甘肃天水麦积山风景名胜区土壤纤毛虫的物种多样性

用活体观察和固定染色方法对麦积山风景名胜区土壤纤毛虫物种多样性进行了研究。共鉴定到隶属于3纲12目41科55属的土壤纤毛虫115种,其中包括11个未定名种和26个中国土壤纤毛虫新纪录种。街子温泉景区、曲溪景区、麦积山石窟区、石门山和仙人崖景区各分布有47、46、44、33和26种,大弹跳虫、似织毛虫、膨大肾形虫、僧帽肾形虫、迅捷肾形虫、吻四膜虫、长刀口虫和苔藓刀口虫为广布物种。前口目和下毛目为风景名胜区土壤纤毛虫群落中的优势类群,肾形目和盾纤目为次优势类群,侧口目、吸管目和寡毛目为罕见类群。风景名胜区土壤纤毛虫物种多样性与我国已有研究报道的其他地区的均极不相似。研究结果表明,风景名胜区土壤纤毛虫物种十分丰富,特有和稀有物种繁多,群落结构复杂而特殊;土壤和水生纤毛虫群落物种组成极不相似,土壤和水生纤毛虫群落是不同的2个独立群落。     

甘肃天水麦积山风景名胜区土壤纤毛虫的物种多样性

用活体观察和固定染色方法对麦积山风景名胜区土壤纤毛虫物种多样性进行了研究。共鉴定到隶属于3纲12目41科55属的土壤纤毛虫115种，其中包括11个未定名种和26个中国土壤纤毛虫新纪录种。街子温泉景区、曲溪景区、麦积山石窟区、石门山和仙人崖景区各分布有47、46、44、33和26种，大弹跳虫、似织毛虫、膨大肾形虫、僧帽肾形虫、迅捷肾形虫、吻四膜虫、长刀口虫和苔藓刀口虫为广布物种。前口目和下毛目为风景名胜区土壤纤毛虫群落中的优势类群，肾形目和盾纤目为次优势类群，侧口目、吸管目和寡毛目为罕见类群。风景名胜区土壤纤毛虫物种多样性与我国已有研究报道的其他地区的均极不相似。研究结果表明，风景名胜区土壤纤毛虫物种十分丰富，特有和稀有物种繁多，群落结构复杂而特殊；土壤和水生纤毛虫群落物种组成极不相似，土壤和水生纤毛虫群落是不同的2个独立群落。     

甘肃小陇山麻沿林区土壤纤毛虫群落特征

2006年7月和2007年11月,用活体观察和固定染色方法对小陇山麻沿林区土壤纤毛虫群落特征进行了研究.研究中共鉴定到土壤纤毛虫91种,其中包括8个未定名种.林区土壤纤毛虫群落结构复杂,计有3纲11目28科42属91种,下毛目为优势类群,肾形目和前口目为次优势类群,侧口目、缘毛目和寡毛目为偶见类群,膨胀肾形虫(Colpoda inflata)、长篮环虫(Cyrtolophosis elongata)、大口薄咽虫(Leptopharynx eurystoma)和长圆膜袋虫(Cyclidium oblongum)为优势种.林区各样点之间的土壤纤毛虫群落相似性为极不相似到中等不相似.结果表明,小陇山麻沿林区土壤纤毛虫群落物种丰富,特有和稀有物种繁多;林区各样点之间的小生境不同,土壤纤毛虫群落结构出现较大的差异.从林区生态环境的复杂性和独特性方面讨论了保护区土壤纤毛虫群落的特点.     

拉鲁湿地夏秋季纤毛虫群落特征及其与水环境的关系

为了解西藏拉鲁湿地夏、秋季纤毛虫群落结构及水环境质量变化特征,于2011年7、10月和2012年7、10月,用活体镜检和固定染色相结合的方法,对拉鲁湿地夏、秋季纤毛虫物种多样性及群落结构特征进行了研究。鉴定纤毛虫110种(包括15个未定名种),隶属于3纲13目44科53属;下毛目和前口目为优势类群,核残迹目和合膜目为偶见类群,其余为常见类群;优势种类夏季有毛板壳虫(Coleps hirtu)、珍珠映毛虫(Cinetochilum margaritaceum)、旋回侠盗虫(Strobilidium gyrans);秋季无优势种类;拉鲁湿地夏、秋季纤毛虫群落结构复杂,物种组成与分布呈现高度的时空异质性;平均多样性指数秋季(3.3)高于夏季(2.7);纤毛虫群落特征参数与水环境主要理化因子的二元变量相关性分析显示,夏季纤毛虫物种数和群落结构与水温呈极显著负相关;综合评价显示,拉鲁湿地水环境受到轻度污染。     

兰州八里镇蔬菜基地春季土壤纤毛虫群落特征

2005年4月至2007年6月,用活体观察和固定染色方法对兰州八里镇蔬菜基地春季土壤纤毛虫的群落特征进行了研究.共鉴定出土壤纤毛虫67种,其中包括2个未定名种和14个中国土壤纤毛虫新纪录种.在八里镇蔬菜基地的土壤中鉴定到纤毛虫34种,隶属于3纲、7目、17科、18属;下毛目、肾形目、前口目为其优势类群;吻吴氏虫(Woodruffia rostrata)、近亲游仆虫(Euplotes afflnls)、苔藓圆纤虫(Strongylidium muscorum)、鱼形瘦尾虫(Uroleptus piscis)、似膜袋虫(Cyclidium simulans)等为其优势种.在对照样点(兰山)中鉴定到纤毛虫49种,隶属于3纲、9目、23科、30属;下毛目、盾纤目、肾形目和篮口目为其优势类群;苔藓游仆虫(E.muscicola)、近缘殖口虫(Gonostomum affine)、皮速体虫(Tachysoma pellionella)、食藻斜管虫(Cyclidium simulans)等为其优势种.八里镇蔬菜基地和对照样点的Gleason-Margalef物种多样性指数分别为3.672、5.393;与对照样点土壤纤毛虫的群落Jaccard相似系数为0.239.结果表明,八里镇蔬荣基地春季土壤纤毛虫的物种多样性与对照样点相比有所降低,其群落结构简单化.     

刘家峡水库网箱养鱼场纤毛虫群落特征

2006年3月至2007年2月, 用活体观察法和直接计数法对刘家峡水库网箱养鱼场纤毛虫群落进行了研究.共鉴定到77种纤毛虫, 其中包括4个未定名种, 隶属于3纲11目34科43属.下毛目为优势类群, 前口目为次优势类群, 异毛目为偶见类群.善变膜袋虫、长圆膜袋虫、珍珠映毛虫、钩刺斜管虫和大口瞬目虫为春季群落优势种; 善变膜袋虫、颗粒膜袋虫和珍珠映毛虫为夏季群落优势种; 颗粒膜袋虫和善变膜袋虫为秋季群落优势种; 冬季无明显优势种.纤毛虫物种数的周年动态呈单峰型, 8、9月份物种数最多, 有52种, 3月份最少, 只有18种; 物种数的季节动态为: 夏季＞秋季＞春季＞冬季.纤毛虫丰度的周年动态呈三峰型, 高峰分别出现在4月、6月和9月份, 5月份采样前夕水库调水导致丰度骤降是造成三峰型的主要原因; 纤毛虫丰度的季节动态为: 夏季＞秋季＞春季＞冬季.纤毛虫物种多样性指数的周年动态为: 8月份最大, 3月份最小.相关性分析结果表明, 对网箱养鱼场纤毛虫物种数影响最大的因子是水温, 其次是透明度和pH值, 投放饲料量的影响最小; 对网箱养鱼场纤毛虫丰度影响最大的是投放饲料量, 其次是水温和pH值, 透明度的影响最小.     

甘南高寒草甸土壤纤毛虫对磷酸氢二铵添加的响应

为研究磷酸氢二铵(DAP)添加对土壤纤毛虫群落结构的影响,于2012年4月在甘南高寒草甸选取典型样地,在0～120 g·m^-2浓度区间内设置5个添加水平,采用“非淹没培养皿法”、活体观察法和“3级10倍环式稀释法”测定土壤纤毛虫物种数和密度,同时测定了土壤相关环境因子(含水量、pH值、总氮、总磷、有机碳).共获得土壤纤毛虫129种,隶属9纲17目31科46属.对照组的土壤纤毛虫物种数和物种多样性指数均大于施肥处理,且随着施肥量的增大,土壤纤毛虫物种数减少,物种多样性减小,但其密度随施肥量的增大而增加.对照土壤纤毛虫优势类群为刺钩目,随着施肥量的增大,土壤纤毛虫优势类群更新为肾形目.土壤纤毛虫群落结构和环境因子的冗余分析表明,总磷、土壤温度和含水量是影响甘南高寒草甸土壤纤毛虫群落分布的关键环境因子.     

西藏年楚河流域湿地土壤纤毛虫群落特征

为了研究西藏年楚河流域湿地土壤纤毛虫群落特征及其影响因素，于2020年5月、8月和10月春夏秋三个季节，根据年楚河流域湿地分布特征选取了5个湿地样地共计75个土壤样品，采用"非淹没培养皿法"和"活体观察法"对土壤纤毛虫进行了培养和鉴定，共鉴定出土壤纤毛虫154种，隶属于9纲、19目、43科、70属。结果表明土壤纤毛虫优势类群为前管目（Prorodontida），占11.69%；刺钩目（Haptorida）为次优势类群，占11.04%；罕见类群为游仆虫目（Euplotidae）、瓶纤目（Armophorida）、肾形目（Colpodida）、嗜污目（Philaslasterida）、齿管目（Chlamydodontida）和吸管目（Succorida），共占16.23%。湿地土壤纤毛虫多样性指数在三个季节间均无显著性差异（P>0.05），SD4样地的多样性指数在5个样地中最高；湿地土壤纤毛虫C/P（0.35）<1，表明其土壤环境未污染；土壤纤毛虫群落相似性位于极不相似到中等不相似之间，说明不同样地的物种组成差异性较大；土壤含水量（SWC）、土壤温度（ST）和速效钾（RAK）是影响土壤纤毛虫群落分布的因素。     

土壤纤毛虫群落对退耕还林生态恢复的响应——以侧柏林为例

为了了解土壤纤毛虫群落对退耕还林区生态恢复下土壤环境变化的响应及尝试利用土壤纤毛虫群落特征评价退耕还林生态恢复的效果,于2010年3月至9月采用"非淹没培养皿法"、活体观察法、蛋白银染色法和Foissner计数法对甘肃陇南武都退耕还林区5个不同恢复阶段的样点和1个荒草坡对照样点的土壤纤毛虫群落特征进行了研究,同时测定了p H值、温度、含水量及速效磷、有效钾、铵态氮、有机质和有机碳含量等土壤环境因子并分析了生态恢复条件下土壤纤毛虫群落特征与土壤环境因子的相关性。研究中共鉴定到71种纤毛虫,隶属于3纲、10目、22科、29属。研究发现,不同恢复年限的土样中土壤纤毛虫的物种分布存在明显差异,并随恢复时间的延长,样点间物种相似性减小,群落组成复杂化,物种数、种群密度和物种多样性指数总体均呈增长趋势。优势类群也发生了演替,由恢复初期的肾形目演替到后期的下毛目。相关性分析结果表明,在生态恢复条件下,土壤有机质和铵态氮含量是影响土壤纤毛虫群落结构稳定性的主要因素,不同纤毛虫类群对生态恢复的响应存在差异。冗余分析显示,土壤纤毛虫群落很好地响应了生态恢复过程中土壤环境条件的变化。     

甘肃小陇山桃花沟森林公园土壤纤毛虫的群落特征

2004年8月-2007年3月,用活体观察和固定染色方法对桃花沟森林公园及符家滩土壤纤毛虫的群落特征进行了研究.结果表明:在桃花沟森林公园的土壤中共鉴定出纤毛虫75种,隶属于3纲11目29科40属,其中桃花沟景区的土壤纤毛虫有43种,普渡峡景区有51种;受人为干扰较为严重的符家滩土壤中有纤毛虫28种;在桃花沟森林公园土壤纤毛虫群落中,下毛目、肾形目和前12目为其优势类群;齿脊肾形虫、长圆膜袋虫、皮速体虫、活泼状似片尾虫为其优势种;桃花沟景区、普渡峡景区和符家滩的土壤纤毛虫Gleason-Margalef物种多样性指数分别为4.61、5.64、3.28;桃花沟景区与普渡峡景区土壤纤毛虫的群落Jaccard相似系数为0.25,桃花沟景区、普渡峡景区与符家滩土壤纤毛虫的群落Jaccard相似系数分别为0.22、0.18.表明自然环境与受人为干扰的环境中土壤纤毛虫物种多样性和群落结构有显著差异.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.