夏闲期深翻覆盖对旱地麦田土壤水分及产量的影响

于2009-2011年在山西省闻喜县邱家岭村连续两年进行田间试验,在夏闲期前茬小麦收获后15、45 d深翻,并立即采用地膜将地表全覆盖（以不覆盖为对照）,研究全年0～300 cm土层土壤水分运行规律、小麦产量形成及水分利用效率的变化规律.结果表明：夏闲期深翻后覆盖可显著提高播种前100～180 cm土壤蓄水量、夏闲期土壤蓄水效率及越冬至孕穗期土壤蓄水量,前茬小麦收获后45 d深翻较15 d更有利于提高土壤蓄水量和水分利用效率,提高穗数和产量,且丰水年效果更好.总之,夏闲期等雨后深翻、覆盖有利于纳雨蓄墒,达到增产、高效的目的.     

夏闲期轮耕对小麦田土壤水分及产量的影响

2007-2010年在宁南旱区研究了夏闲期免耕/深松/免耕(T1)、深松/免耕/深松(T2)、连年翻耕(CT)3种耕作方式对麦田土壤水分及产量的影响.结果表明:经过3年夏闲期T1和T2处理后,农田土壤蓄水效率平均分别较连年翻耕处理提高15.2％和26.5％;T1和T2处理的降水潜在利用率较高,分别达到37.8％和38.5％,降水生产效率平均分别较连年翻耕处理提高9.9％和10.7％.夏闲期轮耕能显著降低休闲期的土壤无效蒸发,有效保蓄小麦生长期的土壤水分.在冬小麦生长前期,T1和T2处理0～200 cm土层土壤水分平均分别较连年翻耕处理增加6.8％和9.4％;在拔节-抽穗-灌浆期,与连年翻耕处理相比,两处理可显著提高0 ～ 200 cm土层土壤蓄水量,对作物产量的贡献率较高.不同轮耕模式在增加作物耗水量的同时也提高了作物产量及水分利用效率,与CT处理相比,3年T1和T2处理作物耗水量平均分别提高5.2％和6.1％,产量分别增加9.9％和10.6％,作物水分生产效率分别提高4.5％和4.3％.相关分析表明,在干旱缺水的宁南地区,冬小麦播种期、拔节-抽穗-灌浆期的土壤蓄水量可显著影响产量,尤其抽穗期的土壤蓄水量对产量的影响更大.     

播种密度对秸秆覆盖旱地冬小麦产量和土壤水分的影响

为了解秸秆覆盖下作物群体对土壤水分和小麦产量的影响,于2012年6月至2013年6月在渭北旱塬研究秸秆覆盖与常规耕作模式下播种密度对土壤储水量、冬小麦群体动态变化、小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响。秸秆覆盖与常规耕作相比休闲期在0~3.6 m土层多蓄水105 mm,主要于小麦拔节后利用。不同播种密度主要影响小麦抽穗前的群体大小,抽穗后群体差异不显著。小麦籽粒产量为2 841~3 496 kg/hm, 不同密度水平或覆盖均没有显著影响小麦产量,但是高密度处理较中、低密度显著降低小麦收获指数。另外,秸秆覆盖小麦较常规增加20%耗水量,小麦水分利用效率降低11%。因此,在休闲期降雨丰富,生育期特旱的气候条件下播种密度对秸秆覆盖小麦产量没有影响,显著增加耗水量,降低水分利用效率。播种密度、秸秆覆盖及其交互效应还有待于在其他气候年型下进一步研究观测以便综合评价这些因素的影响效应,进而建立旱地小麦高产高效用水的管理措施。     

保护性耕作对农田土壤水分和冬小麦产量的影响

保护性耕作是提高土壤蓄水保墒能力并增加作物产量的重要农艺措施之一.基于河南省长期定位试验2011-2016年数据,分析不同耕作措施(传统耕作、免耕和深松处理)对土壤水分、作物产量和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明: 2011-2016年免耕和深松耕作处理下冬小麦拔节期平均相对保墒率分别为7.3%和-0.68%,且免耕较传统耕作显著提高了冬小麦拔节期0～60 cm土壤贮水量.与传统耕作相比,免耕提高了冬小麦拔节期、扬花期、灌浆期和成熟期0～100 cm土壤平均含水量,而深松耕作并未明显提高冬小麦拔节期土壤平均含水量.此外,免耕较传统耕作能够显著提高冬小麦产量和水分利用效率,尤其在较干旱年份其增产效果更优.因此,免耕的蓄水保墒及增产效果在较干旱年份明显优于深松耕作.     

有机肥对陇东黄土旱塬冬小麦产量和土壤养分的调控效应

以冬小麦'陇鉴301'为材料,在大田条件下于2005～2008年在甘肃陇东旱塬研究了不同有机肥料对旱塬冬小麦产量、水分利用效率及土壤肥力的影响.结果表明:不同化肥有机肥料配施处理对旱塬冬小麦产量、水分利用效率和土壤养分含量有明显的调控效应,并以氮磷化肥与生物有机肥配施处理表现最佳,其籽粒产量、水分利用效率和土壤养分含量最高.与单施化肥对照相比,氮磷化肥配施生物有机肥处理3年平均籽粒产量和水分利用效率分别显著增加17.53%和16.42%,3年平均土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷含量分别提高11.4%、8.9%、0.2%、19.7%.因此,氮磷化肥与生物有机肥配施可以有效改善陇东黄土旱塬区农田土壤肥力,提高冬小麦水分利用效率,显著增加冬小麦产量,可能是该区农田目前最佳的施肥方式.     

黄土高原不同降水区休闲期土壤贮水效率及其对冬小麦水分利用的影响

土壤贮水是影响黄土高原冬小麦生产力的最重要因素,分析休闲期贮水效率对有效利用水资源具有重要意义。利用黄土高原旱作区4个农业气象观测站土壤水分长期观测资料和冬小麦产量资料,探讨了不同气候区休闲期土壤贮水和耗水特征及对冬小麦水分利用的影响。结果表明:(1)黄土高原旱作区休闲期1 m土层多年平均贮水量半湿润区为9 1mm,贮水效率为30.7%,半干旱区为32 mm,贮水效率为16.5%,且不同降水年型、不同气候区休闲期贮水量和贮水效率差别较大;(2)黄土高原旱作区1 m土层贮水量从土壤解冻至封冻期间基本呈波谷型分布,休闲期为主要贮水阶段,冬小麦返青—开花期为休闲期贮水的主要消耗阶段。半湿润区休闲期土壤贮水量主要消耗在起身至开花期,半干旱区主要消耗在越冬至拔节期;(3)黄土高原旱作区播种—越冬前消耗0—40 cm土层贮水,越冬-起身期各土层贮水量都有消耗,起身—开花期半湿润区主要消耗0—40 cm土层贮水量、半干旱区主要消耗0—60 cm土层贮水量,开花—成熟期半湿润区主要消耗40 mm以下土层贮水量、半干旱区主要消耗60 cm以下土层贮水量;(4)黄土高原休闲期贮水效率与冬小麦产量显著相关,半湿润区水分利用效率远高于半干旱区。黄土高原不同区域降水时空分布不均和土壤贮水能力的差异是造成不同气候区休闲期水分贮存差异的主要原因,通过调整耕作方式、水肥管理、种植结构进一步实现冬小麦增产和水分高效利用。     

调亏灌溉对冬小麦耗水特性和水分利用效率的影响

以高产中筋冬小麦品种济麦22为材料,在山东兖州小孟镇史王村进行田间试验,研究了调亏灌溉对冬小麦耗水特性和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明：在全生育期降水228 mm条件下,W₁（土壤相对含水量：播种期80%+拔节期70%+开花期70%）和W₄（土壤相对含水量：播种期90%+拔节期85%+开花期85%）处理总耗水量高于W₀（土壤相对含水量：播种期80%+拔节期65%+开花期65%）、W₂（土壤相对含水量：播种期80%+拔节期80%+开花期80%）和W₃（土壤相对含水量：播种期90%+拔节期80%+开花期80%）处理,W₁和W₄处理间无显著差异;W₁处理增加了0～200 cm土层土壤贮水消耗量,降低了小麦拔节至开花期的耗水模系数,提高了开花至成熟期的耗水模系数;W₄处理在开花至成熟期、拔节至开花期的耗水量和耗水模系数均较大.调亏灌溉条件下,W₀处理水分利用效率较高,但产量最低;随灌溉量增加,其他处理水分利用效率呈先增加后降低的趋势.耗水量最高的W₁和W₄处理产量也最高,W₁处理灌溉水利用效率和灌溉效益均高于W₄处理,为本试验条件下高产节水的最佳处理.     

保墒灌溉对渠灌类型区冬小麦产量构成及生理特性的影响

以传统耕作栽培方式为对照,研究了5种保墒灌溉栽培方式下冬小麦产量构成的差异,并对冬小麦灌浆期旗叶叶绿素含量、MDA含量、SOD含量、水分利用效率进行了研究。结果显示:不同保墒灌溉栽培方式对冬小麦均有增产作用,平均增产13.46%,穗长平均增加7.15%,不孕小穗数平均降低21.78%,结实小穗平均增加11.42%,穗粒数平均增加10.82%,千粒重平均增加11.05%。保墒灌溉栽培方式的冬小麦灌浆期旗叶叶绿素含量降低减缓,MDA含量降低、SOD含量增高,水分利用效率平均提高24.03%。结果表明,以免耕留茬方式增产幅度最大,水分利用效率最高。     

测墒补灌对冬小麦氮素积累与转运及籽粒产量的影响

2007-2009年,在田间条件下,以冬小麦品种济麦22为材料,以0-140 cm土层平均土壤相对含水量为指标设计4个测墒补灌试验处理:W0(土壤相对含水量为播种期80%+拔节期65%+开花期65%)、W1(土壤相对含水量为播种期80%+拔节期70%+开花期70%)、W2(土壤相对含水量为播种期80%+拔节期80%+开花期80%)和W3(土壤相对含水量为播种期90%+拔节期80%+开花期80%),研究不同水分处理对冬小麦氮素积累与转运、籽粒产量、水分利用效率及土壤硝态氮含量的影响。结果表明:(1)成熟期小麦植株氮素积累量为W1处理最高,W3处理次之,W0和W2处理最低,W0和W2处理间无显著差异;氮素向籽粒的分配比例为W2处理显著低于W1处理,W0、W1、W3处理间无显著差异。开花期和成熟期营养器官氮素积累量、营养器官氮素向籽粒中的转移量、成熟期籽粒氮素积累量均为W1>W3>W2>W0,各处理间差异显著。(2)随着小麦生育进程的推进,0-200 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量先降低后回升再降低,在拔节期最低。成熟期W0和W1处理0-200 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量较低,W2和W3处理120-200 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量较高。(3)W0处理小麦氮素吸收效率、利用效率和氮肥偏生产力最低;随灌水量的增加,氮素利用效率呈先升高后降低趋势;W1处理小麦对氮素的吸收效率和利用效率较高,氮肥偏生产力最高。W0处理水分利用效率较高,但籽粒产量最低;灌水处理籽粒产量、灌溉水利用效率和灌溉效益两年度均随测墒补灌量的增加而显著降低。在本试验条件下,综合氮素利用、籽粒产量、灌溉水利用效率及土壤中硝态氮的淋溶,W1是高产节水的最佳灌溉处理,在2007-2008年和2008-2009年度补灌量分别为43.83 mm和13.77 mm。     

黄土旱塬冬小麦返青期断根对根冠比、水分利用及产量的影响

采用适当的农艺措施来影响根系生长以提高作物水分利用效率是节水农业研究的一项重要内容。通过田间试验研究了旱作冬小麦‘长武135’(Triticum aestivum cv. Changwu135)返青期切断部分侧生根对根冠比、水分利用效率及产量的影响。与不断根处理相比,冬小麦切断部分侧根后,极显著地减少了表层的根量,花期时断根和不断根小麦在0~20 cm土层根量分别249.70和307.52 g·m^-2,100 cm以上总根量分别为305.53和368.73 g·m^-2。断根比不断根处理根呼吸速率下降了25.57%。断根也抑制了小麦的群体数量,断根和不断根处理单位面积的穗数分别为590.33和646.33 m^-2,但断根显著增加了千粒重,断根和不断根分别为45.99和41.47 g,收获指数也有一定提高。断根对籽粒产量没有显著影响,但断根后土壤含水量显著增加,水分消耗减少。以生物量计算的水分利用效率和以产量计算的水分利用效率分别提高了32.52%和29.98%。因此,在旱地农业中,通过返青期人工断根措施削减根系降低根系对同化产物的消耗和减少耗水量来达到提高冬小麦水分利用效率的方法,是可行的。但今后还需对断根措施作进一步研究,以期实现产量和水分利用效率的同步提高。     

Much Improved Irrigation Use Efficiency in an Intensive Wheat-Maize Double Cropping System in the North China Plain

Crop yield and water use efficiency （WUE） in a wheat-maize double cropping system are influenced by short and uneven rainfalls in the North China Plain （NCP）, A 2-year experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of irrigation on soil water balance, crop yield and WUE to improve irrigation use efficiency in the cropping system, Soil water depletion （~SWS） by crop generally decreased with the increase of irrigation and rainfall, while ASWS for the whole rotation was relatively stable among these irrigation treatments, High irrigations in wheat season increased initial soil moisture and ASWS for subsequent maize especially in the drought season, Initial soil water influenced mainly by the irrigation and rainfall in the previous crop season, is essential to high yield in such cropping systems, Grain yield decreased prior to evapotranspiraUon （ET） when ET reached about 300mm for wheat, while maize showed various WUEs with similar seasonal ET, For whole rotation, WUE declined when ET exceeded about 650 mm, These results indicate great potential for improving irrigation use efficiency in such wheat-maize cropping system in the NCP, Based on the present results, reasonable irrigation schedules according to different annual rainfall conditions are presented for such a cropping system.     

半干旱雨养区不同覆膜方式对冬小麦土壤水分利用及产量的影响

在黄土高原半干旱雨养条件下,于2008—2009、2009—2010两个年度,以露地种植为对照(CK),研究了不同覆膜方式(全膜覆土穴播,全膜穴播,垄膜沟播)对旱地冬小麦产量和水分利用的影响。结果表明:两年度覆膜平均较CK产量分别显著提高49.4%和53.2%,水分利用效率提高11.8%和14.3%。覆膜的高产建立在高生长量、高耗水基础上,产量与生育期耗水量显著正相关(r=0.952*—0.958*),两年度覆膜分别平均较CK多耗水33.5%和34.1%。覆膜处理中以全膜穴播较CK的增产幅度和WUE提高幅度最大,耗水量也最大。由于覆膜耗水量大,覆膜各处理收获期0—200 cm土壤贮水量均显著低于CK,但通过全年连续覆膜和夏闲期降水补充,在下茬秋播时,覆膜各处理0—200 cm土壤贮水量均超过CK,夏闲期覆膜的水分休闲效率两年度分别平均高出CK 41.8和86.4个百分点,覆膜有利于土壤水分恢复和下茬作物的可持续生产。覆膜方式中,以全膜覆土穴播种植效益最高,两个年度纯收益平均达5531.6元/hm2,较CK增收2542.2元/hm2。综合考虑,全膜覆土穴播是一种高产高效兼顾、操作简单、适宜于半干旱雨养区推广应用的冬小麦覆膜种植方式。     

Much Improved Irrigation Use Efficiency in an Intensive Wheat-Maize Double Cropping System in the North China Plain

Crop yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in a wheat-maize double cropping system are influenced by short and uneven rainfalls in the North China Plain (NCP). A 2-year experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of irrigation on soil water balance, crop yield and WUE to improve irrigation use efficiency in the cropping system. Soil water depletion (△SWS)by crop generally decreased with the increase of irrigation and rainfall, while △SWS for the whole rotation was relatively stable among these irrigation treatments. High irrigations in wheat season increased initial soil moisture and △SWS for subsequent maize especially in the drought season. Initial soil water influenced mainly by the irrigation and rainfall in the previous crop season, is essential to high yield in such cropping systems. Grain yield decreased prior to evapotranspiration(ET) when ET reached about 300 mm for wheat, while maize showed various WUEs with similar seasonal ET. For whole rotation, WUE declined when ET exceeded about 650 mm. These results indicate great potential for improving irrigation use efficiency in such wheat-maize cropping system in the NCP. Based on the present results, reasonable irrigation schedules according to different annual rainfall conditions are presented for such a cropping system.     

秸秆带状覆盖对旱地冬小麦产量及土壤水热利用的调控效应

秸秆带状覆盖技术是一种利用玉米整秸秆进行局部覆盖种植的新型旱地覆盖栽培技术.为明确西北黄土高原典型旱作条件下秸秆带状覆盖对冬麦田土壤水热动态特征和产量的影响,在2013—2016年3个生长季,比较了秸秆带状覆盖(BSC)、免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)、全膜覆土穴播(PFM)和露地种植(CK)下麦田土壤水温动态、小麦耗水特征、产量和水分利用效率的差异.结果表明: PFM显著增加了拔节前5～20 cm土壤温度,而BSC和NTS的增温效应主要在越冬期,但拔节后3种覆盖方式均具有显著的降温效应.BSC和PFM显著提高休闲期土壤蓄水效果,BSC显著改善全生育期0～200 cm土壤墒情,但PFM和NTS对生育期土壤墒情的改善主要集中在抽穗期以前,抽穗后PFM土壤墒情逐渐低于CK.BSC和PFM在保持周年耗水与CK无显著差异的基础上,显著提高生育期耗水量,增加拔节至开花期阶段耗水量,促进对120 cm以下土壤水分的利用.与CK相比,BSC、NTS和PFM显著增加单位面积穗数和成熟期生物量,籽粒产量分别显著增加19%～52%、14%～30%和15%～60%,周年水分利用效率分别显著提高19%～61%、14%～31%和15%～58%.BSC取得与PFM相近的产量和水分利用效率双增潜力.综合冬小麦产量、水温利用状况、周年耗水等因素,BSC是一种高产高效且利于西北旱作农业可持续发展的种植方式.     

Long-Term Monitoring of Rainfed Wheat Yield and Soil Water at the Loess Plateau Reveals Low Water Use Efficiency

Increasing crop yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in dryland farming requires a quantitative understanding of relationships between crop yield and the water balance over many years. Here, we report on a long-term dryland monitoring site at the Loess Plateau, Shanxi, China, where winter wheat was grown for 30 consecutive years and soil water content (0–200 cm) was measured every 10 days. The monitoring data were used to calibrate the AquaCrop model and then to analyse the components of the water balance. There was a strong positive relationship between total available water and mean cereal yield. However, only one-third of the available water was actually used by the winter wheat for crop transpiration. The remaining two-thirds were lost by soil evaporation, of which 40 and 60% was lost during the growing and fallow seasons, respectively. Wheat yields ranged from 0.6 to 3.9 ton/ha and WUE from 0.3 to 0.9 kg/m³. Results of model experiments suggest that minimizing soil evaporation via straw mulch or plastic film covers could potentially double wheat yields and WUE. We conclude that the relatively low wheat yields and low WUE were mainly related to (i) limited rainfall, (ii) low soil water storage during fallow season due to large soil evaporation, and (iii) poor synchronisation of the wheat growing season to the rain season. The model experiments suggest significant potential for increased yields and WUE.     

甘肃旱作大豆全膜双垄种植的土壤水热及产量效应

以晋豆23为材料,在甘肃省农业科学院镇原试验站进行田间试验,研究了全膜双垄沟播(FMRFC)、覆膜沟播(FMFC)、覆膜条播(FMSC)和露地条播(NMSC,CK)4个处理的水热及产量效应.结果表明: 在大豆生育期降水量为246.3 mm(干旱年)和407 mm(丰水年)两种年型下,各覆盖处理0～20 cm土层平均地温在24 h内呈“S”型变化,并随生育进程波动振幅缩小.各覆盖处理使大豆苗期(VE～V3)至鼓粒期(R6)0～20 cm土层平均土壤温度显著提高0.5～2.5 ℃,并使全生育期平均地温提高1.3～1.6 ℃.各覆盖处理分别加速了大豆植株对0～120 cm土层土壤水分的消耗,但使0～200 cm土层的平均含水量和贮水量分别提高了1.2%～1.4%和62.7～70.3 mm.与CK相比,FMRFC和FMFC在旱年增温增湿作用显著,改善了大豆株高、分枝数、单株荚数和百粒重等经济性状,使水分利用效率分别提高47.7%～56.3%和33.3%～35.4%,产量分别提高27.7%～51.1%和10.2%～25.2%,是旱作大豆优选的抗寒抗旱覆盖种植方式.     

豆科绿肥及施氮量对旱地麦田土壤主要肥力性状的影响

通过2a田间定位试验,研究渭北旱塬地区夏闲期插播并翻压不同豆科绿肥(长武怀豆、大豆和绿豆)以及小麦生长季不同施氮量(0,108,135,162 kg/hm2)对麦田土壤肥力性状的影响,以期为提高旱地土壤质量提供理论依据.试验结果表明:(1)种植豆科绿肥能显著提高土壤有机质、活性有机质和全氮含量,增加土壤碳库管理指数(CPMI),对土壤速效钾含量没有显著影响;(2)绿豆还田量高于长武怀豆和大豆,然而土壤培肥效果逊于长武怀豆和大豆;(3)夏闲期种植绿肥明显消耗了土壤水分,导致绿肥翻压前、小麦播前直至收获后,0-200 cm土壤贮水量显著低于休闲处理,但耗水量与休闲没有明显差异,由于小麦产量显著增加,因此豆科绿肥显著提高了水分生产效率;(4)与不施氮相比,小麦生长季施用氮肥能显著增加土壤水分生产效率,却对土壤各肥力性状的影响均不显著.夏闲期种植并翻压豆科绿肥是旱地培肥土壤、提高水分生产效率的有效途径.     

Influence of mulching on the pattern of growth and water use by spring wheat and moisture storage on a fine textured soil

Eight tonnes ha^–1 of stubble were used to mulch spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) on a fine textured soil with the aim of controlling both transpiration and soil evaporation during the wet pre-anthesis phase to increase moisture supply during grain filling in the eastern wheatbelt of Western Australia. Mulching reduced leaf area per plant by reducing the culm number; consequently the green area index was reduced. Reduced culm number was associated with low soil temperature which at 50 mm depth averaged 7°C lower under the mulched crop relative to the control crop in mid-season. The smaller canopies of the mulched crop used 15 mm less water than those of the control before anthesis; this difference in water-use was due equally to reduced transpiration and soil evaporation. However, the mulched crop was unable to increase ET during grain filling, a response associated with the persistence of low soil temperature for most of the growth period. Hence, total ET for the season was significantly lower (18 mm) under the mulched crop than the control crop. At harvest, mulching did not have significant effects on total above-ground dry matter and grain yields, but it increased water use efficiency for grain yield by 18%, grain weight by almost 17% and available moisture in both uncropped and cropped plots by an average of 43 mm.To determine whether there was any residual effects of soil treatment on moisture storage during the summer fallow period, soil moisture was monitored both in cropped plots and uncropped plots, that were either mulched or unmulched during the growing season, from harvest in October 1988 until next planting in June 1989. Available moisture at next planting was correlated with moisture storage at harvest despite the differences in run-off, soil evaporation and fallowing efficiency (increase in moisture storage as a percentage of rainfall) between treatments during fallowing. Therefore, the mulched treatments had more moisture available (30 mm), mostly as a result of less water use during cropping in the previous growing season, than the unmulched treatment.The study shows that mulching may be used to restrain both transpiration and soil evaporation early in the season to increase availability of soil moisture during grain filling. Secondly, mulching during the previous growing season had little effect on soil moisture during the summer fallow period, however, the moisture saved by mulching during cropping was conserved for the following season. These results indicate the importance of evaluating mulching of winter crops in terms of crop yield in the subsequent growing season as well as in the current season in which the soil was treated.Abbreviations D through drainage - DAS days after sowing of the crop on 31 May 1988 - DM dry matter produced in the above-ground portion of the crop (kg ha^–1) - E₀ evaporation from Class A pan (mm) - E_s evaporation from uncropped soil (mm) - E_sc evaporation from soil beneath the wheat canopy (mm) - ET evapotranspiration (mm) - FE fallowing efficiency (gain in soil moisture storage/rainfall) - GAI green area index (area of green vegetation per unit land area) - GWUE water-use efficiency for grain production (grain yield/total ET, kg ha^–1mm^–1) - K extinction coefficient (see equation 1) - RO run-off of moisture from soil surface during/following rainfall (mm) - SM available soil moisture (mm) at harvest (SMh) or at planting (SMp) - WUE water-use efficiency for total above-ground dry matter yield (see GWUE)     

晋南旱地麦田夏闲期土壤水分和养分变化特征

2009-2011年在晋南旱地冬小麦种植区,研究了传统施肥(CF)、推荐施肥(RF)及垄膜沟播(RFFP)处理结合秸秆覆盖措施对夏闲期(6-9月)2 m土层土壤水分、NO₃^--N,以及0～40 cm土层速效磷、速效钾含量的影响.结果表明: 夏闲期降水可补充旱地麦田2 m土层土壤在冬小麦生长季所消耗的水分,其中94%以上蓄水量集中在0～140 cm土层,休闲效率为6%～27%.夏闲期降水易引起NO₃^--N下移;357～400 mm的降水量可使NO₃^--N淋移到100 cm土层,积累峰值在20～40 cm土层.夏闲期秸秆覆盖或地膜与秸秆配合覆盖可有效提高0～40 cm土层速效磷和速效钾含量,3个夏闲期累计增加量分别为17%～45%和36%～49%.不同处理间以垄膜沟播+沟内覆盖秸秆的二元覆盖模式蓄水培肥效果最佳,3个夏闲期2 m土层土壤累计蓄水215 mm,累计矿化氮90 kg·hm^-2,耕层土壤速效磷和速效钾含量分别累计增加2.7和83 mg·kg^-1,显著高于推荐施肥和传统施肥处理.推荐施肥和传统施肥处理对土壤水分、养分变化的影响无显著差异.