风洞内粘虫飞翔行为与气流的关系

利用自制的昆虫飞翔实验风洞 ,系统观测了在风洞条件下粘虫在不同流速实验气流中的起飞行为与飞翔行为。结果表明 ,微风能刺激粘虫起飞 ,试虫表现明显的偏爱迎风 (或稍偏一点角度 )起飞的习性 ,飞翔时亦多采取迎风 (或稍偏一点角度 )的姿势。试虫在气流中的实际位移是昆虫飞翔位移与气流位移的矢量和。当气流速度小于 2 m/ s时 ,逆风向位移占多数 ;而气流速度为 3～ 4 m/ s时 ,94 .8%的试虫为顺风向位移。     

东北地区粘虫的季节性迁飞行为(英文)

粘虫Mythimna separata是我国农业生产上的重要害虫, 为了明确其季节性迁飞行为参数, 本研究采用垂直监测昆虫雷达（vertical-looking radar, VLR）及相关辅助设备的长期自动观测, 结合基于GIS的大区环流和轨迹模拟, 调查分析了2005年东北地区粘虫季节性迁飞行为。结果表明： 粘虫在不同季节和夜间不同时间空中飞行高度具有明显差异, 空中飞行行为受气象条件尤其是空中风场影响较大; 春季和秋季主要借助气流运载进行大规模长距离迁飞, 夜间持续飞行时间可达9 h, 多数个体能完成整夜飞行, 春季迁飞高度主要在300~600 m, 秋季飞行高度相对较低主要在300 m以下和400~500 m。夏季雷达回波有明显的成层现象, 最高可达1 000 m, 主要集中在500 m和700 m两个高度层。轨迹分析显示： 5月29日由山东潍坊、 临沂等虫源地起飞的黏虫, 顺西南气流越海迁飞, 6月1日在气旋天气影响下, 在吉林省白城等地降落; 7月中旬主要为当地黏虫受对流天气影响进行短距离迁飞扩散; 9月11日虫源来自内蒙古呼伦贝尔, 顺西北气流向吉林省东南方向迁飞。研究结果为东北地区粘虫的有效防控提供了技术支撑。     

粘虫成虫在气流场中飞行行为的观察研究

通过改进悬吊测飞技术、室内风洞和野外雷达相结合的观测方法,研究了粘虫在气流场中的飞行行为特征及其与气流的关系。直筒风洞自由飞行观测的结果表明,粘虫蛾对气流有明显行为反应,表现为头部迎风起飞和迎风飞行的特性;在3.0～5.5 m/s风速下,有92%～94% 的个体可一次逆风飞行通过2 m长的风洞;当风速≥6.0 m/s时,有71.9%的蛾子沿螺旋状的飞行轨迹逆风通过风洞。环形风洞悬吊飞行测试的结果表明,粘虫可逆风飞行的最大风速为7.2 m/s;在风速≤4 m/s条件下,90%以上个体头部迎风飞行或头部朝向与风向成一定的夹角,侧逆风飞行。 雷达观测发现粘虫在空中迁飞过程中具有成层现象,并有较强的秋季回迁定向行为,其头部总是朝向西南;迁飞的最终位移与风向及风速大小有关,迁飞位移速度是飞行速度与风速的矢量和。     

东亚地区低层大气环流季节性变化与粘虫远距离迁飞

我国位于盛行的东亚季风区域内,季节变化明显。粘虫(Mythimna separata Walker)远距离北迁南回,与东亚地区低层大气环流季节性变化有着密切的关系。因此根据诱蛾资料和气象观测记录,着重对我国粘虫的迁飞方向、迁飞高度、迁飞界限、起飞降落条件以及虫源基地等问题进行分析,绘制我国粘虫迁飞路径图,是十分必要的。     

粘虫迁飞模拟试验

粘虫是我国禾谷类作物的主要迁飞性害虫之一。近十多年来,我国昆虫学者在迁飞问题上作了大量研究工作。迄今已基本摸清了我国东部粘虫的远距离迁飞、迁飞方向及路线(林昌善等,1963;林昌善、张宗炳,1963),分析了粘虫迁飞的生理生态机制(马世骏,1963)和迁飞与气流场的关系(林昌善,19632 赵圣菊等,1981),开展了一些粘虫飞行的观察和     

云南省粘虫二代虫源探讨

首先设定常年有一代粘虫发生的印度北部、云南省和我国江淮地区为云南省粘虫主害代（二代）的可能虫源地。然后,讨论各个可能虫源地一代粘虫发生量及迁出时期空中走廊气流方向和强度对云南省二代粘虫发生量的影响;分析云南二代粘虫迁入期与各个一代区成虫迁出期的对应关系。结果表明：云南二代粘虫虫源主要来自于江淮地区一代粘虫发生区;小部分来自于云南一代粘虫发生区,但其基数甚小,仅此成分不致造成对作物的危害;没有包含印度一代粘虫的成分。此结论在1994～1995年的异地测报应用中得到验证。     

用高空风预测粘虫发生程度

粘虫有远距离迁飞的习性。据研究,它的迁飞方向和高空气流运行的方向是一致的。因此,在预测中常根据虫情调查及迁出期高空天气图气流的走向,来判断其降落地区,从而估计其发生程度趋势。为了推动病虫测报工作向数学模式化发展,更好地方防治工作提供科学依据,本文以建立“最优”回归方程为目的,对二代粘虫发生程度与一代幼虫发生程度以及一代成虫迁出期的高空风的关系,进行相关分析,并在此基础上,用逐步回归方法,通过电子计算机运算,建立二代粘虫发生程度的预测模式,得到较好的结果。     

粘虫发生规律的研究——Ⅱ. 中国渤海和黄海海面粘虫(Leucania separata Walker)迁飞的观察

根据1959年在哈尔滨粘虫越冬座谈会上, 提出粘虫迁飞的假说, 同时, 根据气流流场的分析, 黄、渤海海面将是粘虫在早春由南方往东北迁飞过境的一个地区。于1960年, 我们在黄、渤海地区进行了粘虫迁飞的观察。研究人员亲自乘客输在各航线上进行实地观察和捕蛾工作。在全年113航次中就有71航次发现了迁飞的粘虫。有几次出现了大蛾群, 徒手即可大量捕捉。与此同时, 研究人员还访问了沿海居民和委託水产公司的渔输在出海捕鱼中搜捕粘虫。这些工作亦得到了类似的结果。这为粘虫迁飞的假说, 提供了有力的新的证据。 粘虫在海面迁飞动态的观察结果中初步可以看出粘虫在海面迁飞的时期, 数量, 迁飞的昼夜节律以及粘虫迁飞活动与气象状况的多方面关系。迁飞粘虫的外形和生理状况也作了简述。 本文讨论了有关的几个问题:1.海面迁飞粘虫与东北地区发蛾之间的关系:2.粘虫迁飞的途径与方式:3.粘虫迁飞时期和回迁问题:4.其它迁飞昆虫的问题;5.海面粘虫迁飞与渔汛的关系。     

粘虫迁飞的种群动态监测与夜间扑灯节律研究

【目的】明确北京北部山区粘虫Mythimna separata(Walker)的种群动态和扑灯规律,探索粘虫的早期监测预警技术。【方法】2011年,在北京延庆利用时控开关控制探照灯诱虫器对粘虫的种群动态进行监测,并对整夜诱虫数量自动分时段取样。获得逐日种群动态数据和相关的生物学参数,使用Grads分析粘虫数量与空中风场的关系。【结果】全年诱集粘虫蛾9 699头,单日诱蛾最高1 366头。全年诱蛾可分为3个世代,各个世代种群均由多个高峰组成,并非陆续增加。性比分析发现雌虫数量显著多于雄虫。分时段数据显示粘虫整夜的扑灯节律可分为迁入型、迁出型或本地繁殖型、过境型和迁入迁出混合型。风场分析表明,诱虫高峰与空中风场偏南气流的频率与持续时间高度一致。【结论】北京延庆全年发生粘虫3个世代,二代幼虫造成的危害最大。一代和二代诱蛾数与空中是否存在偏南气流密切相关。雌虫可能具有更强的迁飞能力。对粘虫扑灯节律数据深入分析,可为迁飞种群是否在本地降落繁殖提供参考依据。     

水稻中镉积累对粘虫的影响

水稻中重金属积累如何影响水稻害虫尚不清楚,本文拟探讨镉积累的水稻对粘虫Mythimna separata幼虫的影响。通过测定不同浓度氯化镉处理的水稻以及人工饲料对粘虫幼虫生长发育的影响,并进一步研究了氯化镉处理水稻中粘虫诱导的防御化合物含量的变化。研究表明水稻叶片中镉的积累导致粘虫幼虫生长减慢、死亡率上升。不同浓度镉处理可以显著提高粘虫诱导的酚胺类化合物对香豆酰腐胺、阿魏酰腐胺、肉桂酰腐胺以及阿魏酰胍丁胺的含量。不同浓度镉添加的人工饲料对粘虫幼虫的存活率无显著影响,而粘虫幼虫取食1 μM和10 μM氯化镉添加的人工饲料后体重反而高于取食未含镉的人工饲料。综上所述,镉积累提高了水稻中粘虫诱导的防御化合物的含量以及水稻对粘虫的抗性,研究结果有利于加深水稻与不同环境胁迫关系的认识。     

粘虫迁飞能源物质的研究

粘虫具有迁飞特性。本研究对迁飞型和居留型的粘虫雌、雄蛾进行生理测定,分别分析了虫体糖原、总脂肪含量,并对虫体腹腔内脂肪体显微切片进行组织学观察,其结果表明,脂肪是粘虫迁飞的主要能源物质。     

植物精油对几种害虫的毒杀活性

对 11科 15属 2 7种植物精油的杀虫活性做了测定。八角茴香果实、柠檬果实、细叶桉叶和留兰香叶精油对粘虫、小菜蛾、棉铃虫和玉米象有较强的熏蒸活性 ;精油稀释 10 0倍后 ,甜橙果实、玳玳花和砂地柏精油对粘虫的拒食活性最高 ;在 0 4% (w/w)剂量下 ,肉桂皮和八角茴香果实等 7种精油对玉米象的种群形成抑制率达 10 0 %。     

The motion of liquid inside a closed vibrating vessel

Studies are made of the behavior of liquid contents in a closed cylindrical vessel vibrated vertically along its axis. The situation is one which had been investigated by Rodgers and Hughes (1960) because of applications in microbiology and biochemistry. By use of motion pictures it was found that surface waves develop, sonic fog is produced, and air bubbles are formed at the onset of the motion. Bubbles then move downward until, under conditions of practical interest, air is divided equally between top and bottom of the vessel. Steady-state vertical oscillation of the central liquid body then ensues, superposed on turbulent action of air–water mixtures at the top and bottom of the vessel. Reference is made to available theory for surface wave excitation, and bubble migration. A nonlinear differential equation is considered for the steady-state oscillation.     

云南松同化器官数量垂直分布的规律

植物的同化器官一般是指制造和积累有机物质并用于满足植物生长发育需要的叶片(叶束)。它是植物的重要组成成分。同化器官吸收光能,在叶绿体和酶的作用下将二氧化碳和水合成为碳水化合物。它的数量的多少决定了植株制造有机物质的能力,直接关系到森林生态系统第一性生产力的高低。因此,研究植物群体和单株同化器官数量垂直分布的规律及其与     

THE RESPIRATION OF LUMINOUS BACTERIA AND THE EFFECT OF OXYGEN TENSION UPON OXYGEN CONSUMPTION

1. The respiration of luminous bacteria has been studied by colorimetric and manometric methods. 2. Limulus oxyhaemocyanin has been used as a colorimetric indicator of oxygen consumption and indicator dyes were used for colorimetric determination of carbon dioxide production. 3. The Thunberg-Winterstein microrespirometer has been used for the measurement of the rate of oxygen consumption by luminous bacteria at different partial pressures of oxygen. 4. The effect of oxygen concentration upon oxygen consumption has been followed from equilibrium with air to low pressures of oxygen. 5. Luminous bacteria consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide independent of oxygen pressures from equilibrium with air (152 mm.) to approximately 22.80 mm. oxygen or 0.03 atmosphere. 6. Dimming of a suspension of luminous bacteria occurs when oxygen tension is lowered to approximately 2 mm. Hg (0.0026 atmosphere) and when the rate of respiration becomes diminished one-half. 7. Pure nitrogen stops respiratory activity and pure oxygen irreversibly inhibits oxygen consumption. 8. The curve for rate of oxygen consumption with oxygen concentration is similar to curves for adsorption of gasses at catalytic surfaces, and agrees with the Langmuir equation for the expression of the amount of gas adsorbed in unimolecular layer at catalytic surfaces with gas pressure. 9. A constant and maximum rate of oxygen consumption occurs in small cells when oxygen concentration becomes sufficient to entirely saturate the surface of the oxidative catalyst of the cell.     

Interhemispheric connections shape subjective experience of bistable motion

The right and left visual hemifields are represented in different cerebral hemispheres and are bound together by connections through the corpus callosum. Much has been learned on the functions of these connections from split-brain patients [1-4], but little is known about their contribution to conscious visual perception in healthy humans. We used diffusion tensor imaging and functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate which callosal connections contribute to the subjective experience of a visual motion stimulus that requires interhemispheric integration. The "motion quartet" is an ambiguous version of apparent motion that leads to perceptions of either horizontal or vertical motion [5]. Interestingly, observers are more likely to perceive vertical than horizontal motion when the stimulus is presented centrally in the visual field [6]. This asymmetry has been attributed to the fact that, with central fixation, perception of horizontal motion requires integration across hemispheres whereas perception of vertical motion requires only intrahemispheric processing [7]. We are able to show that the microstructure of individually tracked callosal segments connecting motion-sensitive areas of the human MT/V5 complex (hMT/V5+; [8]) can predict the conscious perception of observers. Neither connections between primary visual cortex (V1) nor other surrounding callosal regions exhibit a similar relationship.     

Synthesis of natural arm swing motion in human bipedal walking

It has historically been believed that the role of arm motion during walking is related to balancing. Arm motion during natural walking is distinguished in that each arm swing is with the motion of the opposing leg. Although this arm swing motion is generated naturally during bipedal walking, it is interesting to note that the arm swing motion is not necessary for stable walking. This paper attempts to explain the contribution of out-of-phase arm swing in human bipedal walking. Consequently, a human motion control methodology that generates this arm swing motion during walking is proposed. The relationship between arm swing and reaction moment about the vertical axis of the foot is explained in the context of the dynamics of a multi-body articulated system. From this understanding, it is reasoned that arm swing is the result of an effort to reduce the reaction moment about the vertical axis of the foot while the torso and legs are being controlled. This idea is applied to the generation of walking motion. The arm swing motion can be generated, not by designing and tracking joint trajectories of the arms, but by limiting the allowable reaction moment at the foot and minimizing whole-body motion while controlling the lower limbs and torso to follow the designed trajectory. Simulation results, first with the constraint on the foot vertical axis moment and then without, verify the relationship between arm swing and foot reaction moment. These results also demonstrate the use of the dynamic control method in generating arm swing motion.     

Intensity and motion responses of giant vertical neurons of the fly eye

There are nine “giant vertical” neurons in the lobula plate of the fly optic lobe. Intracellular recordings were obtained from the three most peripheral of these cells. These cells respond to a light flash with graded changes in the membrane potential. The response consists of an “on” transient, a sustained depolarization, an increase in membrane potential fluctuations, and an “off” transient. Signal averaging showed that only the “on” and “off” transients are correlated to the stimulus. A pattern of horizontally oriented stripes moving in the vertical direction evokes a response larger than the response to a stationary pattern. The response is most sensitive to vertical movement; motion in the downward direction evokes a net membrane potential depolarization, and upward motion results in a net hyperpolarization. We conclude that the giant vertical cells function primarily as vertical motion detectors and that the direction of the motion is encoded in the polarity of the shift in the membrane potential.     

Orientation tuning of motion-sensitive neurons shaped by vertical-horizontal network interactions

We measured the orientation tuning of two neurons of the fly lobula plate (H1 and H2 cells) sensitive to horizontal image motion. Our results show that H1 and H2 cells are sensitive to vertical motion, too. Their response depended on the position of the vertically moving stimuli within their receptive field. Stimulation within the frontal receptive field produced an asymmetric response: upward motion left the H1/H2 spike frequency nearly unaltered while downward motion increased the spike frequency to about 40% of their maximum responses to horizontal motion. In the lateral parts of their receptive fields, no such asymmetry in the responses to vertical image motion was found. Since downward motion is known to be the preferred direction of neurons of the vertical system in the lobula plate, we analyzed possible interactions between vertical system cells and H1 and H2 cells. Depolarizing current injection into the most frontal vertical system cell (VS1) led to an increased spike frequency, hyperpolarizing current injection to a decreased spike frequency in both H1 and H2 cells. Apart from VS1, no other vertical system cell (VS2-8) had any detectable influence on either H1 or H2 cells. The connectivity of VS1 and H1/H2 is also shown to influence the response properties of both centrifugal horizontal cells in the contralateral lobula plate, which are known to be postsynaptic to the H1 and H2 cells. The vCH cell receives additional input from the contralateral VS2-3 cells via the spiking interneuron V1.