博莱霉素同系物对癌基因表达的影响

应用快速酶联免疫法及Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ印迹杂交法研究了博莱霉素同系物诱地癌基因表达的作用,通过检测ｐ２１和ｃ－ｍｙｃ蛋白表达的改变和药物在ＲＮＡ的转录水平上对癌基因表达的影响,证明了ＢＬＭ能够抑制ｃ－ｍｙｃ基因的表达。这种抑制作用不仅发生在蛋白质的翻译水平,而且可能发生在ＲＮＡ的转录水平上。     

增强p53、p21及抑制c—myc表达对MCF-7细胞增殖的协同抑制作用

为了探讨增强p53、p21基因表达水平和降低c—myc基因表达水平对乳腺癌细胞MCF-7．增殖的协同抑制作用,以及这些基因对细胞产生效应时的相互关系,本研究中首先构建了正义的p53、p21和反义的c—myc 3种真核细胞表达载体,并根据析因实验设计三种载体不同剂量组合。按照组合用质粒转染细胞,然后对转染细胞的增殖抑制率进行检测,并采用金正均Q值法、单因素方差分析中的LSD法、聚类分析法等统计学方法对结果进行统计分析。结果显示,不同量的p53、p21反义c—myc对MCF-7细胞的增殖均有抑制作用,抑制的程度各基因间存在差异。在各基因组合中,p21与反义c—myc,p53与反义c—myc联用具有协同作用,对MCF-7细胞的增殖产生更强的抑制,而p53与p21之间未显示出协同作用。对三基因协同结果进行聚类分析后,发现第一类组合协同作用最明显,第九类组合的抑制率最高。由此推测,作为抑癌基因的p53或CDK抑制基因p21高表达,同时原癌基因c—myc表达受到抑制,可相互协同显著增强对MCF-7细胞增殖的抑制作用。     

小激活RNA上调抑癌基因p21表达及其应用前景

小激活RNA (small activating RNA, saRNA)是新近发现的能够靶向作用于基因启动子区域,并在转录水平诱导基因表达的小分子双链RNA。RNA激活通过重新开启内源性基因的表达、恢复蛋白质的天然功能来发挥治疗作用,在医学上具有巨大的应用前景。抑癌基因p21的主要作用是使细胞周期停滞于G1/S和G2/M期,从而抑制细胞增殖。该文就saRNA上调抑癌基因p21表达的生物学意义及saRNA药物应用的可行性作一综述。     

COS-7细胞中小发卡RNA介导的RNA干涉

利用U6启动子转录小发卡RNA介导的RNA干涉是最近发展起来的在哺乳动物细胞中特异性抑制指定基因表达的新技术,已有实验证明它在小鼠畸胎瘤P19等细胞系中具有强烈的抑制基因表达的作用。本文对COS－7细胞系中U6启动子转录GFP基因的小发卡RNA介导的RNA干涉现象进行了研究,结果表明：U6启动子转录的小发卡RNA具有RNA干涉作用,即可以在COS－7细胞中特异性地抑制含有对应序列的基因GFP的表达,这一结果为今后在COS－7细胞系中利用RNA干涉技术研究目的基因的功能奠定了基础。     

人U6基因POI Ⅲ启动子表达反义VEGF cDNA抑制SMMC-7721肝癌细胞VEGF表达的观察

 由 RNA聚合酶启动子在细胞内转录高浓度反义 RNA是抑制靶蛋白的一种有效手段 ,有报道 POI 启动子转录小分子 RNA存在效率不高 ,带有较多的非特异性序列等缺点 ,为了克服这些问题 ,表达反义 VEGF RNA的人 U6基因表达盒对人肝癌细胞株 SMMC- 772 1 VEGF表达的抑制作用进行了研究 .首先 PCR扩增 2 0 0 bp VEGF c DNA以正、反向插入人 U6 sn RNA.通过测序证实反向插入的正确性 .采用细胞原位杂交 ,RNA酶保护分析 ,Northern印迹来证实反义 RNA表达的情况 ,利用 RT- PCR方法研究了其对人肝癌细胞株 SMMC- 772 1 VEGF表达的抑制效果 .细胞原位杂交结果显示 U6启动子转录产物主要分布于细胞核内 ,细胞浆内亦有表达 ,RNA酶保护分析显示 U6基因 POI 启动子能高表达所需大小反义 RNA,Northern印迹结果显示脂质体 lipo-fectamine介导含 U6基因 POI 启动子的质粒转染人肝癌细胞株 SMMC- 772 1后 1 2 h即有表达且可持续表达 6 d. RT- PCR证实 U6基因 POI 启动子转录的反义 VEGF RNA能有效抑制SMMC- 772 1细胞 VEGF的 m RNA表达 .已有的研究结果揭示 POI 启动子是反义基因治疗中一种好的选择     

RNA结合蛋白HuR通过其RNA识别模体调节hsa-let-7c表达（英文）

微小RNA(microRNAs,miRNA)是一种短链的非编码RNA,它通过抑制RNA的翻译或促进RNA的降解调控多种细胞活动和机体的发育。机体主要通过转录和转录后两个层面对miRNA的表达进行调控,其中对miRNA转录水平的调控决定了miRNA表达的特异性,而目前我们对其转录后调控的机制还知之甚少。本研究旨在证实RNA结合蛋白HuR是否通过与pri-miRNA中富含AU的序列相结合调节miRNA的表达。利用生物信息学方法对pri-miRNA中的AUUUA模体进行筛查,发现在hsa-let-7c下游富含AUUUA模体,而hsa-miR-21则不具备这一模体。通过转染HuR质粒到HEK293T细胞构建过表达模型,然后用Western blot和real-time PCR分别检测HuR蛋白和miRNAs表达水平。结果显示,过表达HuR能够促进成熟hsa-let-7c而非hsa-miR-21表达。而过表达缺失RNA识别模体3(RNA recognition motif,RRM3)的突变体HuR则不能促进hsa-let-7c的表达。以上结果提示RRM3是HuR介导成熟hsa-let-7c表达的关键序列,而HuR在调控miRNA生物合成中可能扮演了一种新的角色,即在转录后水平调节miRNA的表达。     

丹参酮ⅡA对人乳腺癌细胞株恶性表型逆转的研究

目的：研究丹参酮ⅡA体外诱导人乳腺癌细胞分化,逆转其恶性表型作用。方法：在体外培养的基础上,观察细胞形态学、细胞增殖动力学的变化。采用流式细胞仪的方法,定量检测了ER、nm23-1蛋白、抑癌基因c—fos、癌基因c—myc。结果：经无毒剂量的丹参酮ⅡA处理后,人乳腺癌细胞株MDA—MB-231形态趋向良性分化,细胞增殖指数明显降低,ER、nm23-1蛋白、抑癌基因c-fos明显升高,癌基因c-myc明显降低。结论：丹参酮ⅡA对人乳腺癌细胞株恶性表型有逆转作用,可能是通过抑制癌基因的表达,增加抑癌基因的表达,改变细胞形态结构和生物学特性。     

利用Ⅱ型启动子转录的U6 RNA提高植物病毒表达载体在植物中表达外源基因的水平

Ⅱ型启动子转录的外源短链RNA可以竞争性抑制细胞内源mRNA的核质转运,因而可能会提高植物RNA 病毒载体表达的外源基因在植物中的积累. 为了验证这一假说,利用OE-PCR技术合成拟南芥U6-1核内小RNA序列,并构建其Ⅱ型启动子转录的植物表达载体. 以农杆菌渗滤技术,与烟草花叶病毒（Tobacco mosaic virus, TMV）表达载体共接种寄主植物本氏烟,通过对报告基因绿色荧光蛋白（green fluorescence protein, GFP）的荧光观察,并以Western印迹和ELISA测定GFP在烟草中的表达情况,分析共表达Ⅱ型启动子转录的U6 RNA对外源基因在植物中表达的作用效果. 结果表明,共接种Ⅱ型启动子转录的U6 RNA对TMV病毒表达载体表达外源基因的水平有明显的增效作用,推测RNA核质转运干扰是提高外源基因表达的可能机制.     

靶向UL27shRNA抑制Ⅱ型单纯疱疹病毒在HEK293细胞中的复制

按照shRNA(small hairpin RNA)设计原则,针对Ⅱ型单纯疱疹病毒(herpes simplex virus type 2, HSV-2)的UL27基因序列保守区域筛选设计、合成4条干扰靶序列并构建表达UL27序列特异性siRNA(short interfering RNA)的质粒载体pGPU6/GFP/Neo．通过脂质体介导重组表达载体转染HEK293细胞 (human embryonic kidney 293 cell)再接种HSV-2．采用实时荧光定量PCR(real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR)技术检测UL27各组的mRNA转录水平,终点滴定法检测细胞上清液中的病毒滴度,四甲基偶氮唑盐(four methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium, MTT)法测定细胞存活率,Western印迹法检测蛋白表达效果．结果显示,UL27shRNA75组对UL27基因mRNA表达抑制效果最佳,同时能显著抑制感染细胞的CPE(cytopathic effect, CPE),降低上清液中的病毒感染滴度,提高细胞的生存率,抑制UL27基因的蛋白表达．提示本研究构建的pGPU6/GFP/Neo-UL27表达载体能在细胞水平上不同程度地干扰HSV-2 UL27基因表达,抑制HSV-2在HEK293细胞中复制．     

鼻咽癌上皮细胞凋亡有关癌基因表达的变化

用DNA拓扑异构酶I抑制剂-喜树硷体外诱导人低分化鼻咽癌上皮细胞系（CNE－2Z）细胞发生凋亡,并用流式细胞仪检测了有关癌基因表达的变化情况。结果：4μmol／L喜树俭作用24h后,c－myc、bcl－2及p53表达均较对照组明显降低,提示CNE－2Z细胞发生凋亡时或许会受c－myc、bcl－2和p53等癌基因的影响。     

Activities of recombinant human bleomycin hydrolase on bleomycins and engineered analogues revealing new opportunities to overcome bleomycin-induced pulmonary toxicity

The bleomycins (BLMs) are widely used in combination therapies for the treatment of various cancers. Dose-dependent and cumulative pulmonary toxicity is the major cause of BLM-associated morbidity, limiting the broad uses of BLMs as anticancer drugs. The organ specificity of BLM-induced toxicity has been correlated with the expression of the hBLMH gene, encoding the human bleomycin hydrolase (hBLMH), which is poorly expressed in the lung. hBLMH hydrolyzes BLMs into the biologically inactive deamido BLMs, thereby protecting organs from BLM-induced toxicity. Here we report (i) expression of hBLMH and production and isolation of recombinant human bleomycin hydrolase (rhBLMH) from E. coli, (ii) structural characterization of deamido BLM A2 and B2 isolated from rhBLMH-catalyzed hydrolysis of BLM A2 and B2, and (iii) kinetic characterization of the rhBLMH-catalyzed hydrolysis of BLM A2 and B2, in comparison with five BLM analogues. rhBLMH from E. coli catalyzes rapid and efficient hydrolysis of all BLMs tested, exhibiting a superior catalytic efficiency for BLM B2. These findings reveal new opportunities to overcome BLM-induced pulmonary toxicity in chemotherapies, potentially by exploring BLM B2 as the preferred congener, engineering designer BLMs with optimized activity for rhBLMH, or co-administrating rhBLMH directly into the lung as a potential protein therapeutic.     

Zorbamycin has a different DNA sequence selectivity compared with bleomycin and analogues

Bleomycin (BLM) is used clinically in combination with a number of other agents for the treatment of several types of tumours. Members of the BLM family of drugs include zorbamycin (ZBM), phleomycin D1, BLM A2 and BLM B2. By manipulating the BLM biosynthetic machinery, we have produced two new BLM analogues, BLM Z and 6′-deoxy-BLM Z, with the latter exhibiting significantly improved DNA cleavage activity. Here we determined the DNA sequence specificity of BLM Z, 6′-deoxy-BLM Z and ZBM, in comparison with BLM, with high precision using purified plasmid DNA and our recently developed technique. It was found that ZBM had a different DNA sequence specificity compared with BLM and the BLM analogues. While BLM and the BLM analogues showed a similar DNA sequence specificity, with TGTA sequences as the main site of cleavage, ZBM exhibited a distinct DNA sequence specificity, with both TGTA and TGTG as the predominant cleavage sites. These differences in DNA sequence specificity are discussed in relation to the structures of ZBM, BLM and the BLM analogues. Our findings support the strategy of manipulating the BLM biosynthetic machinery for the production of novel BLM analogues, difficult to prepare by total synthesis; some of which could have beneficial cancer chemotherapeutic properties.     

博安霉素与DNA相互作用的分子机理研究

通过光谱分析、粘度测定及~１ＨＮＭＲ研究证实：博安霉素（ＢｌｅｏｍｙｃｉｎＡ_６,ＢＬＭＡ_６）是通过双噻唑基嵌插入碱基对之间与ＤＮＡ结合的。同时测定了ＢＬＭＡ_６与ＤＮＡ的结合常数、结合位点数并与博莱霉素Ａ_２（ＢＬＭＡ_２）、Ａ_５（ＢＬＭＡ_５）进行了比较,证实了末端胺基对ＢＬＭＡ_６与ＤＮＡ结合的贡献,琼脂糖凝胶电泳对ＢＬＭＡ_６及其Ｃｕ（Ⅱ）、Ｆｅ（Ⅱ）络合物断裂ＤＮＡ的研究表明,在ＤＮＡ断裂中某种氧自由基的存在及金属螯合部位与ＤＮＡ嵌插部位之间的相互影响,对于ＢＬＭＡ_６及同系物对小鼠肺毒性的差异与不同尾链结构的关系进行了探讨。     

Single-strand and double-strand deoxyribonucleic acid breaks produced by several bleomycin analogues

Production of single-strand breaks (ssb) and double-strand breaks (dsb) of PM2 phage DNA by several structurally related bleomycin (BLM) analogues was studied by gel electrophoresis. BLM A2 and BLM B2 produced a comparable extent of dsb. In various experiments, BLM A2 and BLM B2, at 22-41 ng/mL, degraded 50% of the form I DNA into 33-38% form II and 12-17% form III DNA. BLM B1' produced ssb and dsb at a ratio similar to that of BLM A2, but both at a rate less than half that of BLM A2. Phleomycin (PLM) D1 induced an equivalent amount of ssb but only one-eighth of dsb induced by BLM B2. The relatively lower extent dsb production for PLM D1 was observed either in borate buffer (pH 9.5) or in Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.5) and in the presence or absence of exogenous Fe(II). Deamido-BLM A2 produced ssb to an extent approximately half that of BLM A2 and dsb to less than one-eighth that of BLM A2. The following conclusions were drawn. (1) BLM analogues produced ssb and dsb to different extents and ratios. (2) The ratio of dsb to ssb varied depending on the analogue, indicating a lack of a direct correlation between ssb and dsb. (3) The extent of ssb and dsb was affected by modifications on both the C- and N-terminal half-molecules of BLM: modification of either the N-terminal amide or the bithiazole greatly reduced dsb, whereas changes in structure or charge in the C-terminal amine affected ssb and dsb to a similar extent.     

The genome-wide sequence specificity of DNA cleavage by bleomycin analogues in human cells

Bleomycin (BLM) is a cancer chemotherapeutic agent that cleaves cellular DNA at specific sequences. Using next-generation Illumina sequencing, the genome-wide sequence specificity of DNA cleavage by two BLM analogues, 6′-deoxy-BLM Z and zorbamycin (ZBM), was determined in human HeLa cells and compared with BLM. Over 200 million double-strand breaks were examined for each sample, and the 50,000 highest intensity cleavage sites were analysed. It was found that the DNA sequence specificity of the BLM analogues in human cells was different to BLM, especially at the cleavage site (position “0”) and the “+1” position. In human cells, the 6′-deoxy-BLM Z had a preference for 5′-GTGY*MC (where * is the cleavage site, Y is C or T, M is A or C); it was 5′-GTGY*MCA for ZBM; and 5′-GTGT*AC for BLM. With cellular DNA, the highest ranked tetranucleotides were 5′-TGC*C and 5′-TGT*A for 6′-deoxy-BLM Z; 5′-TGC*C, 5′-TGT*A and 5′-TGC*A for ZBM; and 5′-TGT*A for BLM. In purified human genomic DNA, the DNA sequence preference was 5′-TGT*A for 6′-deoxy-BLM, 5′-RTGY*AYR (where R is G or A) for ZBM, and 5′-TGT*A for BLM. Thus, the sequence specificity of the BLM analogue, 6′-deoxy-BLM Z, was similar to BLM in purified human DNA, while ZBM was different.     

Deglycobleomycin A6 analogues modified in the methylvalerate moiety

Previous studies have indicated that the methylvalerate subunit of bleomycin (BLM) plays an important role in facilitating DNA cleavage by BLM and deglycoBLM. Eleven methylvalerate analogues have been synthesized and incorporated into deglycoBLM congeners by the use of solid-phase synthesis. The effect of the valerate moiety in the deglycoBLM analogues has been studied by comparison with the parent deglycoBLM A(5) using supercoiled DNA relaxation and sequence-selective DNA cleavage assays. All of the deglycoBLM analogues were found to effect the relaxation of the plasmid DNA. Those analogues having aromatic C4-substituents exhibited cleavage efficiency comparable to that of deglycoBLM A(5). Some, but not all, of the deglycoBLM analogues were also capable of mediating sequence-selective DNA cleavage.     

Bleomycin Exerts Ambivalent Antitumor Immune Effect by Triggering Both Immunogenic Cell Death and Proliferation of Regulatory T Cells

Bleomycin (BLM) is an anticancer drug currently used for the treatment of testis cancer and Hodgkin lymphoma. This drug triggers cancer cell death via its capacity to generate radical oxygen species (ROS). However, the putative contribution of anticancer immune responses to the efficacy of BLM has not been evaluated. We make here the observation that BLM induces immunogenic cell death. In particular, BLM is able to induce ROS-mediated reticulum stress and autophagy, which result in the surface exposure of chaperones, including calreticulin and ERp57, and liberation of HMBG1 and ATP. BLM induces anti-tumor immunity which relies on calreticulin, CD8⁺ T cells and interferon-γ. We also find that, in addition to its capacity to trigger immunogenic cell death, BLM induces expansion of Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells via its capacity to induce transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) secretion by tumor cells. Accordingly, Treg cells or TGFβ depletion dramatically potentiates the antitumor effect of BLM. We conclude that BLM induces both anti-tumor CD8⁺ T cell response and a counteracting Treg proliferation. In the future, TGFβ or Treg inhibition during BLM treatment could greatly enhance BLM anti-tumor efficacy.     

Expression of thioredoxin in bleomycin-injured airway epithelium: possible role of protection against bleomycin induced epithelial injury

Bleomycin (BLM) is an anticancer drug, administration of which leads to severe lung injury, in which the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) is thought to participate in that. Thioredoxin (TRX) has been found to function as a powerful antioxidant by reducing ROS, and thus protecting against ROS-mediated cytotoxicity. However, a protective role of TRX in BLM-induced lung injury has not been determined. In the present study, we therefore attempted to clarify this issue. Human TRX-transfected L929 murine fibrosarcoma cells were more resistant to BLM-induced cytotoxicity than the parental and the control transfected cells, indicating that TRX plays the protective role in BLM-induced cytotoxicity. Next, we examined TRX expression in the lung of in vivo model of BLM-induced lung injury and BLM-stimulated bronchial epithelial cells in vitro to clarify the role of TRX in BLM-induced lung injury. In the lungs of BLM-treated mice, the expression of TRX was strongly induced in bronchial epithelial cells. TRX expression was also up-regulated at both the mRNA and protein levels in cultured BEC with the treatment with BLM. However, the expression of other major antioxidants, such as Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, was not affected by BLM. These observations suggest that the cellular reduction and oxidation (redox) state modified by TRX is involved in the BLM resistancy and the induction of TRX in bronchial epithelial cells might play a protective role in BLM-induced lung injury.     

Role of carbohydrate moiety of bleomycin-A2 in caspase-3 activation and internucleosomal chromatin fragmentation in apoptosis of laryngeal carcinoma cells

Bleomycin (BLM), an antitumor antibiotic, is currently used during anticancer therapy. The therapeutic efficiency of BLM for the treatment of malignant tumors is related to its ability to cleave DNA. However, little is known about the biological activity of the glycannic moiety in BLM-induced cytotoxicity. In this study, cell death induced by BLM-A2 and deglycosylated BLM-A2 was studied in a laryngeal carcinoma cell line (HEp-2 cells). Our results indicate that HEp-2 cells showed morphological and biochemical changes associated with apoptosis in the presence of low concentrations of BLM-A2. In contrast, the same changes, except activation of caspase-3 and internucleosomal digestion of genomic DNA, were observed when cells were exposed to high concentrations of deglycosylated BLM-A2. These observations indicate that the glycannic moiety from the bleomycin molecule has important biological effects on the cytotoxicity of the drug.