牙龈卟啉单胞菌感染通过激活NLRP3小体诱导牙周膜细胞炎症反应及凋亡效应

目的观察牙龈卟啉单胞菌感染通过激活含NLR家族PYRIN域蛋白3(NLRP3)小体诱导人牙周膜细胞(hPDLCs)炎症反应及凋亡的效应。方法取健康前磨牙样本并分离培养hPDLCs,分为牙龈卟啉单胞菌感染的感染组和常规处理的对照组,检测细胞中NLRP3小体[NLRP3、凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(ASC)、含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶(Caspase)-1]、凋亡基因[自杀相关因子(Fas)、Fas配体(FasL)、B淋巴细胞瘤-2基因(Bcl-2)、Bcl-2相关x蛋白(Bax)、Caspase-3]的表达量及培养基中炎症细胞因子[白细胞介素(IL)-1β、IL-18、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)]的含量。结果感染组hPDLCs中NLRP3、ASC、Caspase-1、Fas、FasL、Bax、Caspase-3的表达量及培养基中IL-1β、IL-18、TNF-α的含量明显高于对照组,细胞中Bcl-2的表达量明显低于对照组。结论牙龈卟啉单胞菌感染能够诱导hPDLCs的炎症反应及凋亡且该作用与NLRP3小体的激活有关。     

NLRP3炎症小体表达与慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并肺癌的相关性研究

目的:分析核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体蛋白3(NLRP3)炎症小体表达与慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并肺癌的相关性。方法:选取2015年1月-2018年2月我院收治的COPD合并肺癌患者62例作为实验组及同期88例COPD患者作为对照组。酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测两组患者外周血IL-1β、IL-18浓度,免疫组化法检测两组患者术后肺病理组织中Caspase-1、ASC、NLRP3、IL-1β、IL-18蛋白相对表达量,并比较不同病理特征下患者术后肺病理组织中NLRP3、ASC、Caspase-1、IL-1β、IL-18蛋白相对表达量的差异,并分析其与COPD合并肺癌的相关性。结果:实验组患者外周血IL-1β、IL-18水平均明显高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);实验组患者术后肺病理组织中NLRP3、ASC、Caspase-1、IL-1β、IL-18蛋白相对表达量均明显高于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);中低分化、临床分期Ⅲ期、淋巴结有转移的急性加重期COPD合并肺癌患者术后肺病理组织中NLRP3、ASC、Caspase-1、IL-1β、IL-18蛋白相对表达量高于高分化、临床分期Ⅰ-Ⅱ期、淋巴结无转移的稳定期COPD合并肺癌患者,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。经Spearman秩相关性分析发现,患者术后肺病理组织中NLRP3、ASC、Caspase-1、IL-1β、IL-18蛋白相对表达量与COPD合并肺癌患者病情严重程度、淋巴结转移情况、分化程度以及病情所处时期均呈正相关(r0,P0.05)。结论:NLRP3炎症小体通路可能参与了COPD合并肺癌的发展过程,其释放的细胞因子IL-1β、IL-18水平升高可能与患者持续炎症有关,并进一步导致机体免疫病理损伤,促进疾病进展。     

原发性骨关节炎患者关节滑膜组织中NLRP3含量与炎症及氧化应激的相关性分析

目的:探讨原发性骨关节炎患者关节中核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体3(NLRP3)含量与炎症及氧化应激的相关性。方法:选择2018年6月-2019年6月我院接诊的100例原发性骨关节炎患者进行研究,设为观察组,并选择我院同期体检健康者80例作为对照组。分析NLRP3、凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(ASC)、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶1(Caspase-1)与白介素1β(IL-1β)、白介素17(IL-17)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、丙二醛(MDA)、8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OHdG)、3-硝基酪氨酸(3-NT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的相关性。结果:观察组NLRP3、ASC、Caspase-1水平显著高于对照组,差异显著(P0.05);观察组IL-1β、IL-17、TNF-α水平显著高于对照组,差异显著(P0.05);观察组MDA、8-OHdG、3-NT水平显著高于对照组,SOD、GSH-Px水平显著低于对照组,差异显著(P0.05);将炎症及氧化应激作为因变量,将NLRP3、ASC、Caspase-1分别作为自变量,在相关性分析结果中显示,NLRP3、ASC、Caspase-1和IL-1β、IL-17、TNF-α、MDA、8-OHdG、3-NT之间均呈正相关(P0.05),NLRP3、ASC、Caspase-1和SOD、GSH-Px之间均呈负相关(P0.05)。结论:在原发性骨关节炎患者中NLRP3的含量和炎症及氧化应激之间存在着密切关系,可促使疾病进展。     

甲型流感病毒感染后NLRP3炎症小体的活化及调控机制

固有免疫系统是机体抗流感病毒感染的第一道防线。NOD样受体(nucleotide-binding oligomerization domainlike receptors,NLR)作为胞质内重要的模式识别受体,介导病原体相关分子模式的识别,促进固有免疫细胞的活化及效应。NOD样受体蛋白(nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein,NLRP)家族是NLR的重要成员,其中NLRP3炎症小体是由NLRP3、ASC和Pro-Caspase-1组装成的多蛋白复合体,可将Pro-Caspase-1剪切为有活性Caspase-1,进而剪切Pro-Interleukin-1β(Pro-IL-1β)、Pro-IL-18和Pro-IL-33形成有活性的成熟IL-1β、IL-18和IL-33,分泌至细胞外,介导炎症反应和诱导免疫病理损伤。主要综述了NLRP3炎症小体在甲型流感病毒感染过程中的活化及调控机制。     

适宜浓度短链脂肪酸混合物对小胶质细胞炎症 抑制及机制研究

本研究的主要目的是探讨适宜浓度短链脂肪酸(short chain fatty acids,SCFAs)混合物对炎症环境下小胶质细胞的抑炎作用及其机制.采用脂多糖(LPS)刺激小鼠小胶质细胞系BV-2细胞建立神经炎症模型,并利用CCK8试剂盒检测不同浓度单一的乙酸钠、丙酸钠、丁酸钠处理后的细胞活力.设计选取这三种SCFAs对细胞活力无影响、且有抑炎效果的特定浓度进行组合(SCFAs mix),进一步检测SCFAs mix对LPS刺激下BV-2细胞炎症反应的影响及机制,包括:a.用一氧化氮(NO)试剂盒检测NO的释放;b.用ELISA检测炎症因子TNF-α、IL-6的释放;c.用qRT-PCR和Western blot检测炎症因子TNF-α、IL-6、炎症小体NLRP3、炎症通路相关蛋白TLR4、NF-κB等的表达变化.结果表明LPS刺激BV-2细胞4 h后,在体系中添加特定浓度的单一SCFA处理12 h后,不能缓解BV-2细胞的炎症反应,而将上述SCFAs配制成同等终浓度的SCFAs mix处理12 h却能显著降低细胞培养上清液中NO、TNF-α和IL-6 (均P0.001)的量,还能抑制BV-2细胞内iNOS、TNF-α、IL-6和NLRP3 mRNA的升高(均P0.001);通过对炎症信号通路关键分子的检测发现,SCFAs mix可以抑制LPS诱导的BV-2细胞内TLR4、MyD88、TRAF6和NF-κB蛋白的表达升高.综上可见:适宜浓度的混合SCFAs可通过调控TLR4/MyD88/TRAF6/NF-κB炎症通路抑制LPS诱导的小胶质细胞的炎症反应,而起到抗炎的保护作用.     

槲皮素对LPS刺激的小胶质细胞炎症因子的下调作用

探讨槲皮素对LPS刺激的小胶质细胞炎症因子的下调作用。用不同浓度的槲皮素处理细菌脂多糖(LPS)诱导过的BV2小胶质细胞,观察不同浓度的槲皮素对炎症因子:一氧化氮(NO)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α绿)以及白介素-1β(IL-1β)的抑制效果。槲皮素在10μm、20μm、30μm时可降低炎症因子NO、TNF-α绿以及IL-1β的产生,与LPS组相比只加10μmol/L槲皮素处理:NO下降17.26%,IL-1β下降21.21%,TNF-α绿下降18.93%;20μmol/L槲皮素处理:NO下降45.18%,IL-1β下降35.45%,TNF-α绿下降37.77%;30μmol/L槲皮素处理:NO下降72.59%,IL-1β下降57.59%,TNF-α绿下降62.32%。但只在20μmol/L、30μmol/L槲皮素处理时与LPS组相比NO、TNF-α绿以及IL-1β的下降有统计学差异(p0.05)。与上述相同与LPS组相比槲皮素为10μmol/L、20μmol/L、30μmol/L时可降低炎症因子TNF-α绿以及IL-1βm RNA的产生,10μmol/L槲皮素处理:IL-1βmRNA下降16.88%,TNF-α绿mRNA下降14.88%;20μmol/L槲皮素处理:IL-1βmRNA下降38.96%,TNF-α绿mRNA下降37.16%;30μmol/L槲皮素处理IL-1βmRNA下降55.49%,TNF-α绿mRNA下降54.38%。但只在20μmol/L、30μmol/L槲皮素处理时TNF-α绿以及IL-1β的mRNA下降有统计学差异(p0.05)。槲皮素对LPS刺激的小胶质细胞炎症因子有一定的下调作用,其抗炎机制可能与下调NO、TNF-α绿以及IL-1β的产生有关。     

NLRP3炎症小体在真菌感染中的作用机制研究进展

炎症小体(Inflammasome)是细胞内识别危险信号的多蛋白复合体,是固有免疫的重要组成部分,NOD样受体家族含热蛋白结构域蛋白3炎症小体(NLRP3)是目前研究最多的一种炎症小体。真菌感染中,NLRP3炎症小体通路募集半胱天冬蛋白酶的前体半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶1(pro-caspase-1)自身剪切活化,活化后的半胱天冬蛋白酶(Caspase-1),通过对促炎因子IL-1β(interleukin-1β, IL-1β)和IL-18(interleukin-18, IL-18)的激活,引起宿主的炎症反应,在宿主免疫应答中发挥了重要作用。     

NLRP3炎症小体的负向调控机制

NLRP3炎症小体是由NOD样受体(NOD-like receptor, NLR) NLRP3、接头蛋白ASC和胱冬肽酶-1(Caspase-1)所形成的多聚蛋白复合体,能够感受来自病原微生物的病原相关分子模式(pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs)和胞内自身危险信号-危险相关分子模式(danger-associated molecular patterns, DAMPs),促进细胞因子IL-1β和IL-18的成熟和分泌、引起细胞焦亡,从而在多种生理、病理过程中发挥重要作用. NLRP3炎症小体是目前研究最深入的炎症小体,其表达水平和活化强度与多种疾病的发生、发展密切相关,如感染性疾病、痛风、Ⅱ型糖尿病、动脉粥样硬化、阿尔兹海默症及癌症等.因此,阐明NLRP3炎症小体活化的调控机制,对于揭示这些疾病发生、发展的机理,寻找免疫调节治疗的新途径具有重要意义.本文详细介绍了NLRP3炎症小体的负向调控机制.     

麝香多肽分离纯化及其抗炎作用机制研究CSCD

从天然麝香中提取、纯化麝香多肽,利用体外细胞模型筛选有抗炎活性的麝香多肽流分,并研究麝香多肽对小鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用及作用机制。采用冰浴超声、离子交换色谱法从天然麝香中提取、纯化获得5个流分,即为SXP1、SXP2、SXP3、SXP4、SXP5。在LPS诱导的THP-1巨噬细胞炎症模型中,SXP4(100μg/mL)可以显著抑制TNF-α和IL-1β产生,表现出明显的抗炎活性。SDS-PAGE初步检测SXP4主要分布在10~26 kDa范围内。在LPS诱导的急性肺损伤小鼠模型中,SXP4(5、15、50 mg/kg)可减少小鼠血清TNF-α和IL-6的含量(P<0.05或P<0.01);改善小鼠肺组织中炎症细胞浸润和改善肺泡壁增厚情况,减轻小鼠肺组织病理损伤;减少小鼠肺组织中IL-1β、IL-18产生,抑制NLRP3、ASC、Caspase-1、Gasdermin D蛋白表达(P<0.01)。综上,麝香多肽SXP4具有较强的抗炎活性,可减轻急性肺损伤小鼠的肺组织病理损伤,其机制可能与SXP4抑制了小鼠体内NLRP3/Caspase-1介导的细胞焦亡有关。     

黄芪甲苷减轻大鼠脑缺血再灌损伤并抑制NF-κB磷酸化及NLRP3炎症小体活化

本文旨在探讨黄芪甲苷(astragaloside IV, AST-IV)在大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤中的保护作用及其抗炎机制。采用改良线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉栓塞脑缺血再灌注模型,以神经功能缺失评分和脑梗死体积综合评价AST-IV抗脑缺血再灌注损伤的作用,Western blot检测脑组织中NLRP3、ASC、pro-Caspase-1、Caspase-1、pro-IL-1β、IL-1β、pro-IL-18、IL-18、磷酸化NF-κB和总NF-κB蛋白表达水平。结果显示,与模型组比较,AST-IV能降低大鼠神经功能缺失评分,减少脑梗死体积,降低脑组织中NLRP3、Caspase-1、pro-IL-1β、IL-1β、pro-IL-18和IL-18蛋白水平,并抑制磷酸化NF-κB蛋白表达。以上结果提示,AST-IV具有抗脑缺血再灌注损伤作用,其机制可能与抑制NF-κB蛋白磷酸化以及抑制NLRP3炎症小体活化有关。     

ATP/ADP exchange activity of gastric (H+ + K+)-ATPase

The ATP/ADP exchange is shown to be a partial reaction of the $\text{(}\text{H}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ by the absence of measurable nucleoside diphosphokinase activity and the insensitivity of the reaction to $\text{P}{}^1$, $\text{P}{}^5$ -di(adenosine-5′) pentaphosphate, a myokinase inhibitor. The exchange demonstrates an absolute requirement for Mg²⁺ and is optimal at an ADP/ATP ratio of 2. The high ATP concentration ($\text{K}{}_{0.5}\text{= 116 μ}\text{M}$) required for maximal exchange is interpreted as evidence for the involvement of a low affinity form of nucleotide site. The ATP/ADP exchange is regarded as evidence for an ADP-sensitive form of the phosphoenzyme. In native enzyme, pre-steady state kinetics show that the formation of the phosphoenzyme is partially sensitive to ADP while modification of the enzyme by pretreatment with 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) in the absence of Mg²⁺ results in a steady-state phosphoenzyme population, a component of which is ADP sensitive. The ATP/ADP exchange reaction can be either stimulated or inhibited by the presence of K⁺ as a function of pH and Mg²⁺.     

Characterization of cytochrome P-450SCC-containing liposomes

Purified cytochrome $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria was incorporated into liposomes by the cholate-dilution method utilizing either dialysis or Sephadex gel filtration. Among synthetic phospholipids tested, dioleoylglycerophosphocholine showed the best stability during the incorporation of $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ into liposomes. A maximum amount of heme was incorporated into liposomes at a molar ratio of phospholipid to the cytochrome of approx. 200. When $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ was incorporated into the dioleoylglycerophosphocholine liposomes by the cholate-filtration method, the $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}\text{-}\text{containing liposomes}$ showed two major populations on the elution pattern of the Sepharose 4B gel filtration, and were seen at a diameter of 200–600 Å and its aggregated forms. When the cytochrome was incorporated into dioleoylglycerophosphocholine liposomes or cholesterol-free adrenocortical mitochondrial liposomes, $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ was less stable than $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ in aqueous solution. Cholesterol or adrenodoxin markedly stabilized the liposomal $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$. Liposomal $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ required cholesterol for its optimum reduction with adrenodoxin, adrenodoxin reductase, and NADPH in the presence of CO. About 70% of the total heme in the dioleoylglycerophosphocholine liposomes was reduced by the enzymatic reduction in the presence of cholesterol, indicating that 70% of the total molecules are exposed to the surface of the outer monolayer. In order to see the location of the heme in membrane, the dioleoylglycerophosphocholine-liposomal $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ was subjected to $\text{p-}\text{chloromercuriphenyl sulfonic acid}$ treatment. This reagent destroyed the liposomal $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$. These results suggest that the heme is located in the proximity of the $\text{p-}\text{chloromercuriphenyl sulfonic acid}$ reacting sites which are exposed to the surface, or located on the vincinity of polar heads of the membrane.     

AutoFACT: AnAutomaticFunctionalAnnotation andClassificationTool

Background  

Assignment of function to new molecular sequence data is an essential step in genomics projects. The usual process involves similarity searches of a given sequence against one or more databases, an arduous process for large datasets.     

Characterization of partially purified (Na+ + K+)-ATPase from porcine lens

The partial purification of $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ from pig lens has been achieved by treatment with deoxycholate followed by density gradient centrifugation. The specific activity of the final preparation, ranging from 300 to 500 nmol/h per mg protein, is increased approx. 100-fold compared to the homogenate. A parallel increase in $\text{p-}\text{nitrophenylphosphatase}$ activity is also observed. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis reveals six major protein bands, one of which is the 93 kDa α subunit of $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ which can be phosphorylated by reaction with [γ-³²P]ATP. A second band contains a glycoprotein which displays an apparent molecular weight of 51 000 and thus appears to be the β subunit of the enzyme. The enzyme is sensitive to ouabain with the $\text{I}{}_{50}$ for $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ and $\text{p-}\text{nitrophenylphosphatase}$ inhibition being 1.2 and 1.3 μM, respectively. Several agents which inhibit $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ from other tissues such as oligomycin, Ca²⁺, vanadate, $\text{N-}\text{ethylmaleimide}$, $\text{p-}\text{chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid}$ (PCMBS) and 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) also inhibit the lens enzyme. Monovalent cations other than K⁺ are partially effective in activating the ($\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$)-ATPase and $\text{p-}\text{nitrophenylphosphatase}$ activities. The K⁺ congeners were relatively more effective in supporting $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ compared to $\text{p-}\text{nitrophenylphosphatase}$ activity. Other kinetic properties of the lens enzyme are also comparable to those of the enzyme from other tissues. Utilizing the partially purified membrane bound enzyme, discontinuities in Arrhenius plots of $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ activity, $\text{p-}\text{nitrophenylphosphatase}$ activity and fluoresence polarization of the fluidity probe, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH), are observed near the physiological temperature of lens. The possible significance of these observations for the mechanism of cataract formation are discussed.     

Ligand-dependent reactivity of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase with showdomycin

Showdomycin inhibited pig brain ($\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ with pseudo first-order kinetics. The rate of inhibition by showdomycin was examined in the presence of 16 combinations of four ligands, i.e., Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺ and ATP, and was found to depend on the ligands added. Combinations of ligands were divided into five groups in terms of the magnitude of the rate constant; in the order of decreasing rate constants these were: (1)$\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$, (2) $\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}$, $\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$, $\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$ and none, (3) $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{,}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$, $\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$ and $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}$, (4) $\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}\text{,}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$ and $\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}\text{, (5)}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$, $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$, $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$, $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$ and ATP. The highest rate was obtained in the presence of Na⁺, Mg²⁺ and ATP. The apparent concentrations of Na⁺, Mg²⁺ and ATP for half-maximum stimulation of inhibition ($\text{K}{}_{0.5}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>s</mtext>}}$) were 3 mM, 0.13 mM and 4μM, respectively. The rate was unchanged upon further increase in Na⁺ concentration from 140 to 1000 mM. The rates of inhibition could be explained on the basis of the enzyme forms present, including E₁, E₂, ES, E₁-P and E₂-P, i.e., E₂ has higher reactivity with showdomycin than E₁, while E₂-P has almost the same reactivity as E₁-P. We conclude that the reaction of ($\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ proceeds via at least four kinds of enzyme form (E₁, E₂, E₁ · nucleotide and EP), which all have different conformations.     

A/California/7/2009与A/California/4/2009病毒感染力比较

目的甲型H1N1流感病毒A/California/7/2009与A/California/4/2009病毒序列比较同源性在99%以上,本实验旨在比较两株病毒感染BALB/c小鼠研究感染力强弱。方法分别将A/California/7/2009（CA7）与A/California/4/2009（CA4）两株病毒分别连续10倍稀释后,对4~6周龄雌性BALB/c小鼠经乙醚麻醉后进行滴鼻攻毒,每个稀释度接种10只实验小鼠,测定CA7 MLD50为101.24/0.05 mL,检测小鼠感染、致病的多项指标,观察期为14 d。结果相同TCID50的CA7和CA4病毒感染小鼠,CA4感染小鼠后14 d内死亡率为20%,而CA7感染小鼠后8 d内死亡率为100%。CA7 106TCID50感染的小鼠病理表现为重度弥漫性间质性肺炎,CA4 106TCID50感染的小鼠病理表现为中度-重度间质性肺炎。结论在相同条件下,CA7感染力明显强于CA4。     

An electron spin probe study of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase-Containing membranes

The modulating effect of membrane lipids on enzyme function has been described by several investigators. We have used the spin probe $\text{N-}\text{oxyl}\text{-4′,4′-}\text{dimethyloxazolidine}\text{-12-}\text{keto}$ methyl stearate (M 12-NSE) to study this interaction in ox brain membranes enriched with $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$. This methyl ester of stearic acid is practically insoluble in aqueous media, and consequently spectra of M 12-NSE-labelled preparations are free of “liquid lines”.At least two types of spectra may be obtained when ox brain microsomes are spin labelled with M 12-NSE, indicating the presence of two distinct binding sites. At one site the spin label is relatively unrestricted and gives rise to an isotropic spectrum. A second spectrum, which is obtained from spin label at another site, is similar to that which is observed after incorporation of M 12-NSE into phospholipid bilayers. This suggests that this latter site is within the core of the microsomal membrane.The two binding sites differ in their affinity for the spin probe. The low affinity site is both more abundant in crude preparations and is more easily removed by detergent treatment; spin labels at this site produce isotropic spectra. The high affinity sites are fewer in number and produce broad spectra. In addition these high affinity sites increase in concentration as the enzyme undergoes purification.The two sites are quite distinct in their sensitivity to ascorbic acid, the low affinity site showing a considerably greater rate of reduction by this agent.This study also demonstrates that the delipidation effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium deoxycholate on $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase-enriched}$ microsomes from ox brain are not identical.It is suggested that the two spin probe binding sites represent two different lipid domains, one of which is very closely associated with the $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ enzyme and may reflect a protein-directed phospholipid specificity for this enzyme.     

Annular and non-annular binding sites on the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase

Quenching of the fluorescence of the $\text{(}\text{Ca}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ purified from muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum can be used to measure relative binding constants of hydrophobic compounds to the phospholipid-protein interface. We show that the binding constant for cholesterol is considerably less than that for phosphatidylcholine, so that cholesterol is effectively excluded from the phospholipid annulus around the ATPase. However, dibromocholestan-3β-ol causes quenching of the fluorescence of the ATPase, and so has access to other, non-annular sites. We suggest that these non-annular sites could be at protein/protein interfaces in ATPase oligomers. Oleic acid can bind at the phospholipid/protein interface, although its binding constant is less than that for a phosphatidylcholine, and it can also bind at the postulated non-annular sites. The effects of these compounds on the activity of the ATPase depend on the structure of the phospholipid present in the systems.     

Comparison of parameters estimated from A/Ci and A/Cc curve analysis

The parameters estimated from traditional A/C _i curve analysis are dependent upon some underlying assumptions that substomatal CO₂ concentration (C _i) equals the chloroplast CO₂ concentration (C _c) and the C _i value at which the A/C _i curve switches between Rubisco- and electron transport-limited portions of the curve (C _i-t) is set to a constant. However, the assumptions reduced the accuracy of parameter estimation significantly without taking the influence of C _i-t value and mesophyll conductance (g _m) on parameters into account. Based on the analysis of Larix gmelinii’s A/C _i curves, it showed the C _i-t value varied significantly, ranging from 24 Pa to 72 Pa and averaging 38 Pa. t-test demonstrated there were significant differences in parameters respectively estimated from A/C _i and A/C _c curve analysis (p<0.01). Compared with the maximum ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) carboxylation rate (V_cmax), the maximum electron transport rate (J_max) and J_max/V_cmax estimated from A/C _c curve analysis which considers the effects of g _m limit and simultaneously fits parameters with the whole A/C _c curve, mean V_cmax estimated from A/C _i curve analysis (V_cmax-C _i) was underestimated by 37.49%; mean Jmax estimated from A/C _i curve analysis (J_max-C _i) was overestimated by 17.8% and (J_max-C _i)/(V_cmax-C _i) was overestimated by 24.2%. However, there was a significant linear relationship between V_cmax estimated from A/C _i curve analysis and V_cmax estimated from A/C _c curve analysis, so was it J_max (p<0.05).     

Comparative study of Bifidobacteriumanimalis, Escherichiacoli, Lactobacilluscasei and Saccharomycesboulardii probiotic properties

The present work investigates some probiotic properties of four different microorganisms (Bifidobacterium animalis var. lactis BB-12, Escherichia coli EMO, Lactobacillus casei and Saccharomyces boulardii). In vitro and in vivo tests were carried out to compare cell wall hydrophobicity, production of antagonistic substances, survival capacity in the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice without pathological consequence, and immune modulation by stimulation of Küpffer cells, intestinal sIgA and IL-10 levels. In vitro antagonism against pathogenic bacteria and yeast was only observed for the probiotic bacteria B. animalis and L. casei. The hydrophobic property of the cell wall was higher for B. animalis and E. coli EMO, and this property could be responsible for a better ability to colonize the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice. Higher levels of sIgA were observed mainly for S. boulardii, followed by E. coli EMO and B. animalis, and only S. boulardii induced a significant higher level of IL-10. In conclusion, for a probiotic use, S. boulardii presented better characteristics in terms of immunomodulation, and B. animalis and L. casei for antagonistic substance production. The knowledge of the different probiotic properties could be used to choice the better microorganism depending on the therapeutic or prophylactic application.