抗菌肽17BIPHE2对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜的抑制作用

【目的】研究抗菌肽17BIPHE2单独使用及联合抗生素对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)生物被膜的抑制作用。【方法】采用刚果红平板测试法和结晶紫染色评估受试菌形成生物被膜的能力;微量肉汤稀释法和琼脂平板测试法测定金黄色葡萄球菌最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC);利用抑制金黄色葡萄球菌黏附实验和生物被膜形成抑制实验观察17BIPHE2单独使用及联合抗生素对生物被膜黏附阶段和形成阶段的影响;通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察17BIPHE2单独使用及联合抗生素对成熟生物被膜的清除作用。【结果】17BIPHE2的MIC为8μmol/L,1/2×MIC就可以有效抑制浮游菌的生长。单独使用17BIPHE2在细菌黏附阶段抑制率为40%,在生物被膜形成阶段抑制率达到35%。17BIPHE2联合抗生素使用较单独使用抗生素其抑制率均有所下降。生物被膜成熟阶段17BIPHE2于1/4×MIC浓度即可促进生物被膜崩解,1×MIC生物被膜崩解同时细菌黏附量有所下降,联合万古霉素促进生物被膜崩解同时细菌胞质大量外泄。【结论】抗菌肽17BIPHE2具有良好的抑制金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜作用,联合抗生素其抗生物被膜作用进一步提高。这将为治疗由金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜引起的相关感染提供了一个新思路。     

木犀草素对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌活性及其机制

【目的】研究木犀草素对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制活性及其机制。【方法】利用2,3,5-氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)染色,细胞膜渗透性测定,SDS-PAGE蛋白谱变化,4′,6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚(DAPI)荧光染色法等对木犀草素的抑菌活性及其机制进行研究。【结果】木犀草素能影响金黄色葡萄球菌细胞膜的通透性,木犀草素作用16h,菌体可溶性蛋白总量减少64.54%,DNA含量减少48.44%,RNA含量减少39.35%,木犀草素的浓度为1.6mg/mL时,拓扑异构酶I和II的活性可完全被抑制。【结论】木犀草素有明显的抑菌活性,其抑菌机制主要是通过抑制DNA拓扑异构酶的活性,进而影响菌体核酸及蛋白质的合成来实现的。     

新疆家蚕抗菌肽抗菌作用的超微结构观察及抗菌机理初探

为探讨基因工程表达的新疆家蚕(Bombyx mori)抗菌肽(cecropin-XJ)的抗菌机制,通过紫外分光光度法研究抗菌肽的抑菌动力学,并采用透射电镜观察抗菌肽作用于金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)后的超微结构,对抗菌肽抗菌机理进行初步探讨。结果表明,抗菌肽抑菌作用比较明显,抗菌肽的活性与作用时间有关。抗菌肽可能是通过"桶-板"模式渗透细胞膜,从而影响细胞膜的结构和功能,使细胞膜形成许多孔道,增强了金黄色葡萄球菌细胞的通透性,造成细胞内的原生质扩散,并从孔道向胞外渗漏,影响了细菌的代谢系统,从而起到抑菌、杀菌作用。抗菌肽使金黄色葡萄球菌细胞内容物大量渗漏而死亡,死亡细胞的细胞壁保持完整,表明细胞膜是抗菌肽作用的主要靶位点。     

滇池金线鲃肠道产细菌素细菌的筛选鉴定及细菌素LSP01的抑菌作用

【背景】细菌素是微生物在生长过程中产生的一类具有抑菌作用的蛋白质或多肽类物质,可有效抑制或杀灭多种病原微生物。滇池金线鲃(Sinocyclocheilusgrahami)是云南滇池特有鱼种,长期生存在滇池恶劣的生态环境中,其肠道内可能存在着大量产细菌素的微生物资源。【目的】从滇池金线鲃肠道内筛选产细菌素菌株,并对其所产细菌素的抑菌特性及机制进行探究。【方法】对滇池金线鲃肠道细菌进行分离鉴定,利用牛津杯双层平板法筛选具有抑菌活性的产细菌素菌株,测定抑菌活性最佳菌株的细菌素酶敏感性、酸碱与高温耐受性、最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC)与抑菌广谱性等抑菌特性,并借助细胞膜通透性、 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfonyl)-2h-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT)实验及扫描电子显微镜(scanning electronmicroscope,SEM)观察等实验探究细菌素的抑菌机制。【结果】从滇池金线鲃肠道中共筛选得到5株产细菌素细菌,隶属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和乳杆...     

咸鸭蛋清胃蛋白酶水解产物的抗菌性及抗氧化性

【目的】提高对咸鸭蛋清的综合利用,制备具有生物活性的蛋白水解产物。【方法】采用超滤对咸鸭蛋清进行脱盐及分级,利用胃蛋白酶对不同分子量范围的咸鸭蛋清蛋白组分进行酶解,并对不同组分的水解产物进行体外抑菌试验,测定其最低抑菌浓度(MIC)、最低杀菌浓度(MBC)、细菌细胞膜完整性及抗氧化活性。【结果】超滤后得到3种不同分子量的组分,组分A (Mw>50 kDa)、组分B (50 kDa>Mw>20 kDa)和组分C (20 kDa>Mw>5 kDa)。其中,组分A和组分B的水解产物对大肠杆菌的生长有抑制作用。2种组分的MIC分别为1 024 μg/mL和2 048 μg/mL,MBC均为2 048 μg/mL。大肠杆菌进入稳定期OD₆₀₀值约为1.15,添加2种水解产物浓度达1×MIC时,OD₆₀₀值降至0.79和0.86,浓度达2×MIC时,OD₆₀₀值降至0.50和0.68。2种水解产物可破坏大肠杆菌细胞膜,达到较好的抑菌效果。而金黄色葡萄球菌对3种水解产物均不敏感,抑菌效果较差。另外,3种水解产物均具有抗氧化活性,它们对DPPH自由基清除能力分别达0.5倍Trolox (水溶性维生素E)、0.67倍Trolox、0.38倍Trolox。【结论】超滤可同时实现咸蛋清脱盐及富集不同目标蛋白的目的。目标蛋白酶解组分具备抗菌活性和抗氧化活性,同时可作为一种营养添加剂,提高了咸鸭蛋清的附加价值和利用率。     

大黄酸抗耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌机制

【背景】耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus,MRSA)是医院及社区常见的机会性致病菌,具有多重耐药性、高发病率和高死亡率的特点。MRSA感染已成为全球医学界的普遍难题之一。【目的】研究大黄酸对MRSA的抗菌机制。【方法】以二倍稀释法测定大黄酸对MRSA的最小抑菌浓度(Minimum Inhibitory Concentration,MIC);通过MIC测定大黄酸对MRSA动态抑菌作用;建立生物膜模型,测定大黄酸在生物膜屏障下对生物膜内存活菌的影响,并通过扫描电镜观察不同浓度大黄酸作用后的MRSA菌体形态变化;用免疫荧光染色法、荧光分析法测定大黄酸对MRSA细胞质膜去极化和细胞膜通透性的影响。【结果】大黄酸对MRSA的MIC为8μg/mL;大黄酸能对生物膜内存活菌有明显的抑制作用,而且在大黄酸作用下菌体的形态发生明显皱缩和破损,破损严重程度与浓度呈正相关;随着大黄酸浓度和作用时间的增加,荧光强度出现明显变化,细胞膜的通透性发生改变。【结论】大黄酸主要通过损伤细菌的细胞膜,从而抑制细菌的生长和繁殖。     

利用亮氨酸和赖氨酸设计新型α-螺旋抗菌肽

【目的】根据螺旋轮模型设计以亮氨酸(L)为疏水面,赖氨酸(K)为亲水面的新型α-螺旋抗菌肽LK,并对该抗菌肽的生物学活性进行检测。【方法】利用圆二色光谱分析LK的二级结构,同时,评价LK的抑菌活性、稳定性和细胞选择性。【结果】在模拟细胞膜的环境中LK呈α-螺旋型结构。LK对多种革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌有很强的抑菌活性,最小抑菌浓度(MIC)在2-4μmol/L之间。LK具有很强的酸碱盐稳定性。肽浓度为2-4μmol/L时,LK表现出较低的溶血活性和细胞毒性。【结论】根据螺旋轮模型结构,以疏水性的L和正电荷性的K设计的新型抗菌肽LK具有较高的细胞选择性及稳定性,具有替代抗生素的发展潜力。     

条斑紫菜蛋白酶解产物中抗菌肽的纯化及特征

以酶解产物对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌能力为指标,筛选出木瓜蛋白酶并优化确定酶解条件,酶解液中分子量在1000 Da以下的小分子肽类占96.68%;采用DEAE-52纤维素阴离子交换层析、Sephadex G-25凝胶层析得到纯化的紫菜蛋白抗菌肽(LPAP);液质联用分析该纯化抗菌肽中主要的多肽序列为FFDD(Phe-Phe-AspAsp);该LPAP对G+菌和G-菌都有抑制作用,具有相对广谱性,对金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度(Minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)为0.25 mg/m L,抗菌肽作用金黄色葡萄球菌的电镜照片表明其抑菌机制可能是对细胞膜的破坏作用。     

吡唑啉酮铜配合物P-FAH-Cu-phen对金黄色葡萄球菌的转录组影响分析

【背景】金黄色葡萄球菌是目前食品和临床引起感染的重要病原菌,迫切需要开发新型抗菌药物。【目的】分析吡唑啉酮铜配合物P-FAH-Cu-phen对金黄色葡萄球菌的转录组影响和主要代谢信号通路。【方法】采用液体稀释法测定P-FAH-Cu-phen作用金黄色葡萄球菌的最低抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(minimum bactericidal concentration, MBC)。将终浓度2 μg/mL的配合物分别作用于对数生长期的金黄色葡萄球菌30 min和2 h,进行转录组测序及分析。【结果】 P-FAH-Cu-phen作用金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC和MBC分别为2 μg/mL和4 μg/mL。与空白对照相比,配合物处理细菌30 min后,其差异基因共有356个,其中上调表达180个、下调表达176个;配合物处理细菌2 h后,其差异基因共有23个,其中上调表达3个、下调表达20个。差异基因功能主要富集于膜的组成部分、细胞质、质膜、ATP结合、发病机制、金属离子结合、组氨酸生物合成过程、DNA结合、水解酶活性、跨膜转运蛋白活性、硝酸盐同化、硝酸盐代谢过程、硝酸还原酶复合物、硝酸还原酶活性等。差异基因涉及的信号通路主要有双组分系统、群体感应、氮代谢、三羧酸循环、氨基酸代谢等。【结论】影响细菌质膜组成、毒素生成、生物膜形成、细胞壁合成、能量代谢等可能是吡唑啉酮铜配合物P-FAH-Cu-phen对金黄色葡萄球菌的主要抑菌作用。研究为揭示吡唑啉酮铜配合物抑制金黄色葡萄球菌分子机制提供了理论依据。     

5-氯水杨醛缩2,4-二羟基苯酰肼的抗菌抗氧化活性研究

目的考察5-氯水杨醛缩2,4-二羟基苯酰肼对金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌活性及体外抗氧化活性。方法采用试管法和平板法测定其对金黄色葡萄球菌最小抑菌浓度(MIC)、最小杀菌浓度(MBC),绘制杀菌曲线,并通过扫描电镜研究其作用机制,采用DPPH法测定抗氧化活性。结果该化合物对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC为2.5 mg/m L,MBC为5 mg/m L。杀菌曲线结果表明该化合物对金黄色葡萄球菌的杀菌作用表现出明显的浓度依赖性。扫描电镜结果表明该化合物的作用机制可能与破坏菌体细胞壁、改变其通透性有关。同时该化合物具有较强的清除自由基的能力。结论 5-氯水杨醛缩2,4-二羟基苯酰肼具有显著的抗金黄色葡萄球菌作用,同时具有较好的体外抗氧化活性。     

Glycolipid- and glycoprotein-based blood group A antigen expression in human thrombocytes. A1/A2 difference

Total non-acid glycolipid fractions and total sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS) solubilized protein fractions were isolated from human thrombocytes obtained from single human donors having different blood group A₁/A₂ phenotypes. The blood group A glycolipid antigens were characterized by immunostaining of thin layer plates with different monoclonal anti-A antibodies. The glycoproteins carrying blood group A epitopes were identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis using a monoclonal anti-A antibody. Blood group A glycolipid antigens were found in both A₁ and A₂ thrombocytes but the A₂ individuals expressed at least ten times less A glycolipids compared to the A₁ individuals. Expression of A type 3/4 chain and small amounts of A type 1 chain glycolipids were seen in thrombocytes of both A₁ and A₂ individuals, while the type 2 chain A glycolipids appeared to be missing from the A₂ thrombocytes. Blood group A reactive glycoproteins were only found in thrombocytes of A₁ individuals and could not be detected in A₂ individuals or a blood group O individual. The major blood group A glycoprotein were found as a double band migrating in the 130 kDa region.Abbreviations SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate - PAGE polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis - HPTLC high performance thin layer chromatography - CBB Coomassie brilliant blue - GVH graft versus host Part of this work was presented at the Xth International Symposium on Glycoconjugates, Jerusalem, Israel. September, 1989.In the short hand designation for glycolipids, the letter indicate blood group determinant, the first numeral, the number of sugar residues, and the second numeral, the type of carbohydrate chain. Thus, A-6-1 means a hexaglycosylceramide with a blood group A determinant based on the type 1 carbohydrate chain.     

Analysis of the CYP21A1P pseudogene: indication of mutational diversity and CYP21A2-like and duplicated CYP21A2 genes

The CYP21A1P gene downstream of the XA gene, carrying 15 deteriorated mutations, is a nonfunctional pseudogene that shares 98% nucleotide sequence homology with CYP21A2 located on chromosome 6p21.3. However, these mutations in the CYP21A1P gene are not totally involved in each individual. From our analysis of 100 healthy ethnic Chinese (i.e., Taiwanese) (n = 200 chromosomes) using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products combined with an amplification-created restriction site (ACRS) method and DNA sequencing, we found that approximately 10% of CYP21A1P alleles (n = 195 chromosomes) presented the CYP21A2 sequence; frequencies of P30, V281, Q318, and R356 in that locus were approximately 24%, 21%, 11%, and 34%, respectively, and approximately 90% of the CYP21A1P alleles had 15 mutated loci. In addition, approximately 2.5% (n = 5 chromosomes) showed four haplotypes of the 3.7-kb TaqI-produced fragment of the CYP21A2-like gene and one duplicated CYP21A2 gene. We conclude that the pseudogene of the CYP21A1P mutation presents diverse variants. Moreover, the existence of the CYP21A2-like gene is more abundant than that of the duplicated CYP21A2 gene downstream of the XA gene and could not be distinguished from the CYP21A2–TNXB gene; thus, it may be misdiagnosed by previously established methods for congenital adrenal hyperplasia caused by a 21-hydroxylase deficiency.     

RB1 and CDKN2A Functional Defects Resulting in Retinoblastoma

Multiplex methylation-sensitive PCR was employed in studying the methylation of the RB1 and CDKN2A/p16 promoter regions in 52 retinoblastomas. Aberrant methylation inactivating RB1 was detected in 14 (27%) tumors. Methylation of p16 was for the first time observed in retinoblastoma (9 tumors, 17%). Both promoters proved to be methylated in two tumors. In four tumors, aberrant methylation was combined with structural defects of both RB1 alleles. Aberrant methylation of the p16 promoter was the second mutation event in two tumors and was not accompanied by RB1 defects in one tumor. Complex testing for RB1 mutations, loss of heterozygosity, and functional inactivation of the two genes revealed molecular defects in at least one allele in 51 (98%) tumors.     

Mechanisms of sugar transport byThiobacillus A2

Comparison of the effects of uncoupling agents, arsenate, fluoride and cyanide on sugar transport byThiobacillus A2 indicated that (a) glucose uptake by fast-growing strain GFI involved a high energy phosphate dependent system; (b) transport of glucose by the wild type and of fructose and sucrose by both strains, was by respiration dependent systems requiring a membrane proton gradient. Glucose and sucrose were competitive inhibitors of the transport of each other. Bacteria grown on glucose +sucrose (20+2 mM) transported glucose much faster than those grown on glucose alone. This could explain the great stimulation of growth rate on glucose, in the presence of sucrose.Abbreviations Butyl PBD 2-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-5-(4-biphenylyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole - DBP 2,4-dibromophenol - DNP 2,4-dinitrophenol - FCCP carboxylcyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone - 3-OMG 3-O-methylglucose - PCP pentachlorophenol - Tris tris(Hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane - TTFB 4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-2-trifluoromethylbenzimidazole - PEP phosphoenolpyruvate     

Kinetics of sugar transport byThiobacillus A2

ApparentK _s andV _max values, for the transport byThiobacillus A2 of¹⁴C-labelled sucrose, hexoses and pentoses, were estimated using flow dialysis and membrane filtration techniques. Transport systems of varying degrees of specificity could be inferred from the data. For most sugars tested including glucose, fructose and arabinose, there was a close correlation between maximum rate of sugar transport and observed growth rate. Differences in transport rate were sufficient to explain slow and fast growth on glucose by wild type and GF strains ofThiobacillus A2.Abbreviations Butyl PBD 2-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-5-(4-biphenylyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole - Tris tris(hydroxymethyl)-amino-methane - PEP phosphoenolpyruvate     

A locus controlling the activity of UDP-galactose:GM2(NeuGc) galactosyltransferase in mouse liver is linked to the H-2 complex

Genetic polymorphism in the expression of the G_M1(NeuGc) ganglioside has been shown in the liver of inbred strains of mice. Through analysis of the gangliosides of H-2 congenic and recombinant strains, this polymorphism was demonstrated to be controlled by a locus mapped left outside of the H-2 complex on chromosome 17, and the locus was assumed to control the level of the activity of G_M1(NeuGc) synthetase, UDP-galactose:G_M2(NeuGc) galactosyltransferase (E.C.2.4.1.62) [Hashimotoet al., J Biochem (1983) 94:2049-54].In the present study we analyzed the genetic linkage between the activity of the galactosyltransferase and the H-2 haplotype. For this purpose, we selected two inbred strains of mice, WHT/Ht and BALB/c, because they have different levels of the transferase activity and show different H-2 haplotypes; the specific activity of the transferase obtained with BALB/c was one-eighth of that with WHT/Ht, and BALB/c expressed the la.7 antigen as one of the products encoded in their H-2^d complex, whereas WHT/Ht did not. To analyze the linkage between these two phenotypes, WHT/Ht were mated with BALB/c to obtain the F₁ mice, and the female F₁ mice were then backcrossed to WHT/Ht. It was found that one half of the backcross generation expressed the la.7 antigen derived from BALB/c and had a significantly lower specific activity of the transferase than that of WHT/Ht, while the other half did not express the la.7 antigen but had the same specific activity of the transferase as that obtained with WHT/Ht.These results suggest that the locus controlling the level of the transferase activity in mouse liver is linked to the H-2 complex on chromosome 17.Abbreviations NeuGc N-glycolylneuraminic acid The ganglioside nomenclature is based on the system of Svennerholm, J Neurochem (1963) 10:613-23. The sialic acid species present is shown in parentheses after the ganglioside abbreviation.     

Organisation of the ribosomal RNA genes in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)

Summary Using Southern hybridisation of radiolabelled purified ribosomal RNAs to genomic DNA the ribosomal RNA genes of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) were shown to be present in six gene sets. Each gene set contains at least one copy of the 5 S, 16 S and 23 S sequences and in at least two cases these are arranged in the order 16 S-23S-5S. Three gene sets, rrnB, rrnD and rrnF, were isolated by screening a library of S. coelicolor A3(2) DNA. The restriction map of one of these, rrnD, was determined and the nucleotide sequences corresponding to the three rRNAs were localised by Southern hybridisation. The gene order in rrnD is 16S-23S-5S.     

A functional map of the fruit-specific promoter of the tomato 2A11 gene

The 5 region of the fruit-specific tomato gene, 2A11, contains both positive and negative regulatory elements. We divided the 5 promoter region of the 2A11 gene into small fragments, ranging in size from 211 to 634 bp and used these short DNA fragments in in vitro protein-binding studies. These studies revealed the presence of at least four fruit-specific and one leaf- and fruit-active protein-binding domains. These promoter fragments, as well as other overlapping fragments, were tested for their ability to enhance expression from a truncated heterologous promoter in transgenic plants. This analysis showed the presence of four fruit-specific and three general or leaf-active positive regulatory elements. Comparison of the results obtained with these two approaches allowed us to draw a functional map of the 2A11 promoter.     

A multicopy suppressor ofnin1-1 of the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae is a counterpart of theDrosophila melanogaster diphenol oxidase A2 gene,Dox-A2

NIN1 is an essential gene for growth of the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae and was recently found to encode a component of the regulatory subunit of the 26S proteasome. Thenin1-1 mutant is temperature sensitive and its main defect is in G₁/S progression and G₂/M progression at non-permissive temperatures. One of the two multicopy suppressors ofnin1-1, SUN2 (SUppressor of Nin1-1), was found to encode a protein of 523 amino acids whose sequence is similar to those ofDrosophila melanogaster diphenol oxidase A2 and the mouse mast-cell Tum^– transplantation antigen, P91A. The C-terminal half of Sun2p was found to be functional as Sun2p at 25° C, 30° C, and 34° C but not at 37° C. The open reading frame (ORF) of theDrosophila diphenol oxidase A2 gene (Dox-A2) was obtained from a lambda phage cDNA library using the polymerase chain reaction technique. TheDox-A2 ORF driven by theTDH3 promoter complemented the phenotype of a strain deleted forsun2. ThisDox-A2-dependent strain was temperature sensitive and accumulated dumb-bell-shaped cells, with an undivided nucleus at the isthmus, after temperature upshift. This morphology is similar to that ofnin1-1 cells kept at a restrictive temperature. These results suggest thatSUN2 is a functional counterpart ofDox-A2 and that these genes play a pivotal role in the cell cycle in each organism.     

A map of rye chromosome 2R using isozyme and morphological markers

Summary The segregation of isozymic loci for leaf peroxidases (L2Per) has been investigated in backcrosses and F₂ offspring of rye lines having purple seeds (Ps) and monstrosum ears (mo). The Ps, L2Per-3b, mo, and L2Per-2 loci were linked. The Ps and mo loci have been previously located on the 2R chromosome, and the L2Per-3b and L2Per-2 loci have been located on the 2RS chromosome arm. The results favor the gene order Ps ... L2Per-3b ... mo ... L2Per-2 or Ps ... mo... L2Per-3b ... L2Per-2. The position of the loci relative to the centromere is still not known, but the obtained results suggest that the mo locus could be located on the 2RS chromosome arm. On the basis of previously reported linkage groups, the most probable arrangement of the loci located on chromosome 2R is: dw2 ... Ps ... (L2Per-3a ... L2Per-3b ... mo) ... L2Per-2. It has not been possible to know the position of L2Per-4 loci (also located on 2RS chromosome arm) relative to L2Per-3a and L2Per-3b loci.