelating substance in coffee

A metal-chelating substance in brewed coffee was separated and characterized by its chemical structure. This substance was a brown polymer. The contents of sugars, amino acids and phenolics in the substance were evaluated. This polymer contained small amounts of sugars and amino acids in its partial structure. After being decomposed by alkaline fusion, the decomposition products were identified by HPLC and GC-MS. Several phenolics were detected in the decomposed products. To characterize this substance, various types of model compounds were prepared by roasting chlorogenic acid, sucrose, and (or) protein with cellulose powder. Among these model compounds, the polymer-forming ability was highest in the model prepared from all four of materials, but the metal-chelating ability was the highest in the model prepared from chlorogenic acid and cellulose. These results suggest that this metal-chelating substance was a melanoidin-like polymer formed by the decomposition and polymerization of sugars, amino acids and phenolics.     

转基因高蛋氨酸大豆对根际土壤主要有机元素和酶活性的影响

【目的】为了评估转基因高蛋氨酸大豆ZD91对土壤生态系统的安全性,开展了其对土壤主要有机元素和酶活性影响的实验。【方法】连续2年,在大豆苗期、花期、鼓粒期和成熟期,采用抖落法采集根际土壤样品,通过室内测定,分析了转基因大豆ZD91对根际土壤含水量、pH、主要有机元素和酶活性的影响。【结果】转基因大豆ZD91较之对应的非转基因大豆对根际土壤含水量、pH、主要有机元素和酶活性无显著影响,但同一种酶活在不同年份和不同生育期存在显著差异。【结论】转基因大豆ZD91对土壤生态系统具有安全性。