东、黄海鳀鱼的胃排空率及其温度影响

在室内受控条件下,以卤虫幼体为饵料,测定了不同温度下鳀鱼的胃排空率,并比较了线性、指数和平方根3种常用数学模型对其排空曲线的拟合程度.统计结果表明,3种数学模型均可较好地描述鳀鱼的胃排空曲线 (df =10, r2=0.7820～0.9629, P<0.01),综合评价结果则进一步表明,指数模型最适于定量描述其胃排空曲线,平方根模型次之,直线模型较差.在研究温度范围内,鳀鱼的胃排空率随着温度的升高而加速增大,二者之间的定量关系可以用指数函数Rt=0.0354e0.0766T (R2=0.9770)加以定量描述.     

过鱼设施设计中的鱼类行为研究与问题

水利水电工程对鱼类的洄游和基因交流产生了一定影响,过鱼设施是一项重要的缓解措施,而鱼类游泳特性和趋向特征等行为学研究是过鱼设施设计的重要依据。本文阐释了鱼类游泳特性和趋向特征的基本概念,分析了鱼类行为研究方法的优缺点及影响因素(水流速度、水流形态、水温等),探讨了鱼类行为研究在过鱼设施应用中存在的4个问题,并提出了相应建议:(1)实际过鱼设施内流场十分复杂,因而需要加强复杂流场条件下鱼类行为学研究;(2)运动训练可能提高鱼类游泳能力,因而可以利用其规律提高鱼类通过过鱼设施的成功率;(3)不同目标鱼类游泳能力有差异,因而需要提出新的设计使单个过鱼设施满足所有目标鱼类的过鱼需求;(4)各研究单位使用着不同的鱼类行为数据处理方法,造成各研究结果之间难以直接用于比较分析,因而亟需政府有关部门和业内人士尽快深入研究并以行业内规范、导则或其他方式将鱼类行为研究数据处理方法标准化。     

机器鱼诱鱼技术在集鱼过程中的应用前景

利用仿生机器鱼调节鱼类行为在鱼类资源保护中具有重要意义，为开发诱驱鱼技术提供了新的思路。本文基于国内外机器鱼的研究现状，分析机器鱼诱鱼技术的视觉诱导机理、尾流场诱导机理、电信号诱导机理，归纳了影响机器鱼诱鱼技术的主要因素，总结了国外机器鱼调节鱼类行为的相关研究成果，探讨了机器鱼诱鱼技术的应用前景，为机器鱼诱鱼技术的进一步发展提供参考。     

实验用鱼类的水环境及其标准化

由于近年实验用鱼作为新兴模式动物在国内外生命科技界发展迅速,因此实验用鱼的标准化特别是对其水环境的标准化已经成为实验用鱼类研究发展的必然趋势。本文分析和综述了实验用鱼类所需的水源及供水要求、水质和水环境的技术指标特点和对鱼类的影响,以期为斑马鱼、剑尾鱼等水生动物的实验动物化研究提供必要的资料。     

不同水体营养状态对（韰）和（鱼康 鱼良）白鱼生长性能的影响

和白鱼分别是抚仙湖的外来鱼类和土著鱼类.本实验比较研究了水体营养状态对二者生长性能的影响.实验鱼养殖在低、中、高三种营养状态的水体中.其中低营养状态水体组又是每一种鱼中、高营养水体组的对照.水体营养状态对韰和鏮鋃白鱼摄食率、生长速度、饵料转化效率、蛋白贮积率没有显著影响.不同营养状态水体组实验鱼的体蛋白、脂肪、灰分和能量含量没有显著差异.富营养化对两种鱼生长性能的影响是不同的.特定生长率、饵料转化效率、蛋白贮积率和能量贮积率的种间差异值均随着水体营养状态的提高而加大.与对照组相比,较高营养状态水体中的摄食率、特定生长率、饵料转化效率、蛋白贮积率和能量贮积率的增加率低于鏮鋃白鱼,或者降低率高于鏮鋃白鱼.实验结果说明,高营养状态对生长性能的负面影响较大;对于湖泊水体的富营养化,外来鱼类在生长性能方面不一定比土著鱼类具有优势.     

山东近海三种底层鱼类的摄食生态与食物竞争

研究根据2016—2017年在山东近海进行的四个季节的渔业资源底拖网调查和胃含物分析数据, 应用分类树和生态位重叠指数法等, 研究了该海域高眼鲽(Cleisthenes herzensteini)、黄鮟鱇(Lophius litulon)和小眼绿鳍鱼(Chelidonichthys spinosus)3种主要底层鱼类的食物组成及其营养-空间二维生态位的重叠情况, 并分析环境因素对其摄食习性的影响, 旨在为该海域渔业资源的可持续利用和科学管理提供基础资料。研究发现, 这3种底层鱼类均主要以虾类和鱼类为食, 属于底栖动物食性。3种鱼类的摄食习性存在一定的差异, 可以通过构建分类树将其进行区分。通过CCA分析发现, 这3种鱼类的摄食习性受不同的环境因素影响, 其中高眼鲽的摄食习性主要与其体长有关, 随着体长的增加, 高眼鲽会摄食更多的鱼类和虾类; 小眼绿鳍鱼的摄食主要与季节有关, 不同季节小眼绿鳍鱼摄食鱼类和虾类的比例不同; 而黄鮟鱇的摄食主要受空间分布的影响, 高纬度的黄鮟鱇摄食更多的虾类, 而随着经度的增加, 黄鮟鱇会摄食更多的鱼类。黄鮟鱇的营养生态位和空间生态位宽度均最高, 而其余两种鱼的营养和空间生态位宽度相对较小。山东近海这3种鱼类的营养生态位重叠指数都较高, 但是空间生态位重叠指数较小, 在一定程度上可以缓和它们之间的种间竞争。     

不同水体营养状态对can和鱇[鱼良]白鱼生长性能的影响

can和鱇[鱼良]白鱼分别是抚仙湖的外来鱼类和土著鱼类。本实验比较研究了水体营养状态对二者生长性能的影响。实验鱼养殖在低、中、高三种营养状态的水体中。其中低营养状态水体组又是每一种鱼中、高营养水体组的对照。水体营养状态对can和鱇[鱼良]白鱼摄食率、生长速度、饵料转化效率、蛋白贮积率没有显著影响。不同营养状态水体组实验鱼的体蛋白、脂肪、灰分和能量含量没有显著差异。富营养化对两种鱼生长性能的影响是不同的。特定生长率、饵料转化效率、蛋白贮积率和能量贮积率的种间差异值均随着水体营养状态的提高而加大。与对照组相比,较高营养状态水体中can的摄食率、特定生长率、饵料转化效率、蛋白贮积率和能量贮积率的增加率低于鱇[鱼良]白鱼,或者降低率高于鱇[鱼良]白鱼。实验结果说明,高营养状态对can生长性能的负面影响较大;对于湖泊水体的富营养化,外来鱼类在生长性能方面不一定比土著鱼类具有优势。     

鱼类腌制品加工过程微生物群落多样性研究进展

鱼类腌制品是中国的一种传统加工水产品,由于其易保存、风味特殊、营养丰富,深受大众喜爱。然而腌制加工过程中微生物种类复杂,对制品的品质有较大的影响。结合国内外最新研究阐述了传统腌制鱼和微生物发酵快速腌制鱼中的微生物群落变化、微生物多样性最新研究技术及应用,并在此基础上提出了鱼类腌制品加工过程微生物群落多样性的研究方向,为揭示影响鱼类腌制过程的微生物作用机制及生产优化控制提供理论依据。     

基于水声学方法的天目湖鱼类资源捕捞与放流的生态监测

本文在天目湖捕捞赶鱼前（2011年12月）、赶鱼后（2012年1月）、捕捞与放流后（2012年3月）3个渔业阶段,结合渔业捕捞统计,采用水声学方法对天目湖鱼类资源（赶鱼后为不包括集鱼网箱的湖区鱼类资源）的捕捞与放流进行了生态监测,并构建GIS模型,得到鱼类种群结构、大小组成、鱼类密度、鱼类集群、鱼类资源量及其分布,为天目湖保水渔业的实施和渔业生产提供科学依据。天目湖鱼类种群以鲤科鱼类为主,鲢鳙2011年捕捞统计重量占比为98.07%,单网簖采样尾数占比为68.72%,鱼类资源受放流种类和规格影响较大;赶鱼前后和捕捞与放流后3个渔业阶段的鱼类平均目标强度（TS）分别为（-47.84?4.79）dB、（-48.58?4.98）dB、（-47.24?5.10）dB,且差异性显著（P<0.05）,捕捞与放流后TS在-45—-40 dB的鱼类明显升高到24.40%;3个渔业阶段的鱼类密度（FPCM）分别为（0.0124?0.0292）ind/m3、（0.0062?0.0227）ind/m3、（0.0098?0.0185）ind/m3,捕捞赶鱼作业显著（P<0.05）降低了鱼类密度,而捕捞与放流后鱼类密度显著（P<0.05）低于赶鱼前则是由于水深上升所致;在冬季的中下层水体出现典型的鱼类聚群,且随温度降低团聚程度提高;通过构建GIS模型评估鱼类资源量,赶鱼前约61万尾、赶鱼后约38万尾、捕捞与放流后约67万尾,资源量在中下游分布较高。     

闽江口主要渔获鱼类的生态位宽度与重叠

根据2015年闽江口4个季度月(1、5、8、11月)的渔业资源底拖网调查资料,通过相对重要性指数确定主要渔获鱼类,对主要渔获鱼类的生态位宽度、生态位重叠进行分析.结果表明: 4个航次总共渔获鱼类137种,隶属16目37科,以鲈形目、鲱形目、鲽形目和鲀形目等为主.主要渔获鱼类有15种,其中优势种6种,分别为六指马鲅、龙头鱼、白姑鱼、鹿斑仰口鲾、短舌鳎和凤鲚,其余9种为重要种.时空生态位宽度值达到1以上的种类有7种,从大到小依次为短舌鳎、棘头梅童鱼、鹿斑仰口鲾、六丝钝尾虾虎鱼、赤鼻棱鳀、凤鲚、龙头鱼.主要渔获鱼类的生态位变动在闽江口受季节变化的影响比较明显.闽江口主要渔获鱼类种对的时空生态位重叠达有意义水平的种对占比较高,达81.9%,其中重叠显著的有6个种对,说明闽江口主要渔获鱼类间在时空二维上的分布普遍相似,在资源利用上存在竞争关系.时空生态位重叠值最大的种对为日本绯鲤-沙带鱼,重叠值最小的种对为日本绯鲤-棘头梅童鱼,时空生态位重叠受季节变化的影响比较明显.     

Digestion rate, gut passage time and absorption efficiency in the Antarctic spiny plunderfish

The absolute gut evacuation rate (GER) (g day⁻¹) of Harpagifer antarcticus increased with increasing ration mass, fish mass only influenced the absolute GER at a daily ration level of 0·3% wet fish mass (approximately a maintenance ration). The relative GER (% of meal fed day⁻¹) was also affected differently by fish and ration mass depending on the relative ration level being fed; at rations of 0·7% wet fish mass or above the relative GER decreased with increasing fish or ration mass (in such a way that the absolute GER remained constant and unaffected by fish mass). At maintenance (0·3% wet fish mass) rations the relative GER was not affected by fish size or ration mass. Thus, there appears to be a ration threshold above which the digestion physiology alters. Mass-specific GER (% g fish⁻¹ day⁻¹) decreased with increasing fish mass. Within a set relative ration level (% wet fish mass) an increase in fish mass decreased the mass-specific GER. At a fixed ration mass, an increase in fish mass (i.e. a reduction in the ration expressed as % fish mass) resulted in a decrease in mass-specific GER. Gut evaluation time (GET) decreased and absorption efficiency (A) increased with increasing absolute GER. The effect of ration and fish mass on the absolute and relative GER followed the same pattern irrespective of the diet, however the A and GER (% day⁻¹ and g day⁻¹) were higher and the GET shorter when the fish were fed shelled krill rather than amphipods.     

Recovery of gastric evacuation rate in Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L surgically implanted with a dummy telemetry device

The current study investigated how the gastric evacuation rate (GER) was affected after surgically introducing dummies of a blood flow biotelemetry system into the abdominal cavity of Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. Gastric evacuation experiments were performed two and 10 days postsurgery on surgically implanted and control G. morhua force-fed sandeel, Ammodytes tobianus. The results were compared with previously obtained estimates from unstressed conspecifics voluntarily feeding on a similar diet. After two days, GER was significantly lower in the group of fish with the dummy implants compared with the control group, but following 10 days of recovery no significant difference was seen between the two groups. The difference between implanted and control fish observed two days postsurgery may have resulted either from surgery, postsurgical stress and/or the presence of the implant. The conclusion is that 10 days of postsurgical recovery will stabilize GER in G. morhua, thus indicating that at this point the implant per se did not affect GER. Both the fish with surgical implants and controls in this study evacuated their stomachs much slower and with much higher interindividual variation compared with G. morhua feeding voluntarily on similar prey items. The lower GER and higher interindividual variation for force-fed fish indicate that handling, anaesthetization and force-feeding impair GER and that individual fish respond differently to the suppressing effects.     

Thermal changes in the gastric evacuation rate of the freshwater sculpin Cottus nozawae Snyder

We experimentally measured thermal changes in the gastric evacuation rate (GER) of the freshwater sculpin Cottus nozawae Snyder under three water temperature regimes (2°, 7°, and 12°C). Laboratory experiments showed that the GER was accelerated with increasing water temperature. This result suggests that the daily food rations of fish are more likely to be underestimated at higher water temperatures if estimation is simply based on the stomach content weight alone. By comparing the GER for various fish species from subfrigid to temperate streams, we found a general pattern that the GER increases with water temperature, regardless of taxonomic group or foraging mode. However, the reaction norms of the GER against water temperature showed considerable interspecific variation. This means that stomach content weight is not comparable as a simple measure for determining the daily rations among fish species when water temperature regimes are different. To consider the temperature-dependent pattern of such a physiological phenomenon is important in understanding the feeding ecology of fishes and their roles in material cycles through food webs in aquatic ecosystems.     

Effects of temperature, prey type and prey size on gastric evacuation in small cod and whiting

Gastric lavage was used to investigate the effects of temperature, prey type and prey size on gastric evacuation in small cod Gadus morhua and whiting Merlangius merlangus . The fish were fed to satiation and subsequently the stomach contents were sampled to determine the rate at which food was evacuated. Satiation meal size was positively related to temperature and differed between prey types. The gastric evacuation rate (GER) also tended to increase with temperature and varied with prey type. GER at temperatures of 11.3–12.7° C averaged 1.5–1.7 times higher than at 6–9.5° C. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the evacuation of lugworm Arenicola marina , sandeel Ammodytes spp., and herring Clupea harengus , but the GER of brown shrimp Crangon vulgaris was much slower (P<0.05). No significant changes in GER were observed when fish were fed on three different size groups of either herring or brown shrimp. In whiting, there was no significant difference in the GER of individual herring or brown shrimp when they were fed as single species meals or incorporated in meals containing a mixture of prey species.     

Satiation meal and the effects of meal and body sizes on gastric evacuation rate in brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis fed commercial pellets

Gastric evacuation (GE) experiments were performed on brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis fed commercial food pellets. The experiments included small fish (36 g; 15 cm total length, L_T) fed meals of 0·2, 0·4 and 0·8 g and large fish (152 g; 23 cm) fed meals of 0·8, 2·0 and 4·0 g at temperatures ranging from 15·1 to 18·2° C. The stomach contents were thereafter sampled and weighed at 3 h intervals until the first empty stomach was observed. The course of GE was examined by use of a general power function of the data that revealed that the square‐root function described the GE rate (GER) by the current stomach content mass independently of original meal size. Using the square‐root function, the relationship between GER and fish size was described by a power function of fish length, whereas the effect of temperature was described by a simple exponential function. GER of the commercial pellets fed to S. fontinalis could thus be described by (g h^?1), where S_t is stomach mass (g) at time t (h), L is total fish length (cm) and T is temperature (° C). The result of this study should provide a useful tool for planning of feeding regimes in production of S. fontinalis by optimizing growth and minimizing food waste.     

The hepatocyte ultrastructure of the Sevan trout (Salmo ischchan gegarkuni Kessel) in ontogeny]

Hepatocytes of Lake Sevan Salmo were examined at several stages in their life cycles which are different from the point of view of the manner of feeding. Salmo were reared at the fish farm, they were fed with the yolk of the chick eggs. It was revealed that hepatocytes of larva, which was sampled immediately after hatching (endogenous feeding) intensively synthesized the proteins; accumulated and secreted the bile product stored glycogen and lipids. The ultrastructure of larva hepatocytes changed on the 5th and 10th day after larva began to accept food (mixed feeding--endogenous and exogenous). Golgi complex became bigger, glycogen disappeared, lipid droplets became smaller (on the 5th day) and disappeared completely (on the 10th day). Morphological differentiation finishes during the fingerling period (exogenous feeding). Cisternae of granular endoplasmic reticulum (GER) and mitochondria are arranged around nucleus, near bile canaliculus and sinusoids. Big areas of glycogen lie between the organelles. Relative volumes of GER, mitochondria, glycogen increased, but the relative volume of Golgi complex diminished.     

Refined localization of a gene for pediatric gastroesophageal reflux makes HTR2A an unlikely candidate gene

Our objective in this study was to determine whether mutations in the gene for the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A (HTR2A) cause the autosomal dominant form of severe pediatric gastroesophageal reflux (GER), which we had previously mapped to a 21-cM region at chromosome 13q14. Direct sequencing of the HTR2A gene was carried out on DNA from affected and unaffected members of families with severe pediatric GER displaying genetic linkage to the HTR2A locus. In addition, we performed high-resolution linkage mapping within the GER gene region using additional polymorphic markers closely linked to HTR2A. Several previously reported polymorphisms in the HTR2A gene were identified in three families affected with GER. In addition, we identified a novel polymorphism at nucleotide -1273 in the HTR2A promoter. No mutant allele cosegregated exclusively with the GER phenotype in any family. Linkage analysis using additional polymorphic markers narrowed the region of the GER gene to a 9 cM interval between markers D13S263 and CAGR1, formally excluding HTR2A as a candidate gene. In conclusion, sequence analysis of HTR2A and linkage analysis argue against mutations in HTR2A being a cause of severe pediatric GER.     

Chronic cough and gastroesophageal reflux.

We reviewed the charts of 20 patients with chronic cough of unknown cause who had been referred to a tertiary care respiratory centre from 1980 to 1984 to determine whether gastroesophageal reflux (GER) was a contributing factor. Fifteen of the patients complained of symptoms suggestive of GER: radiologic investigation of the upper gastrointestinal tract revealed hiatus hernia and GER in four, hiatus hernia alone in three, GER alone in two, decreased esophageal peristalsis in one and normal findings in four. Fibreoptic bronchoscopy in the four former smokers and one nonsmoker showed diffuse mucosal erythema. A chest x-ray film in one patient showed an infiltrate at the base of the right lung; transbronchial biopsy revealed vegetable material, which confirmed pulmonary aspiration. A 3-month course of medical antireflux treatment (dietary and lifestyle changes, elevation of the head of the bed and administration of cimetidine, antacid and metoclopramide) relieved the chronic cough in 14 of the 20 patients. Of the remaining patients one was lost to follow-up and five had GER confirmed by means of esophagoscopy, esophageal motility testing and long-term intraesophageal pH monitoring; four of the five patients underwent fundoplication and were asymptomatic 3 months after surgery. Antireflux therapy should be considered in patients with chronic cough when other causes have been ruled out, even if there are no GER symptoms. If the treatment fails, full investigation for GER is recommended; if GER is confirmed, surgery should be considered.     

冬季革胡子鲶中腺垂体细胞超微结构的研究

本文描述了冬季革胡子鲶中腺垂体ＧＴＨ细胞、ＴＳＨ细胞、ＳＴＨ细胞的超微结构。研究发现冬ＧＴＨ细胞呈现出６种不的结构类型,与生殖季节中的ＧＴＨ细胞在结构上很大的差异。本文进一步分析和讨论了冬季革胡子鲶中腺垂体ＧＴＨ、ＳＴＨ、ＴＳＨ细胞的结构变化及生理机能等问题。