凡纳滨对虾对吉林西部盐碱水的适应性

采用淡化虾塘水添加天然盐碱水的方法,进行盐碱水环境下凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生存能力实验,探讨吉林西部盐碱水域对虾养殖技术.结果表明,未驯化幼虾在碱度为515～19.24 mmol·L^-1的盐碱水体存活时间大于96 h,在23.41～38.78 mmol·L^-1的盐碱水体生存时间小于0.75 h;驯化幼虾在碱度为5.15～38.78 mmol·L^-1的盐碱水体存活时间大于24 h.未驯化幼虾适应的盐碱水碱度上限在10 mmol·L^-1左右,对递增碱度差的适应能力小于8 mmol·L^-1.提高驯化水平,可增强幼虾对盐碱水环境的综合适应能力.碱度驯化至30 mmol·L^-1的幼虾对递增碱度差和递减碱度差的适应能力分别为2～4 mmol·L^-1及3～25 mmol·L^-1,可以在吉林西部碱度小于32 mmol·L^-1的盐碱水域养殖凡纳滨对虾.     

盐胁迫对长春花幼苗生长和生物碱含量的影响

以NaCl浓度分别为0、50、100、150、200和250 mmol·L^-1的1/2 Hoagland营养液处理长春花幼苗,7 d后测定其鲜质量、干质量、丙二醛(MDA)和叶绿素含量、色氨酸脱羧酶（TDC）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性等生理指标及文多灵、长春质碱、长春新碱和长春碱等生物碱含量.结果表明：NaCl显著地降低长春花幼苗的鲜质量和干质量,提高MDA含量;叶绿素含量在低盐浓度(50 mmol·L^-1)下与对照相比差异不显著,在高于50 mmol·L^-1时随NaCl浓度的增加而逐渐降低;在NaCl处理下,POD活性与对照相比显著上升;TDC活性在50 mmol·L^-1 NaCl处理下活性最高,而后随盐浓度的增加逐渐降低;文多灵、长春质碱、长春新碱和长春碱含量都是在50 mmol·L^-1NaCl处理下最高,分别为4.61、3.56、1.19和2.95 mg·g^-1,并显著高于对照及其他处理.盐胁迫虽然在一定程度上抑制了长春花幼苗生长,但促进了其生物碱的代谢,提高了生物碱含量;50 mmol·L^-1NaCl处理对长春花吲哚生物碱代谢的促进作用最大.     

多环芳烃荧蒽诱导拟南芥氧化胁迫

选用模式植物拟南芥为材料,以四环的多环芳烃（PAHs）荧蒽为研究对象,从植物对非生物胁迫响应紧密相关的抗氧化酶及膜保护系统的变化入手,研究了植物对多环芳烃胁迫的生理响应.结果表明：荧蒽胁迫下拟南芥经历了氧化胁迫和膜脂过氧化过程.0.75 mmol·L^-1的荧蒽使拟南芥光合作用过程受到抑制;1.00 mmol·L^-1的荧蒽使拟南芥丙二醛(MDA)含量极显著增加, 抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性极显著下降, 膜脂过氧化作用加剧,1.25 mmol·L^-1的荧蒽使拟南芥过氧化物酶(POD)活性极显著下降,H₂O₂在细胞内累积,拟南芥明显受害.     

陶厄氏菌Thauera sp.K11对酚类化合物降解作用及途径研究

旨在分析陶厄氏菌属(Genus Thuaera)中的一株菌株Thauera sp.K11对含酚废水中酚类化合物的降解作用和途径。以石化污水厂分离菌株K11为研究对象,克隆其16S r RNA基因和关键酶基因,并进行系统发育分析,在基因水平探究苯酚降解机理;利用气相色谱技术检测酚类化合物降解效果和苯酚降解机理。结果显示,利用16S r RNA系统学分析发现K11是陶厄氏菌属的一株细菌。该菌对11种酚类化合物具有降解作用,其中5种酚类化合物72 h的降解率90%。克隆并获得了K11的苯酚羟化酶和邻苯二酚双加氧酶基因。酶活性测定表明,K11通过苯酚羟化酶催化苯酚转化为邻苯二酚,然后利用邻苯二酚-2,3-双加氧酶催化产生2-HMSA。陶厄氏菌Thauera sp.K11是一株能够降解多种酚类化合物的菌株,具有较强的酚类污染物降解能力,其通过苯酚→邻苯二酚→2-HMSA途径进行苯酚降解。     

化学诱抗剂诱导黄瓜抗盐性及其机理

在200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl胁迫条件下,采用根际注射结合叶面喷洒的诱导方法探讨了不同浓度水杨酸、油菜素内酯、壳聚糖、亚精胺4种化学诱抗剂对黄瓜幼苗生长及其生理生化特性的影响.结果表明,4种化学诱抗剂在适宜浓度范围内,显著地降低了黄瓜幼苗的盐害指数和死苗率,以油菜素内酯0.01 mg·L^-1降低幅度最大,比对照分别降低了63.0%和75.0%;显著地促进了超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶等保护酶活性,从而显著降低了丙二醛含量和电解质渗出率,干重含水量显著升高;促进了幼苗的形态建成,植株茎粗、展开叶数及壮苗指数显著提高,壮苗指数以壳聚糖150 mg·L^-1最大,比对照提高了30.9%.说明施用适宜浓度的化学诱抗剂可以诱导黄瓜幼苗的抗盐能力,减缓盐害症状.综合作用效果依次为：油菜素内酯0.005～0.05 mg·L^-1、亚精胺150～200 mg·L^-1、壳聚糖100～200 mg·L^-1和水杨酸50～150 mg·L^-1.     

一株嗜热菌的分离鉴定及其苯酚降解特性

从油田地层水中分离到一株嗜热并高效降解苯酚的BF80菌株,其最适生长和降解苯酚的温度为60℃65℃。利用API50CHB/E系统和16SrDNA序列分析对菌株BF80进行了分类鉴定,该菌株的形态和生理生化特性与Geobacillusthermoglucosidasius基本相同,其16SrDNA序列与GeobacillusthermoglucosidasiusBGSCW95A1(=ATCC43742)的相似性为99·22%。在接种量为1%的条件下,该菌在20h内能完全降解3mmol/L的苯酚;在pH值5·59·0范围内能保持对苯酚良好的降解能力,并在12mmol/L苯酚的无机盐培养基中也能生长和降解苯酚,表明该菌能耐受高浓度苯酚并可用于高温含酚废水的生物处理。     

胡杨转基因体系的建立

胡杨(Populus euphratica)是唯一能在沙漠里生长的高大乔木树种, 建立其转基因体系可为胡杨抗逆分子机制与应用技术研究提供基本方法。通过研究农杆菌介导的胡杨转GUS基因的技术体系得出以下结论: (1) 胡杨再生植株体系, 叶片在附加1.0 mmol.L^-1 6-BA和5.0 mmol.L^-1 NAA的1/2MS培养基上不定芽诱导率较高; (2) 转基因体系, 胡杨叶片在含100 mmol.L^-1 乙酰丁香酮的OD600值为0.4-0.6的根癌农杆菌菌液中浸染15分钟, 共培养2天, GUS基因转化效率较高; (3) 转基因植株抗生素筛选, 转GUS基因胡杨叶片用300 mg.L^-1头孢霉素抑制农杆菌生长, 在含9 mg.L^-1 G418的培养基上诱导不定芽以获得转基因的抗性植株。     

盐胁迫对杂交酸模叶片光合活性的抑制作用

以杂交酸模(Rumex K-1)为试材,研究了不同浓度(100～300 mmol·L^-1) KCl和NaCl胁迫对杂交酸模幼苗叶片光合活性及渗透调节的影响.结果表明：200 mmol·L^-1浓度的NaCl对杂交酸模幼苗叶片光合活性的抑制作用大于KCl;当浓度增大到300 mmol·L^-1时,KCl对杂交酸模叶片光合活性的抑制作用显著大于NaCl.300 mmol·L^-1 KCl和NaCl处理植株的叶片水势分别为-0.93 MPa和-1.05 MPa,渗透势分别为-1.43 MPa和-1.10 MPa,说明KCl对杂交酸模植株过多的伤害不是渗透胁迫造成的;经过300 mmol·L^-1KCl胁迫后,杂交酸模叶片中Na⁺含量急剧降到对照植株的11.4％,而补充25 mmol·L^-1 NaCl可以明显缓解KCl对杂交酸模光合活性的伤害,说明Na⁺的亏缺和高浓度K⁺的积聚可能是导致高浓度KCl对杂交酸模光合活性的伤害比NaCl更严重的主要原因.     

Pb、Ni胁迫对大羽藓抗氧化酶系统的影响

研究了Pb、Ni单一及复合胁迫下大羽藓细胞活性氧自由基的累积与清除、光合系统和膜系统的受损情况及其抗氧化酶系统的变化.结果表明：在较低胁迫浓度(Pb<0.1 mmol·L^-1,Ni<0.01 mmol·L^-1)下,大羽藓叶绿素含量具有应激效应,在较高胁迫浓度(Pb>0.1 mmol·L^-1,Ni>0.01 mmol·L^-1)下则具有抑制效应;随Pb-Ni复合胁迫浓度的增加,苔藓活性氧自由基和丙二醛的累积量逐渐增大;大羽藓超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性降低,过氧化物酶活性增加,过氧化物酶在清除Pb、Ni胁迫产生的活性氧自由基的过程中起着重要作用.大羽藓丙二醛含量和过氧化氢酶活性对Pb、Ni胁迫具有浓度依赖性,可以将其作为监测该类重金属污染的生物标志物.     

旱盐互作对冬小麦幼苗生长及其抗逆生理特性的影响

采用水培方法,以不同浓度的PEG-6000（0、8.3%、12.6%（W/V））和NaCl（0、25、50 mmol·L^-1）溶液模拟不同程度的干旱胁迫及盐胁迫,研究了盐分对干旱胁迫条件下冬小麦沧-6001幼苗生长及其抗逆生理特性的影响.结果表明：在8.3%或12.6% PEG-6000处理条件下,添加25 mmol·L^-1NaCl均使植株干物质积累和植株含水量比单一PEG处理增加,同时叶片可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量增加,丙二醛和脯氨酸含量下降,植株各部位Na⁺含量升高、K⁺含量下降;在12.6% PEG-6000处理条件下,添加50 mmol·L^-1NaCl对植株的胁迫效应高于单一PEG处理.表明在干旱胁迫条件下,加入适量盐分可缓解干旱胁迫对冬小麦幼苗生长的抑制.     

Simultaneous degradation of p-nitrophenol and phenol by a newly isolated Nocardioides sp

A p-nitrophenol (PNP)- and phenol-mineralizing bacterium (strain NSP41) was isolated from an industrial wastewater and identified as a member of the genus Nocardioides. PNP was degraded via a hydroquinone pathway, and phenol was degraded through a catechol pathway in strain NSP41. Both enzyme systems for the degradation of PNP and phenol were induced simultaneously in the presence of both compounds. Although both enzyme systems were induced at the same time, PNP and phenol were degraded by the hydroquinone and catechol pathway, respectively. However, during the simultaneous degradation in the low phenol concentration, after the exhaustion of phenol, some PNP was transformed by the catechol pathway and 4-nitrocatechol was transiently accumulated. Kinetically, the addition of phenol greatly enhanced the apparent PNP degradation rate, which may be due to the increased cell mass by the assimilation of phenol.     

红裸须摇蚊幼虫生物标志物系统对苯酚的响应

以红裸须摇蚊4龄幼虫为对象,测定了苯酚对摇蚊幼虫急性毒性、体质量、化蛹率及体内保护酶和解毒酶活性的影响.结果表明:苯酚对摇蚊4龄幼虫6、24、48、72和96 h半致死浓度LC50分别为222.52、134.86、67.74、47.39和35.76 mg.L-1;亚致死剂量苯酚(0.4、4和40 mg.L-1)处理降低摇蚊4龄幼虫干湿质量和化蛹率;摇蚊4龄幼虫暴露于苯酚液72 h,过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽S转-移酶(GST)和羧酸酯酶(CarE)均对苯酚暴露做出响应,且随着浓度增加和暴露时间的延长呈现一定的剂量-时间效应,而摇蚊体内酸性磷酸酯酶(ACP)和碱性磷酸酯酶(ALP)对苯酚暴露响应较迟钝,仅高浓度(40 mg.L-1)长时间(48 h和72 h)的胁迫才会产生显著抑制作用.表明摇蚊体质量、化蛹率和CAT、SOD、GST、CarE可作为监测苯酚水体污染的生物标志物.     

苯酚高效降解菌的筛选和降解特性的研究

从天津市煤气厂的活性污泥中筛选、分离得到一株高效苯酚降解菌。经BIOLOG细菌自动鉴定系统及16SrDNA鉴定,该菌株为粪产碱杆菌(Alcaligenesfaecalis)。苯酚降解实验证实,该菌能在76h内完全降解1600mg·L-1的苯酚,并且随着苯酚浓度的增加,底物抑制作用增强,细胞得率下降。     

Microbial detoxification of bifenthrin by a novel yeast and its potential for contaminated soils treatment

Bifenthrin is one the most widespread pollutants and has caused potential effect on aquatic life and human health, yet little is known about microbial degradation in contaminated regions. A novel yeast strain ZS-02, isolated from activated sludge and identified as Candida pelliculosa based on morphology, API test and 18S rDNA gene analysis, was found highly effective in degrading bifenthrin over a wide range of temperatures (20-40 °C) and pH (5-9). On the basis of response surface methodology (RSM), the optimal degradation conditions were determined to be 32.3 °C and pH 7.2. Under these conditions, the yeast completely metabolized bifenthrin (50 mg · L(-1)) within 8 days. This strain utilized bifenthrin as the sole carbon source for growth as well as co-metabolized it in the presence of glucose, and tolerated concentrations as high as 600 mg · L(-1) with a q(max), K(s) and K(i) of 1.7015 day(-1), 86.2259 mg · L(-1) and 187.2340 mg · L(-1), respectively. The yeast first degraded bifenthrin by hydrolysis of the carboxylester linkage to produce cyclopropanecarboxylic acid and 2-methyl-3-biphenylyl methanol. Subsequently, 2-methyl-3-biphenylyl methanol was further transformed by biphenyl cleavage to form 4-trifluoromethoxy phenol, 2-chloro-6-fluoro benzylalcohol, and 3,5-dimethoxy phenol, resulting in its detoxification. Eventually, no persistent accumulative product was detected by gas chromatopraphy-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. This is the first report of a novel pathway of degradation of bifenthrin by hydrolysis of ester linkage and cleavage of biphenyl in a microorganism. Furthermore, strain ZS-02 degraded a variety of pyrethroids including bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, deltamethrin, fenvalerate, cypermethrin, and fenpropathrin. In different contaminated soils introduced with strain ZS-02, 65-75% of the 50 mg · kg(-1) bifenthrin was eliminated within 10 days, suggesting the yeast could be a promising candidate for remediation of environments affected by bifenthrin. Finally, this is the first described yeast capable of degrading bifenthrin.     

Mutation of Candida tropicalis by irradiation with a He-Ne laser to increase its ability to degrade phenol

Candida tropicalis isolated from acclimated activated sludge was used in this study. Cell suspensions with 5 x 10(7) cells ml(-1) were irradiated by using a He-Ne laser. After mutagenesis, the irradiated cell suspension was diluted and plated on yeast extract-peptone-dextrose (YEPD) medium. Plates with approximately 20 individual colonies were selected, and all individual colonies were harvested for phenol biodegradation. The phenol biodegradation stabilities for 70 phenol biodegradation-positive mutants, mutant strains CTM 1 to 70, ranked according to their original phenol biodegradation potentials, were tested continuously during transfers. Finally, mutant strain CTM 2, which degraded 2,600 mg liter(-1) phenol within 70.5 h, was obtained on the basis of its capacity and hereditary stability for phenol biodegradation. The phenol hydroxylase gene sequences were cloned in wild and mutant strains. The results showed that four amino acids were mutated by irradiation with a laser. In order to compare the activity of phenol hydroxylase in wild and mutant strains, their genes were expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and enzyme activities were spectrophotometrically determined. It was clear that the activity of phenol hydroxylase was promoted after irradiation with a He-Ne laser. In addition, the cell growth and intrinsic phenol biodegradation kinetics of mutant strain CTM 2 in batch cultures were also described by Haldane's kinetic equation with a wide range of initial phenol concentrations from 0 to 2,600 mg liter(-1). The specific growth and degradation rates further demonstrated that the CTM 2 mutant strain possessed a higher capacity to resist phenol toxicity than wild C. tropicalis did.     

Characterization of the nitrobenzene-degrading strain Pseudomonas sp. a3 and use of its immobilized cells in the treatment of mixed aromatics wastewater

A bacterial strain Pseudomonas sp. a3 capable of degrading nitrobenzene, phenol, aniline, and other aromatics was isolated and characterized. When nitrobenzene was degraded, the release of NH(4) (+) was detected, but not of NO(2) (-). This result implied that nitrobenzene might have a partial reductive metabolic pathway in strain a3. However, aniline appeared as one of the metabolites during the aerobic degradation of nitrobenzene. Moreover, the appearance of 2-aminophenol during aniline degradation by strain a3 indicated that novel initial reactions existed during the degradation of nitrobenzene and aniline by strain a3. Strain a3 was immobilized in the mixed carrier of polyvinyl alcohol and sodium alginate to improve its degrading efficiency. The optimal concentrations of polyvinyl alcohol and sodium alginate in the mixed carrier were 9 and 3 %, respectively. The immobilized cells had stable degradation activity and good mechanical properties in the recycling tests. The immobilized cells also exhibited higher tolerances in acidic (pH 4-5) and highly saline (10 % NaCl) environments than those of free cells. The biodegradation of nitrobenzene mixed with aniline and phenol using immobilized cells of Pseudomonas sp. a3 was also greatly improved compared with those of free cells. The immobilized cells could completely degrade 300 mg L(-1) nitrobenzene within 10 h with 150 mg L(-1) aniline and 150 mg L(-1) phenol. This result revealed that the immobilized cells of Pseudomonas sp. a3 could be a potential candidate for treating nitrobenzene wastewater mixed with other aromatics.     

Biodegradation of phenol and m-cresol in a batch and fed batch operated internal loop airlift bioreactor by indigenous mixed microbial culture predominantly Pseudomonas sp

An internal loop airlift reactor (ILALR) is developed and studied for biodegradation of phenol/m-cresol as single and dual substrate systems under batch and fed batch operation using an indigenous mixed microbial strain, predominantly Pseudomonas sp. The results showed that the culture could degrade phenol/m-cresol completely at a maximum concentration of 600mgl(-1) and 400mgl(-1), respectively. Batch ILALR study has revealed that phenol has been preferentially degraded by the microbial culture rather than m-cresol probably owing to the toxic effect of the later. Sum kinetic model evaluated the interaction between the phenol/m-cresol in dual substrate system, which resulted in a high coefficient of determination (R(2)) value >0.98). The fed batch results showed that the strain was able to degrade phenol/m-cresol with maximum individual concentrations 600mgl(-1) each in 26h and 37h, respectively. Moreover for fed batch operation, degradation rates increased with increase in feed concentration without any lag in the degradation profile.     

Degradation of phenol by aerobic granules and isolated yeast Candida tropicalis

Aerobic granules effectively degrade phenol at high concentrations. This work cultivated aerobic granules that can degrade phenol at a constant rate of 49 mg-phenol/g x VSS/h up to 1,000 mg/L of phenol. Fluorescent staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) tests demonstrated that an active biomass was accumulated at the granule outer layer. A strain with maximum ability to degrade phenol and a high tolerance to phenol toxicity isolated from the granules was identified as Candida tropicalis via 18S rRNA sequencing. This strain degrades phenol at a maximum rate of 390 mg-phenol/g x VSS/h at pH 6 and 30 degrees C, whereas inhibitory effects existed at concentrations >1,000 mg/L. The Haldane kinetic model elucidates the growth and phenol biodegradation kinetics of the C. tropicalis. The fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and CLSM test suggested that the Candida strain was primarily distributed throughout the surface layer of granule; hence, achieving a near constant reaction rate over a wide range of phenol concentration. The mass transfer barrier provided by granule matrix did not determine the reaction rates for the present phenol-degrading granule.     

Isolation and Characterization of Phenol-Degrading Soil Bacterium Xanthobacter flavus

A soil bacterium isolated from a contaminated site degraded phenol when provided as the sole carbon and energy source in the medium. The bacterium was identified as Xanthobacter flavus MTCC 9130. This microbial strain was able to tolerate phenol up to 1000 mg L^?1 concentration. The lag phase increased with the increase in phenol concentration. The optimum growth temperature was 37°C. The organism efficiently utilized phenol and could degrade it completely within 120 h when initial concentration was less than 600 mg L^?1. Degradation of phenol was through ortho pathway, enzyme assay through cell-free extract exhibited the presence of catechol 1,2-dioxygenase. The specific activity was 0.146 μ mol min^?1 mg^?1 protein. However, higher concentrations of phenol in the medium had a negative effect on the growth of the bacterium. Hence this ability of Xanthobacter flavus can be effectively used for bioremediation studies of phenol-contaminated sites.     

Growth and phenol activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain 101/1 in batch cultures

Strain 101/1, isolated from petroleum wastewater sediment was classified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In wild type condition the strain tolerated phenol in concentration 1,000 mg/L under aerobic conditions and 800 mg/L under denitrifying conditions. As a result of adaptation to phenol the resistance of the strain to the compound increased to 1,600 and 1,400 mg/L, respectively. Maximum phenol activity under aerobic and denitrifying conditions was 350 and 65 mg/L x day-1, respectively. Under denitrifying conditions a reduction in incubation temperature from 30 degrees C to 20 degrees C resulted in two-fold drop in phenol activity of the adapted strain and reduction in tolerance to phenol by 400 mg/L.