右美托咪定通过c-fos/nLrp3caspase1级联抑制LPS诱发的小胶质细胞炎症反应

本研究旨在探究右美托咪定通过c-fos/nLrp3caspase 1级联抑制LPS诱发的小胶质细胞炎症反应。NOD样受体3 (NLRP3)在小胶质细胞中炎性体介导的炎症的起始中起关键作用,因此成为阿尔茨海默氏病(AD)的重要治疗靶标。右美托咪定(Dex)是一种新型临床麻醉剂,具有抗炎作用,可抑制AD患者的术后认知功能障碍。本研究通过:(1)培养乳鼠脑组织小胶质细胞克隆;(2)小胶质细胞暴露于100 ng/m L LPS下,利用不同剂量的Dex进行治疗;(3)利用ELISA和Western印迹,分析的数据显示,Dex对LPS暴露下细胞促炎因子(包括IL-β和IL-18)释放和NLRP3下游靶caspase-1的表达;(4)利用Western印迹和免疫荧光测量不同剂量Dex对c-Fos核蛋白表达量的作用,并通过质粒的构建和侵染探究c-Fos对NLRP3基因表达的调节作用;(5)通过c-Fos敲低和Dex处理,探究LPS诱导的NLRP3蛋白水平变化。本研究发现:(1) Dex消除了LPS对细胞促炎因子IL-β和IL-18的释放促进作用以及降低NLRP3其下游靶caspase-1的表达;(2) c-Fos充当正调节NLRP3基因表达的转录因子,Dex降低c-Fos的核蛋白水平从而抑制NLRP3基因表达;(3) LPS刺激会增加乳鼠小胶质细胞中的NLRP3蛋白水平,通过c-Fos敲低和Dex处理,LPS诱导的NLRP3蛋白水平的增加被逆转。本研究结果表明,Dex通过c-fos/nLrp3caspase 1级联刺激小胶质细胞从而抑制LPS诱发的炎症反应。     

研究报告: 组织蛋白酶B介导NLRP3小体在砷致小胶质细胞炎症激活中的作用

目的 探究组织蛋白酶B（CTSB）介导NLRP3小体在砷致小胶质细胞（BV-2）炎症激活中的作用。方法 取处于对数生长期的BV-2细胞，分别暴露于终浓度为0、2、4、8 μmol/L亚砷酸钠（NaAsO₂）溶液培养24 h，检测细胞活性，测定各组细胞内CTSB和细胞焦亡相关蛋白NLRP3、Caspase-1、IL-18、IL-1β的表达水平。流式细胞仪检测胞内溶酶体膜稳定性。基于实验结果，增设CTSB抑制剂组（5 μmol/L CA074-Me +8 μmol/L NaAsO₂、10 μmol/L CA074-Me+8 μmol/L NaAsO₂），检测两组细胞内炎症相关蛋白NLRP3、Caspase-1和IL-1β、IL-18的表达水平。结果 与对照组比较，各染砷组细胞抑制率增高，呈现剂量效应关系，溶酶体膜稳定性下降，差异有统计学意义（P<0.01），胞内CTSB、NLRP3、IL-1β、IL-18、Caspase-1表达增高，差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）；与对照组（8 μmol/L NaAsO₂）比较，抑制剂组BV-2细胞胞内CTSB、NLRP3、IL-1β、IL-18、Caspase-1水平均降低，差异有统计学差异（P<0.01）。结论 NaAsO₂通过诱导小胶质细胞内CTSB水平的上升，介导NLRP3炎症小体激活小胶质细胞，促其释放炎性因子，致神经系统损伤。     

NLRP3炎性小体及其下游产物在TAO和ASO患者动脉中的表达及意义

目的:探讨NLRP3炎性小体及其下游产物在血栓闭塞性脉管炎(TAO)和动脉粥样硬化闭塞症(ASO)患者动脉中的表达及意义。方法:选择8例TAO患者截肢后的下肢动脉,13例ASO患者截肢后的下肢动脉,5例因窒息死亡的新生儿主动脉,将三组动脉分别进行HE染色及免疫组化分析,半定量的测量3组动脉中NLRP3、Caspase-1、IL-1β和IL-18的累积光密度值(IOD)并进行组间比较。结果:3组动脉组织的HE染色结果均符合其特征。TAO组和ASO组动脉组织中NLRP3、Caspase-1、IL-1β和IL-18的表达与对照组相比均显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:NLRP3、Caspase-1、IL-1β和IL-18在TAO和ASO患者动脉组织中的表达明显升高,NLRP3炎性小体及其下游产物可能参与了TAO和ASO的发病过程。     

NLRP3炎症小体表达与慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并肺癌的相关性研究

目的:分析核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体蛋白3(NLRP3)炎症小体表达与慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并肺癌的相关性。方法:选取2015年1月-2018年2月我院收治的COPD合并肺癌患者62例作为实验组及同期88例COPD患者作为对照组。酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测两组患者外周血IL-1β、IL-18浓度,免疫组化法检测两组患者术后肺病理组织中Caspase-1、ASC、NLRP3、IL-1β、IL-18蛋白相对表达量,并比较不同病理特征下患者术后肺病理组织中NLRP3、ASC、Caspase-1、IL-1β、IL-18蛋白相对表达量的差异,并分析其与COPD合并肺癌的相关性。结果:实验组患者外周血IL-1β、IL-18水平均明显高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);实验组患者术后肺病理组织中NLRP3、ASC、Caspase-1、IL-1β、IL-18蛋白相对表达量均明显高于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);中低分化、临床分期Ⅲ期、淋巴结有转移的急性加重期COPD合并肺癌患者术后肺病理组织中NLRP3、ASC、Caspase-1、IL-1β、IL-18蛋白相对表达量高于高分化、临床分期Ⅰ-Ⅱ期、淋巴结无转移的稳定期COPD合并肺癌患者,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。经Spearman秩相关性分析发现,患者术后肺病理组织中NLRP3、ASC、Caspase-1、IL-1β、IL-18蛋白相对表达量与COPD合并肺癌患者病情严重程度、淋巴结转移情况、分化程度以及病情所处时期均呈正相关(r0,P0.05)。结论:NLRP3炎症小体通路可能参与了COPD合并肺癌的发展过程,其释放的细胞因子IL-1β、IL-18水平升高可能与患者持续炎症有关,并进一步导致机体免疫病理损伤,促进疾病进展。     

ROCK抑制剂Y27632对小胶质细胞炎性分泌的影响

目的观察ROCK抑制剂Y27632对小胶质细胞活化及其炎性分泌的作用。方法采用小胶质细胞系BV2细胞复苏后传代培养,分为对照组和Y27632干预组;在0、3h、6h、18h和24h收取细胞和细胞培养基;采用免疫荧光细胞染色测定各组BV2细胞上Ibal的表达,ELISA法测定各组培养基中IL-1B和TNF-α的浓度变化。结果Y27632可明显改变BV2细胞形态,干预组细胞比对照组细胞的胞体更大,细胞突起增多增长,细胞形态改变在干预6h时最为显著。与对照组相比,Y27632干预后BV2细胞分泌的IL-1β和TNF-α降低,在18h时抑制效果最为显著（P〈0．01）。结论ROCK抑制剂Y27632可诱导BV2细胞活化及炎性分泌降低,提示Rho／ROCK信号通路在小胶质细胞活化及炎性因子分泌中发挥了重要作用。     

SK3钾通道通过PI3K/Akt-ERK通路介导Cu2+-Aβ复合物所致小胶质细胞激活

摘要 目的：探讨Ca²⁺激活的小电导SK3钾通道在Cu²⁺-Aβ复合物（Cu-Aβ）所致小胶质细胞激活中的作用及下游信号通路。方法：应用Cu-Aβ激活BV2小胶质细胞,采用ELISA和Amplex Red试剂盒检测细胞培养上清中肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）和过氧化氢（H₂O₂）的含量,应用qPCR和Western blot检测钾通道mRNA和蛋白水平及相关信号通路蛋白的磷酸化。结果：（1）应用不同离子通道阻断剂以及不同亚型钾通道阻断剂预处理的实验结果表明,SK3通道可能介导了Cu-Aβ所致的小胶质细胞激活。（2）qPCR和Western blot检测结果表明,Cu-Aβ可上调小胶质细胞内SK3 mRNA和蛋白表达。（3）通过转染SK3-siRNA下调小胶质细胞内SK3表达水平,结果表明,下调SK3表达后显著抑制Cu-Aβ所致的小胶质细胞激活。（4）应用特异性信号分子阻断剂预处理的实验结果表明,PI3K/Akt信号和 ERK信号均参与了Cu-Aβ所致的小胶质细胞激活。（5）应用相关信号分子阻断剂预处理的实验结果进一步表明,在介导Cu-Aβ诱发的小胶质细胞激活过程中,SK3通道位于PI3K/Akt-ERK信号通路的上游。结论：SK3通道通过其下游的PI3K/Akt-ERK信号通路介导Cu-Aβ所致的小胶质细胞炎症反应。     

小檗碱通过抑制经典的NLRP3炎症小体活化通路来下调LPS诱导的HUVEC炎症反应*

目的:探讨小檗碱(Berberine, Ber)对脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharide, LPS)诱导的人脐静脉血管内皮细胞(Human Umbilical VeinEndothelial Cells, HUVEC)炎症反应的抑制作用及相关机制。方法:MTT法检测不同浓度的Ber对HUVEC存活率的影响。以0.05μg/mL LPS刺激HUVEC建立炎症反应模型,并分别给予1.25、2.5、5μM Ber干预,Elisa检测Ber对炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β分泌的影响,免疫印迹法检测Ber对NLRP3炎症小体信号通路中NLRP3、My D88、IL-1β、TLR4、ASC和Caspase-1蛋白表达的影响。结果:不同浓度的Ber对HUVEC增殖均具有抑制作用,且基本呈现浓度梯度,IC50值接近5μM;与LPS组相比,不同浓度Ber(1.25、2.5、5μM)均可以显著下调HUVEC中TNF-α、IL-1β炎症因子的分泌(P0.005及P0.01),并可以显著抑制细胞中NLRP3、My D88、IL-1β、TLR4、ASC和Caspase-1蛋白的表达(P0.05),其抑制作用基本呈剂量关系,以5μM Ber的抑制效果最佳。结论:Ber可以通过抑制经典的NLRP3炎症小体活化通路来下调LPS诱导的HUVEC炎症反应。     

牙龈卟啉单胞菌感染通过激活NLRP3小体诱导牙周膜细胞炎症反应及凋亡效应

目的观察牙龈卟啉单胞菌感染通过激活含NLR家族PYRIN域蛋白3(NLRP3)小体诱导人牙周膜细胞(hPDLCs)炎症反应及凋亡的效应。方法取健康前磨牙样本并分离培养hPDLCs,分为牙龈卟啉单胞菌感染的感染组和常规处理的对照组,检测细胞中NLRP3小体[NLRP3、凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(ASC)、含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶(Caspase)-1]、凋亡基因[自杀相关因子(Fas)、Fas配体(FasL)、B淋巴细胞瘤-2基因(Bcl-2)、Bcl-2相关x蛋白(Bax)、Caspase-3]的表达量及培养基中炎症细胞因子[白细胞介素(IL)-1β、IL-18、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)]的含量。结果感染组hPDLCs中NLRP3、ASC、Caspase-1、Fas、FasL、Bax、Caspase-3的表达量及培养基中IL-1β、IL-18、TNF-α的含量明显高于对照组,细胞中Bcl-2的表达量明显低于对照组。结论牙龈卟啉单胞菌感染能够诱导hPDLCs的炎症反应及凋亡且该作用与NLRP3小体的激活有关。     

黄芩汤对糖尿病肾病大鼠肾脏NF-κB/NLRP3/Caspase-1细胞焦亡通路的影响*

目的:研究黄芩汤对糖尿病肾病(diabetic nephropathy,DN)大鼠肾组织核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)/NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3,NLRP3)/胱天蛋白酶-1(cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1,Caspase-1)细胞焦亡通路的影响。方法: 将SD大鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、厄贝沙坦组(27 mg/kg)和黄芩汤低、高剂量组(5 g/kg和20 g/kg),高脂饲料喂养6周联合一次性腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(35 mg/kg)诱导DN大鼠模型,每组9只。灌胃给药6周后检测大鼠血清空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose,FBG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯(triacylglycerol,TG)、尿蛋白(urine protein,UP)、尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)、血肌酐(serum creatinine,Scr)、白介素-1β(interleukin 1β,IL-1β)和IL-18水平;HE染色和Masson染色观察大鼠肾脏病理变化;Western blot和免疫组化检测肾脏NF-κB/NLRP3/Caspase-1细胞焦亡通路相关蛋白及阳性细胞表达。结果: 与空白组比较,模型组大鼠FBG、TC、TG、UP、BUN、Scr、IL-1β和IL-18水平明显升高(P<0.01);肾脏出现肾小球体积增大及基底膜增厚,肾小管管腔扩张,炎性浸润及纤维化明显等病理变化;肾脏组织NF-κB的磷酸化水平,以及NLRP3、凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD,ASC)、Caspase-1、IL-1β和消皮素D(gasdermin D,GSDMD)的蛋白质表达明显升高(P<0.01);肾脏组织NLRP3和GSDMD阳性细胞表达水平明显升高(P<0.01)。与模型组比较,黄芩汤组大鼠上述血糖、血脂、肾功能及炎性因子水平均得到明显改善(P<0.05,P<0.01);肾脏肾小球及肾小管结构趋于正常,炎性浸润及纤维化程度得到改善;肾脏组织NF-κB的磷酸化水平,以及NLRP3、ASC、Caspase-1、IL-1β和GSDMD的蛋白质表达水平明显降低(P<0.05,P<0.01);肾脏组织NLRP3和GSDMD阳性细胞表达明显降低(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论: 黄芩汤对DN大鼠具有确切的疗效,机制可能与抑制NF-κB/NLRP3/Caspase-1细胞焦亡通路有关。     

脑微血管内皮细胞条件培养液对MIP-1β诱导大鼠小胶质细胞迁移影响的机制

目的:研究经通络方药作用后的脑微血管内皮细胞条件培养液对MIP-1β诱导的大鼠小胶质细胞迁移的影响,以及由MIP-1β在小胶质细胞上的受体-CCR5介导细胞信号转导通路的调控作用.方法:将通络方药作用后的大鼠脑微血管内皮细胞条件培养液加入到由5nM MIP-1β刺激6h后的原代大鼠小胶质细胞中,利用Transwell细胞迁移系统来观察小胶质细胞迁移,用Western blot法检测小胶质细胞CCR5,p-p38,P-JNK表达情况.结果:脑微血管内皮细胞条件培养液能够显著减少小胶质细胞迁移到Transwell下层的细胞数量(P<0.01),降低小胶质细胞上MIP-1β的受体CCR5表达,同时抑制了其下游信号蛋白p38和JNK的磷酸化.结论:通络方药作用后的脑微血管内皮细胞务件培养液可抑制由MIP-1β诱导的大鼠小胶质细胞迁移,其作用发挥可能是通过抑制MIP-1β的受体CCR5表达,降低了其下游通路上p38和JNK蛋白磷酸化程度实现.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。