甘肃兴隆山保护区野生马麝分布、数量特征及影响因素

综合采用样线法、粪堆计数法及重复调查法对甘肃省兴隆山国家级自然保护区的野生马麝（Moschus chrysogaster）进行了种群调查,结合生境分析,确定了其种群分布、数量特征及影响因素。结果表明,兴隆山保护区分布有野生马麝（1159±275）头,平均种群密度为（3.51±0.83）头/km²;各植被类型生境中的野生麝种群数量及密度存在差异,灌丛生境分布有70%的野生马麝种群,达（807±170）头,种群密度为（6.49±1.63）头/km²;针叶林种群密度最大,达（8.85±83.25）头/km²,分布有野生麝（123±45）头;针阔混交林分布最少,仅（41±15）头,种群密度为（5.00±1.84）头/km²;人工林生境无野生马麝分布。保护区各植被类型生境中的野生马麝种群分布差异反映了马麝对适宜生境功能的需求,食物、保温和隐蔽性是制约野生马麝冬季分布和种群数量的关键因素。此外,因生境及人为干扰强度的不同,保护区各区域的野生马麝种群分布存在差异。建议通过减少人为干扰、地表植被管理及人工林管理优化等措施增加生境适宜性,促进兴隆山自然保护区野生马麝种群的快速恢复和增长。     

不同恢复方式下大兴安岭重度火烧迹地林地土壤温室气体通量

为研究大兴安岭重度火烧迹地在不同恢复方式下林地土壤CO₂、CH₄和N₂O排放特征及其影响因素,采用静态箱/气相色谱法,在2017年生长季（6月-9月）对3种恢复方式（人工更新、天然更新和人工促进天然更新）林地土壤温室气体CO₂、CH₄、N₂O通量进行了原位观测。研究结果表明：（1）3种恢复方式林地土壤在生长季均为大气CO₂、N₂O的源,CH₄的汇;生长季林地土壤CO₂排放通量大小关系为人工促进天然更新（（634.40±246.52）mg m^-2 h^-1） > 人工更新（（603.63±213.22）mg m^-2 h^-1） > 天然更新（（575.81±244.12）mg m^-2 h^-1）,3种恢复方式间无显著差异;人工更新林地土壤CH₄吸收通量显著高于人工促进天然更新;天然更新林地土壤N₂O排放通量显著高于其他两种恢复方式。（2）土壤温度是影响3种恢复方式林地土壤温室气体通量的关键因素;土壤水分仅对人工更新林地土壤N₂O通量有极显著影响（P < 0.01）;3种恢复方式林地土壤CO₂通量与大气湿度具有极显著的响应（P < 0.01）;土壤pH仅与天然更新林地土壤CO₂通量显著相关（P < 0.05）;土壤全氮含量仅与人工促进天然更新林地土壤CH₄通量显著相关（P < 0.05）。（3）基于100年尺度,由3种温室气体计算全球增温潜势得出,人工促进天然更新（1.83×10⁴ kg CO₂/hm²） > 人工更新（1.74×10⁴ kg CO₂/hm²） > 天然更新（1.67×10⁴ kg CO₂/hm²）。（4）阿木尔地区林地土壤年生长季CO₂和N₂O排放量为8.85×10⁶ t和1.88×10² t,CH₄吸收量为1.05×10³ t。     

贵州省退耕还林还草潜在碳汇效益评估

作为我国的一项重要生态工程,退耕还林不仅有利于生态保护,对提升森林碳汇功能、实现碳中和目标也具有重要意义。以退耕还林的碳汇效益为目标,对贵州省退耕还林的潜在碳汇效益进行评估,在对耕地条件及退耕还林还草目标进行分析的基础上,根据坡度、石漠化程度和土壤重金属污染等退耕要求确定出需要退耕的区域;采用随机森林分类算法对地形、气候、土壤等影响植被生长的关键因子进行分类,进而对退耕地的宜林宜草宜灌适宜性进行评价,根据评价结果对贵州省的主要植被类型碳汇因子进行修正,得到不同植被的固碳率并据此对退耕还林工程的碳汇潜力进行评估。结果显示：（1）贵州省现有25°以上陡坡耕地82.5万hm²,重要水源地15-25°坡耕地7.9万hm²,严重石漠化耕地25.1万hm²,受重金属镉、铅、锌严重污染的耕地分别为9.3万hm²、21.7万hm²和6.9万hm²;（2）降雨量、海拔和≥10℃积温是影响植被生长的3个重要自然因子,131.9万hm²待退耕地中,宜林、宜草和宜灌地的面积分别为63.5万hm²、38.7万hm²和29.7万hm²;（3）贵州省新一轮退耕还林还草工程的碳汇潜力巨大并以林地碳汇最大,林地、灌木、草地碳汇增量分别为1779万t、293万t和45万t,碳汇总收益可达2117万t,对实现碳中和目标具有积极作用。     

北京市4种城市功能区森林植被涵养水源功能评价及价值估算

本研究对北京市首都功能核心区、城市功能拓展区、城市发展新区和生态涵养发展区进行林分涵养水源功能评价及价值估算,旨在探究提升城市功能区森林水源涵养功能较优林分配置模式。结果表明：（1）北京市森林植被面积2009年为4.00×10⁵ hm²,2014年为4.59×10⁵ hm²,北京市NDVI平均值2009年为0.331,2014年为0.708,北京市森林植被面积总体呈增加趋势。北京市2014年林地绿化调节水量较2009年降低了近1/3,2014年水源涵养功能价值量较2009年分别减少了22.08%和8.24%。（2）生态涵养发展区水源涵养功能年平均能力最强（2.88×10⁸ m³/a）,城市发展新区水源涵养功能年平均能力次之（1.72×10⁸ m³/a）,而首都功能核心区水源涵养功能年平均能力相对最弱,仅1.05×10⁶ m³/a。在针叶林、阔叶林和混交林三种林分类型中,2014年混交林水源涵养功能价值量较2009年增加5.13%,而阔叶林和针叶林分别减少34.93%和55.55%。（3）培育纯林,提高森林覆盖率,对于调节水土资源和保护生态环境具有非常重要的生态意义,而从森林水源涵养功能实物量和价值量考虑,认为混交林比纯林具有更强的水源涵养功能和较优的经济价值。在城市特定的条件下,建立生态与景观相协调的人工植物群落使城市土地资源的利用达到生态、社会、经济三大效益的最佳结合,是提高城市绿地质量的关键所在。     

松嫩平原苍鹭秋季栖息地选择及适宜性分布

苍鹭（Ardea cinerea）是松嫩平原湿地的常见鸟种,松嫩平原也是苍鹭重要的栖息地。为了了解苍鹭潜在栖息地的适宜性分布,利用GPS/GSM卫星跟踪技术,结合遥感影像和地理信息系统,应用Maxent模型对松嫩平原苍鹭秋季潜在的栖息地进行了评价,并对其适宜性分布进行了分析。结果显示：水源距离和绿度指数是影响松嫩平原苍鹭秋季栖息地适宜性的重要环境变量;松嫩平原内苍鹭适宜栖息地面积为2761.06 km²（占研究区域的1.24%）,主要分布在大庆（756.86 km²,占适宜栖息地面积的27.41%）、白城（537.14 km²,占适宜栖息地面积的19.45%）、齐齐哈尔（439.43 km²,占适宜栖息地面积的15.92%）等地市行政区,以大庆市杜尔伯特蒙古族自治县（429.90 km²,占适宜栖息地面积的15.57%）、白城市镇赉县（334.92 km²,占适宜栖息地面积的12.13%）、大庆市肇源县（185.54 km²,占适宜栖息地面积的6.72%）等县级行政区为主;其中,15.79%的适宜栖息地依次受到莫莫格保护区（10.34%）、扎龙保护区（3.47%）、向海保护区（0.67%）、查干湖保护区（0.54%）、大布苏保护区（0.41%）、乌裕尔河保护区（0.36%）等国家级自然保护区的保护。建议对未受到保护的零星小面积栖息地给与更多关注。     

2010-2019年不同海湾迁徙水鸟栖息地适宜性变化对比研究

滨海湿地是迁徙水鸟的重要迁飞通道和主要栖息地,评估沿海迁徙水鸟栖息地适宜性及变化态势能为栖息地的合理规划与管理提供科学参考,对迁徙水鸟的保护有重要意义。选择紧邻城市和乡村的深圳湾和雷州湾为研究区,在水鸟栖息地生态系统类型分类的基础上,通过层次分析法确定水鸟栖息地适宜性评价因子,设计栖息地、食物、水分、人类干扰条件及其子类的权重,对栖息地适宜性进行等级划分,分析比较2010-2019年迁徙水鸟栖息地适宜性的时空分布差异,探索适宜性变化差异的原因并给出合理化建议。结果表明：（1）2010-2019年深圳湾有193.4 hm²强干扰区域转变化为中等及弱干扰;雷州湾有16.36 hm²的中等干扰转化为弱、无干扰;（2）深圳湾栖息地适宜性以中等适宜类型为主,2010年和2019年面积占比分别为83.74%和88.71%;雷州湾栖息地适宜性主要以较适宜和中等适宜类型为主,2010年面积占比为86.72%,2010-2019年面积占比基本不变,总体适宜性高于深圳湾。（3）2010-2019年,深圳湾不适宜和较适宜面积分别减少245.54 hm²和26.37 hm²,均转化为中等适宜类型;雷州湾有24.31 hm²的中等和较适宜栖息地转化为适宜类型。     

饵料、盐度和温度对刺巨藤壶幼虫生长发育的影响

刺巨藤壶（Megabalanus volcano）是沿海污损生物的优势种,也是沿岸居民常食用的海鲜之一。为探究刺巨藤壶幼虫室内培养的适宜条件,采用生态学单因子梯度实验方法,研究饵料种类及密度、盐度（18、22、26、30、34、38和42）和温度（14℃、18℃、22℃、26℃、30℃和34℃）等生态因子对刺巨藤壶幼虫生长发育的影响,以Ⅵ期无节幼虫存活率、Ⅵ期无节幼虫发育时间、金星幼虫存活率、金星幼虫发育时间和金星幼虫体长等为观察指标。中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）和牟氏角毛藻（Chaetoceros muelleri）均设置5×10⁴个/mL、10×10⁴个/mL、20×10⁴个/mL、40×10⁴个/mL和80×10⁴个/mL 5个密度梯度,亚心形扁藻（Platymonas subcordiformis）设置2.5×10⁴个/mL、5×10⁴个/mL、10×10⁴个/mL、15×10⁴个/mL和20×10⁴个/mL 5个密度梯度。结果表明,3种微藻的低密度组刺巨藤壶幼虫均不能发育至金星幼虫,而达到一定的藻密度幼虫均能发育至金星幼虫阶段;幼虫发育时间随藻密度的提高而降低;幼虫存活率和金星幼虫的体长一般随藻密度的提高而增加。中肋骨条藻80×10⁴个/mL组的金星幼虫存活率高达41.33%、金星幼虫体长681.43 μm;牟氏角毛藻80×10⁴个/mL组的金星幼虫存活率高达43.67%、金星幼虫体长668.39 μm;中肋骨条藻和牟氏角毛藻是培养刺巨藤壶幼虫的适宜饵料,最适密度是40×10⁴个/mL和80×10⁴个/mL。亚心型扁藻20×10⁴个/mL组的金星幼虫存活率最高仅14.33%、金星幼虫体长仅554.60 μm,因此亚心型扁藻不是培养刺巨藤壶幼虫的适宜饵料。除18盐度组幼虫只能发育到Ⅳ期无节幼虫外,22-42各盐度组的幼虫均能发育到金星幼虫阶段,30盐度组的金星幼虫存活率最高为35.67%;幼虫发育时间各盐度组相差不大;在22和26低盐培养下,金星幼虫的体长相对较长。26-34盐度是幼虫发育的适宜盐度。14℃和34℃温度组幼虫最多发育到Ⅴ期无节幼虫,18-30℃各温度组的幼虫均能发育至金星幼虫阶段,22℃的金星幼虫存活率最高为50.67%;随着温度的提高,幼虫发育时间显著缩短;在18℃低温培养下,金星幼虫的体长相对较长。22-26℃是幼虫发育的适宜温度。总之,在合适的藻类密度、盐度和温度条件下,在室内培养刺巨藤壶无节幼虫一般在8 d可达金星幼虫阶段,金星幼虫的存活率可达35%以上。     

基于供需关系的西南喀斯特区生态系统服务空间流动研究

生态系统服务的持续供给是社会和自然可持续发展的基础,人类通过对生态系统服务的消费来满足需求和提高福祉。科学理解生态系统服务从产生、传递到使用的全过程,明确区域生态系统服务供给与需求的平衡状况,对于实现区域可持续发展与提高人类福祉具有重要意义。基于RUSLE、InVEST、CASA等多种模型和方法,量化西南喀斯特区2000-2015年土壤保持服务、产水和碳固定服务的供给量和需求量,探讨供需空间盈余变化特征,确定服务流传输路径和流量。结果表明：（1）研究区土壤保持、产水和碳固定服务供给量和需求量均呈增加趋势,供给量分别增长679.52 t/hm²、2.2×10⁵ m³/km²、72.91 t/km²,需求量分别增加298.6 t/hm²、0.04×10⁵ m³/km²、168.36 t/km²。（2）整个研究区上三种生态系统服务供给尚能满足需求,土壤保持和碳固定服务供需比均呈减少趋势,而产水服务的供需比呈增加趋势。（3）土壤保持高服务流主要分布在云南的黑水河流域、四川的雅砻江流域、广东的北江和东江流域;广西的红水河流域在2000年为产水服务需求区,而到2015年转变为高服务流;碳高服务流主要分布在云南的西南部,方向由西南至东北。     

基于MaxEnt模型的四川王朗国家级自然保护区蓝马鸡栖息地适宜性评价

明确野生动物栖息地的空间分布格局和影响因子,是有效的栖息地管理和物种保护的基础。基于王朗国家级自然保护区自2001至2018年间的野外调查记录,首次使用MaxEnt模型对蓝马鸡（Crossoptilon auritum）栖息地适宜性进行了分析和评价。结果显示：（1）地形特征和极端时期的气候是影响蓝马鸡栖息地适宜性的主要环境因子,年最低温高于-14.4℃、海拔约2430-3100 m、坡度小于40°、靠近河流且最干月降水低于4.4 mm的区域属于蓝马鸡的适宜栖息地;（2）保护区内共有蓝马鸡栖息地102.28 km²,约占保护区总面积的三分之一,其中适宜栖息地面积59.41 km²,次适宜栖息地面积42.87 km²,为该物种提供了面积巨大且连通性极好的栖息地;（3）在不适宜蓝马鸡分布的区域,海拔过高和最干月降水量较大是限制其栖息地适宜性的主要环境因子。目前保护区内主要的人为干扰类型是牦牛和马匹的放牧活动,并且放牧强度和区域有扩大趋势,潜在威胁着蓝马鸡种群及其栖息地。因此,基于模型结果和野外调查,为避免保护区内蓝马鸡栖息地的退化和破碎化,提出了控制放牧数量和面积、增强对放牧人员的宣传教育以及定期监测河流水质的保护建议,以期促进蓝马鸡的种群和栖息地保护。     

唐家河国家级自然保护区川金丝猴生境适宜性评价

生境适宜性评价是濒危物种保护的重要基础。川金丝猴（Rhinopithecus roxellana）是栖息于温带森林的、中国特有的珍稀灵长类动物。位于岷山山系的四川唐家河国家级自然保护区是川金丝猴的重要分布地之一,但涉及该地区川金丝猴的生境信息却较缺乏。运用最大熵（Maximum entropy,MaxEnt）模型对四川唐家河国家级自然保护区川金丝猴不同季节的生境适宜性进行了研究,发现四个季节的训练集和验证集的受试者工作特征曲线下面积（Area under the receiver operator characteristic curve,AUC）值均超过0.8,说明模型预测结果较好。结果显示：（1）影响不同季节川金丝猴分布的主要因子是海拔、河流和道路。（2）川金丝猴的适宜生境面积存在季节性变化。其中,春季的适宜生境面积最大,为233.94 km²,占全区面积的58.48%;夏季的次之,为192.75 km²,占48.19%;秋冬季的适宜生境面积相对较低,分别为145.54 km²（占36.39%）和142.63 km²（占35.66%）。（3）川金丝猴的适宜生境分布具有明显的季节性垂直变化。研究揭示保护好完整的森林植被带对川金丝猴的生存具有重要意义,尤其要重视对人为干扰较强的低海拔生境的保护。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogenetic investigations of Sordariaceae based on multiple gene sequences and morphology

The family Sordariaceae incorporates a number of fungi that are excellent model organisms for various biological, biochemical, ecological, genetic and evolutionary studies. To determine the evolutionary relationships within this group and their respective phylogenetic placements, multiple-gene sequences (partial nuclear 28S ribosomal DNA, nuclear ITS ribosomal DNA and partial nuclear β-tubulin) were analysed using maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses. Analyses of different gene datasets were performed individually and then combined to generate phylogenies. We report that Sordariaceae, with the exclusion Apodus and Diplogelasinospora, is a monophyletic group. Apodus and Diplogelasinospora are related to Lasiosphaeriaceae. Multiple gene analyses suggest that the spore sheath is not a phylogenetically significant character to segregate Asordaria from Sordaria. Smooth-spored Sordaria species (including so-called Asordaria species) constitute a natural group. Asordaria is therefore congeneric with Sordaria. Anixiella species nested among Gelasinospora species, providing further evidence that non-ostiolate ascomata have evolved from ostiolate ascomata on several independent occasions. This study agrees with previous studies that show heterothallic Neurospora species to be monophyletic, but that homothallic ones may have a multiple origins. Although Gelasinospora and Neurospora are closely related and not resolved as monophyletic groups, there is insufficient evidence to place currently accepted Gelasinospora and Neurospora species into the same genus.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.