黑鲷的胃排空率

在实验室内,18℃条件下测量了体重在 2 0～40g的黑鲷的胃排空率,并用 3种数学模型拟合了黑鲷的排空率.结果表明,3种模型都能很好地拟合实验数据,但通过统计学分析发现不论是用湿重还是用干重表示胃含物,线性模型都拟合得最好.用湿重表示时模型为Y=1.14-0.06t(r²=0 82,p<0.001);而用干重表示时模型为Y=1.36-0.07t(r²=0.62,p<0.001).实验还得出体重20～40g的黑鲷在 18℃的胃排空率为每小时排出摄入食物量的 6%～7%.     

黄海中南部越冬鳀鱼空间分布及其与水温年际变化的关系

利用1986-2010年的底拖网调查数据和遥感海表温度,基于GIS技术,通过空间分析和相关性分析等方法,研究黄海中南部水域越冬鳀鱼空间分布的年际变化,并探讨其与水温变化的关系.结果表明:1986-2010年鳀鱼空间分布的年际变化明显,2004年其资源丰度下降至最低且向岸分布,2010年资源丰度有所回升并在东部水域集中分布,鳀鱼捕获站位、资源密度在经纬度方向上的分布集中区域年际变化明显;鳀鱼资源密度重心纬度与代表性等温线平均纬度的变化趋势相一致,表明水温变化影响越冬鳀鱼纬度方向上的分布,但其向岸分布趋势则由黄海暖流的年际变动决定;在影响鳀鱼分布的众多因子中,资源丰度变化主要受捕捞压力的影响,而空间上的变化主要由海水温度决定.     

黄海中部近岸春夏季鱼卵、仔稚鱼群落结构特征

2013年4月下旬至7月上旬,采用浅水I型网垂直拖网的调查方式对黄海中部20m以浅海域(34°30'—35°30'N,119°20'—120°20'E)的鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类组成与数量分布进行了6个航次的综合调查。春夏季共采集鱼卵21种(未定种3种),共计2247粒,隶属于9科15属。仔稚鱼22种(未定种1种),共计286尾,隶属于13科17属。鱼卵优势种为日本鳀Engraulis japonicus、赤鼻棱鳀Thryssa kammalensis、江口小公鱼Stolephorus commersonnii、皮氏叫姑鱼Johnius belengerii和属Callionymus spp.。仔稚鱼优势种为大银鱼Protosalanx chinensis、白姑鱼Argyrosomus argentatus、日本鳀、赤鼻棱鳀和皮氏叫姑鱼。鱼卵丰度和分布与经度呈负相关、与SST呈正相关,但与其他环境因子如纬度、表层盐度(SSS)和水深等无显著相关性。仔稚鱼丰度和分布与上述环境因子均未表现出显著相关性。基于Bray-Curtis指数的聚类分析表明,鱼卵优势种包括集中分布于研究水域34°48'N以南海域(江口小公鱼、皮氏叫姑鱼和青鳞小沙丁Sardinella zunasi)、10m等深线以内(赤鼻棱鳀),以及北部水域(日本鳀和属)3种主要聚集类型;仔稚鱼优势种包括集中分布于34°48'N—35°12'N海域(赤鼻棱鳀和日本鳀)、连云港外海浅水区(白姑鱼、皮氏叫姑鱼和梭鱼Liza haematocheilus,以及南部水域(褐菖鲉Sebastiscus marmoratus和鲬Platycephalus indicus)3种主要聚集类型。研究结果揭示了黄海中部近岸海域鱼卵、仔稚鱼群落的时空分布格局动态,为科学认识环境变动下该海区渔业种群数量动态和资源变化提供了科学依据。     

冷却猪肉中气单胞菌生长预测模型的建立和检验

为探讨冷却猪肉中气单胞菌的生长规律,将气单胞茵接种到经过80℃无菌水灭菌的冷却猪肉中,构建Gompertz和Baranyi初级模型来描述气单胞菌在不同温度下的生长状况。结果表明：修正的Gompertz模型对气单胞菌生长曲线的拟合效果优于Baranyi模型,R2均在0．97以上。应用平方根模型和Arrhenius模型对由修正的Gompertz模型得出的最大比生长速率进行拟合,所得平方根模型拟合效果略优于Arrhenius模型。实验所建二级模型能预测0-35℃贮藏条件下气单胞菌的生长。     

异速生长模型研究概述

最近,关于异速生长模型的讨论再次成为焦点,讨论热点为异速生长指数的取值及其理论解释.本文综述了WBE 97、BMR(99)模型的相关研究,重点介绍了MGL模型及由此模型得到的结果:个体整体的新陈代谢率与个体的质量没有明显依赖关系,其标度指数不是一个固定的值,而是一个区间[2/3,1].考虑的视角从个体整体的新陈代谢率转到单位质量的新陈代谢率,通过对不同物种、不同环境的单位质量新陈代谢率的研究,发现对大多数物种,其值落在一个具有普适性的上、下界的区间内;认为存在单位质量的新陈代谢率最小值确定了个体的大小,并建立基于该最小值的描述个体大小与温度关系的数学模型,该模型得到实验数据验证.     

山东半岛南部产卵场温跃层对鳀鱼鱼卵垂直分布的作用

2000～2004年5～7月"北斗"号生物资源调查船对山东半岛南部产卵场进行多学科综合调查期间,于2003年6月17～18日和6月27～30日分别在35°01.9′N、120°32.9′E海区和35°03.3′N、120°26.4′E海区进行了25 h和64 h的水团追踪观测调查,鳀鱼鱼卵的数量、垂直分布与水温的分布为重点调查内容.调查结果表明:水温垂直分布的变化、海水混合的强弱、水体的辐聚/辐散等物理过程对水体中鳀鱼鱼卵数量和鳀鱼鱼卵在不同水层的分布有很大影响.温跃层分布深度的波动引起水体的垂直交换(混合)、水平对流(辐聚/辐散)和跨跃层的物质交换.温跃层深度变浅时,上混合层水体的厚度变薄,跨跃层的向上混合,将下混合层水体中和温跃层中的鳀鱼鱼卵输运到温跃层和上混合层中,同时表层水体发生辐散现象,使得下混合层、温跃层和上混合层水体中鳀鱼鱼卵数量减少、密度减小,导致整个水柱内鳀鱼鱼卵的数量减少;温跃层深度加深时,上混合层水体的厚度增加,跨跃层的向下混合,将上混合层水体中和温跃层中的鳀鱼鱼卵输运到温跃层和下混合层水体中,同时表层水体发生辐聚现象,使得上混合层、温跃层和下混合层水体中的鳀鱼鱼卵数量增多、密度增大,导致整个水柱内鳀鱼鱼卵的数量增多;温跃层水体中鱼卵数量和密度的变化较上混合层和下混合层水体更为显著.水体中温跃层的存在、温跃层分布深度的波动及其波动的程度对上混合层和温跃层中鳀鱼鱼卵的数量和密度的变化起着主导作用,导致鳀鱼鱼卵数量垂直分布的剧烈变化.     

温度和体重对克氏双锯鱼仔鱼代谢率的影响

采用实验生态学的方法研究了不同温度和体重对克氏双锯鱼仔鱼呼吸和排泄的影响。结果表明,在23、26和29℃下,仔鱼个体日常呼吸率和排氨率与鱼体重呈幂函数(R=aWb)关系,即鱼体重越大其呼吸率和排氨率越大,b值随温度升高而增大,分别为0.8873,0.9033和0.9323(呼吸率),以及0.7625,0.8012和0.8278(排氨率)。温度和体重对克氏双锯鱼仔鱼个体呼吸率和排氨率的影响可用复合线性公式表示:RR=0.042(±0.007)W0.889(±0.026)×e0.122(±0.005)T,ER=0.002(±0.000)W0.797(±0.029)×e0.115(±0.007)T。比体重呼吸率和排氨率在相同温度条件下随个体增长而降低;在整个仔鱼期,比体重呼吸率和排氨率随温度升高而增加。克氏双锯鱼仔鱼呼吸和排泄Q10值在26—29℃较低,其可能是克氏双锯鱼仔鱼生长发育的最佳温度范围。克氏双锯鱼仔鱼在温度23—29℃时O/N范围为52—57,表明在温度23—29℃时克氏双锯鱼仔鱼代谢底物除了蛋白质外,脂肪和碳水化合物为能源也占了比较大的比例。     

不同温度下PEG-6000模拟干旱对柠条锦鸡儿种子萌发的胁迫效应

在人工气候箱控制的不同温度(10、15、20、25℃和30℃)下,设置聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)质量百分比浓度分别为0%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%和30%的7个模拟干旱胁迫处理,研究了柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii Kom.)种子的萌发特性。结果表明:(1)温度和PEG模拟干旱胁迫及二者的交互作用对柠条锦鸡儿种子的萌发率、萌发速率系数、萌发值、萌发指数和活力指数均具有极显著影响(P0.01)。(2)种子萌发率在15℃下最大,显著大于10℃下的(P0.01),随着温度的继续升高逐渐减小;萌发速率系数随着温度的升高有减小的趋势,30℃下又显著增大;萌发值和萌发指数分别在25℃和20℃下最大,但均随温度的继续升高而显著减小(P0.05);活力指数随着温度的升高而减小,除在10℃和20℃间无显著差异外,其他温度间均差异显著(P0.05)。(3)种子萌发率、萌发值和萌发指数在15℃下与PEG浓度呈不显著的负相关关系,而在其他温度下均与PEG胁迫浓度显著负相关(P0.05),且相关系数均在25℃或30℃下最大;萌发速率系数在各温度下均与PEG胁迫浓度显著正相关;活力指数与PEG胁迫浓度呈显著负相关,相关系数随着温度的升高逐渐增大。(4)萌发参数与PEG胁迫浓度间的回归模型表现为三次曲线、二次曲线和直线模型3种类型,其中以三次曲线模型为主,全部回归模型均达到显著性水平(P0.05);在20℃以下的温度条件下,较低浓度PEG处理对柠条锦鸡儿种子萌发具有一定的促进作用,在15℃下种子萌发对PEG模拟干旱胁迫的耐受性最强;柠条锦鸡儿种子在不同温度和干旱胁迫下的萌发模式是对其分布区生境长期适应和进化的结果。     

山东半岛南部产卵场鳀鱼的产卵生态Ⅰ.鳀鱼鱼卵和仔稚幼鱼的数量与分布特征

2000-2004年5-7月,"北斗"号生物资源调查船对山东半岛南部产卵场进行了11个航次多学科的综合调查,鳀鱼鱼卵和仔稚幼鱼的数量与分布及其与环境因氐墓系为重点调查内容.调查结果表明:1)山东半岛南部产卵场5月中、下旬鳀鱼才进入产卵初期;6月上旬产卵个体逐渐增多,即将进入产卵盛期;6月中、下旬进入产卵盛期; 2)山东半岛南部产卵场中,35°N断面及其邻近海区的鳀鱼鱼卵密集分布区相当稳定,这一带海域基本上每年都有鱼卵的密集分布中心形成;北部海域的密集分布区的分布范围和分布位置变化比较大,但是,密集分布区一旦形成,鱼卵的平均密度相当可观;西南部沿岸一带海域的鱼卵数量很少.鳀鱼鱼卵的分布与海流、潮汐以及水温分布等物理海洋学要素的关系密切,南、北两个鱼卵密集分布区正是潮锋所在的位置,锋区的辐聚和卷夹作用,使鳀鱼鱼卵聚集成密集的斑块,从而形成了鱼卵的密集分布中心; 3)鳀鱼鱼卵在水体中的空间分布主要集中在上混合层,温跃层中的数量次之,下混合层的数量最少;统计学检验, 上混合层、温跃层和下混合层之间的鱼卵数量差异显著; 4)鳀鱼仔稚幼鱼的数量明显少于鱼卵,水平分布特征与鱼卵也有明显的差异.     

有氧运动训练对中华倒刺鲃幼鱼肠道排空及其数学模型选择的影响

为了考察有氧运动训练对中华倒刺鲃幼鱼肠道排空及其数学模型选择产生的影响, 在(250.5)℃条件下, 将108 尾大小相当的实验鱼(24.470.03) g, (10.900.02) cm随机分为对照组(CG), 1 BL/s 训练组(1TG)和2 BL/s 训练组(2TG), 在相应流速下运动训练8w 后, 轻度麻醉灌喂体重1.45%的饵料, 随后在不同时间点分别测定肠道内容物重量及其百分比, 用3 个常见数学模型对实验数据进行拟合并比较。结果发现, 1TG 和2TG 训练组的体重特定生长率(WSGR)显著高于CG 对照组 (P0.05);各实验组肠道内容物干重及其百分比随着摄食后时间的延长而显著降低;所有实验组肠道排空的最优数学模型均为平方根模型;训练组(1TG 和2TG)的肠道排空率(皆为0.49%/h)明显大于CG 对照组(0.41%/h)(P0.05), 1TG 和2TG 训练组的肠道排空时间(分别为 20.39h 和 20.33h)短于 CG 对照组(24.51h)。研究表明, 有氧运动训练没有对中华倒刺鲃幼鱼的肠道排空特征及其最优数学模型选择产生显著影响, 但明显提高了该种鱼的肠道排空率并缩短其肠道排空时间。       

Feeding Ecology of Northeast Atlantic Mackerel,Norwegian Spring-Spawning Herring and Blue Whiting in the Norwegian Sea

The Norwegian spring-spawning (NSS) herring (Clupea harengus), blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) and Northeast Atlantic (NEA) mackerel (Scomber scombrus) are extremely abundant pelagic planktivores that feed in the Norwegian Sea (NS) during spring and summer. This study investigated the feeding ecology and diet composition of these commercially important fish stocks on the basis of biological data, including an extensive set of stomach samples in combination with hydrographical data, zooplankton samples and acoustic abundance data from 12 stock monitoring surveys carried out in 2005–2010. Mackerel were absent during the spring, but had generally high feeding overlap with herring in the summer, with a diet mainly based on calanoid copepods, especially Calanus finmarchicus, as well as a similar diet width. Stomach fullness in herring diminished from spring to summer and feeding incidence was lower than that of mackerel in summer. However, stomach fullness did not differ between the two species, indicating that herring maintain an equally efficient pattern of feeding as mackerel in summer, but on a diet that is less dominated by copepods and is more reliant on larger prey. Blue whiting tended to have a low dietary overlap with mackerel and herring, with larger prey such as euphausiids and amphipods dominating, and stomach fullness and feeding incidence increasing with length. For all the species, feeding incidence increased with decreasing temperature, and for mackerel so did stomach fullness, indicating that feeding activity is highest in areas associated with colder water masses. Significant annual effects on diet composition and feeding-related variables suggested that the three species are able to adapt to different food and environmental conditions. These annual effects are likely to have an important impact on the predation pressure on different plankton groups and the carrying capacity of individual systems, and emphasise the importance of regular monitoring of pelagic fish diets.     

Feeding habits of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bathydraco marri</Emphasis> (Pisces,Notothenioidei, Bathydraconidae) from the Ross Sea,Antarctica

In comparison with other bathydraconids, all species of the genus Bathydraco are poorly known from an ecological perspective. The diet of juvenile Bathydraco marri Norman, 1938 was studied for the first time in specimens collected in the southwestern Ross Sea during summer 1998. Fish were collected in a single otter trawl catch at 330–340 m depth. The stomach content analysis showed that this species fed exclusively on crustaceans. Overall, 20 prey taxa were identified to genus or species level. Mysids, amphipods and copepods were the most important prey in decreasing order of importance. Other prey, such as Euphausia superba, isopods and tanaids were eaten occasionally and in very small amounts. A multivariate analysis was applied to feeding data to assess ontogenetic or sex-related changes in diet. No difference was detected between sexes, whereas diet of small and large fish differed in some degree. An ontogenetic shift from small and pelagic crustaceans such as copepods to benthic–benthopelagic prey such as amphipods and mysids was observed. Relating present results with published data on physiological characteristics of B. marri, it was possible to infer their feeding behaviour and mode of life. Like other bathydraconids, this species appeared to be an inactive and sluggish fish, which relied on more or less motile benthic or epibenthic prey adopting a “sit and wait” feeding strategy. On the other hand, smaller fish seem to be more active, feeding also on pelagic prey such as copepods that can be seasonally abundant, thus reducing the intraspecific competition for food.     

The effect of stomach fullness on food intake of whiting in the North Sea

The probability of a North Sea whiting Merlangius merlangus stomach containing fresh food was depressed when partially digested food was already present in the stomach. The lowered probability was detected even at levels where the fish was physiologically able to ingest an average meal. The feeding probability of c . 15% of the fish caught was predicted to be severely decreased at the level of partially digested food found in the stomachs. No effect of stomach fullness on meal size was found, indicating that the saturation is affecting search activity rather than prey or meal size selection. The diurnal pattern in food intake varied between the five sampling locations, presumably as a result of differences in prey availability.     

Estimation of food consumption from field observations of fish feeding cycles

The available methods of estimating food consumption by fish require that experiments be performed on confined animals and that experimental results may be validly applied to free fish. A method is described by which food consumption in periodically feeding fish may be estimated without performing laboratory experiments. A relatively simple input–output model of stomach contents is fitted to the observed time trajectory of stomach fullness, and food consumption is calculated from the estimated model parameters. Feeding is considered to be restricted to a distinct feeding period, and the rate of feeding during that period can be either constant or linearly decreased with the quantity of food already present in the stomach.
The method is applied to three examples. The model appears robust, and generally provides very similar food consumption estimates to those obtained from methods requiring an independent estimate of gastric evacuation rate. However, the described method is sensitive to violation of the assumption that feeding occurs only during a discrete feeding period.     

Gastric digestion and evacuation in whiting, Merlangius merlangus (L.)

Three meal sizes of sandeels were fed to whiting in order to monitor the evacuation of food out of the stomach. The stomach contents were sampled at intervals after feeding, using a stomach pump. In such experiments, the proportion of fish with empty stomachs tends to increase with time and, since stomach contents are limited to zero or positive values, the variance of the stomach contents becomes censored at zero. This tends to produce a curved relationship between mean stomach content and time, which gives the impression that evacuation rate slows down at low levels of stomach fullness. By taking account of censoring, it was shown that the evacuation curve generated for whiting was consistent with and could be generated from a linear model in which the rate of gastric evacuation exhibited by the fish was constant and independent of meal size, level of stomach fullness and time after feeding. The parameters of the linear model were estimated by maximum likelihood and then applied in a second model to predict the observed mean stomach content. The average gastric evacuation rate of whiting of mean weight 268 g at 10°C was 0.31 g h⁻¹.     

Stomach pH,feeding rhythm and ingestion rate in Oreochromis niloticus L. (Pisces: Cichlidae) in Lake Awasa,Ethiopia

Fish were caught in February and October, 1985 with gill and trawl nets at different time intervals. The length and weight of the fish, the stomach pH and the weight of the stomach contents were determined. The feeding pattern of O. niloticus was observed to have a diel rhythm. The stomach became more acidic towards the afternoon and most of the evening. The pH of the stomach had a significant regression on stomach fullness. The feeding rate of O. niloticus in Lake Awasa was estimated from daily feeding periodicity and rate of gastric evacuation. The fish ingests 11.5% of their wet body weight daily at an average water temperature of 21.5 °C. It is believed that the fish ingests and assimilates adequate supply of energy (9.1 KJ/day) for growth, maintenance and other energy requiring activities of the fish.     

Process of exotrophy in fish. Effects of the heavy metals Zn and Cu

The review summarizes for the first time the information on effects of Zn and Cu on various links of the fish exotrophy process. It has been shown that essential metals, like the nonessential ones, can produce negative effects on various aspects of the feeding behavior, on sensor systems providing feeding behavior, and on the digestive enzymes realizing digestion in fish of different ecological groups. A particular attention is paid to their different effects on proteinases functioning in stomach and intestine of various fish species as well as on hydrolase activities in their potential food objects (fish and invertebrate animals). Several mechanisms are considered which allow decreasing the negative action of Zn and Cu on the process of fish exotrophy.     

Biomechanical limits to ecological performance: mollusc-crushing by the Caribbean hogfish, Lachnolaimus maximus (Labridae)

Functional limitations on feeding ability were investigated in the mollusc-crushing Caribbean hogfish, Lachnolaimus maximus (Labridae). Two constraints were proposed to limit the maximum size prey L. maximus can eat: pharyngeal jaw gape and crushing force. These factors yield diflferent quantitative expectations for the relationship between fish size and maximum prey size. Their relative importance for predation on a frequently consumed gastropod ( Cerithium litteratum ) was investigated in laboratory performance tests designed to determine the largest snails fish could eat. Cerithium predation was found to be force limited rather than gape limited. The importance of this functional constraint in determining the largest Cerithium consumed by wild fish was examined by comparing hogfish feeding capability, as determined by the performance tests, to the maximum size snails found in the stomach contents of field-collected fish. Crushing ability appears to limit Cerithium predation in natural fish populations. The utility of performance testing for determining the functional and ecological importance of morphology is discussed.     

Feeding habits of megrim, Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis (Walbaum, 1792), from the central Adriatic Sea

The feeding habits of the megrim, Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis , from the central Adriatic Sea were investigated with respect to fish size and seasons. Stomach contents of 510 specimens, 9.0–28.9 cm total length (TL), collected by bottom-trawl from 2004 to 2006 were analyzed. The percentage of 97 empty stomachs varied significantly with season (maximum during the winter, 32.1%; minimum during summer, 7.4%). The food composition suggests that the megrim is a carnivorous fish. Prey items identified in the stomachs belong to four major groups: Teleostei, Decapoda, Mysidacea and Cephalopoda. Teleosts were the most important (%IRI = 82.2), especially in fish larger than 14 cm TL. Mysidacea constituted the main prey for fish less than 14 cm TL. At the species level, the teleost Antonogadus megalokynodon (%IRI = 1.5) and decapod Processa canaliculata (%IRI = 0.9) were the most frequent prey. The mean weight of stomach contents increased significantly for fish larger than 14 cm TL, while the mean number of prey items did not differ significantly among size classes. Diet composition showed little seasonal variation; teleosts were the most important prey in all seasons, especially during spring. The lowest intensity of feeding recorded in winter could be related to the lower sea temperature and to the spawning period.     

Diet composition of bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus L. 1758) in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea,Turkey

This study gives relevant information on the diet composition of the bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) during the spawning period in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. The stomach contents of 218 bluefin tuna were sampled from 2003 to 2006 during the fishing season (May–June) aboard purse seiners operating in the northern Levantine Sea off the coast of Turkey. Stomachs were removed from the fish soon after landing and kept frozen at ?18°C until analysis. Prey items were classified into large taxonomic categories and preserved in 70% ethanol. A total of 745 different prey specimens belonging to 47 taxa were identified, including 34 species of fish, 11 of squid, and two of crustaceans. The most important fish and cephalopod prey belonged to the families Myctophidae, Carangidae, Chauliodontidae, Paralepididae, and Octopoda. This study marks the observation of myctophid fish in the stomach contents of bluefin tuna from the Mediterranean Sea. The paper offers some new information of regional importance and compares the feeding habits of the species to other regions, bringing confirmation on the opportunistic feeding ecology of the species in the enclosed Mediterranean Sea, where bluefin tuna seasonally occur as a strong cohort. New information on the diet composition of T. thynnus in the eastern Mediterranean Sea is revealed; the findings indicate that, depending on the abundance of the different prey species in the habitat, the dominant prey species can be distinctive.