盐边腹链蛇的补充描述及地理分布更新

盐边腹链蛇（Hebiusyanbianensis）由Liu等（2018）依据1号标本而命名,后续文献仅报道了四川盐边县和云南永仁县的各3号标本信息,其形态特征及分布范围都有待进一步研究。本文基于新鉴定的四川标本20号和新采集的云南标本1号,结合已有文献报道的标本7号,对其遗传分化、形态特征及分布范围进行了补充描述。线粒体Cyt b基因序列分子系统关系分析结果显示,盐边腹链蛇的云南宾川种群与四川盐边种群在系统发育树上聚为一支,但它们的遗传距离为1.4%,表明其有一定的遗传分化。盐边腹链蛇不同地理种群的形态特征总体相似,背鳞19-19-17行;在以下特征存在变异：其尾长与体长之比的范围为25.5%～36.2%,腹鳞数为159～175枚,尾下鳞67～90对。其在尾长与全长之比、背鳞行数、腹鳞数、尾下鳞数、背部花纹以及腹链有无与分布在中国的其他23种东亚腹链蛇属物种明显区分。盐边腹链蛇已知在其模式产地四川省盐边县以及云南省永仁县分布,本文确定其在四川省米易县、会理市、九龙县以及云南省宾川县亦有分布。研究结果显示,盐边腹链蛇形态特征总体较为稳定,但不同地理种群之间有一定的遗传分化。     

新疆快步麻蜥的鳞片变异与亚种分化

对采自新疆境内的塔城地区、伊犁地区、准噶尔盆地、乌鲁木齐市和吐鲁番盆地的快步麻蜥5个地理种群共287号标本进行观测,分析其鳞片变异式样,并在此基础上探讨亚种分化。根据变异率将鳞片分为三类:1)没有变异,如腹部横列鳞数;2)变异率在30%以下,包括上下唇鳞、颔片数等;3)变异率均超过30%,包括股孔数、股孔间鳞数、腹面横列鳞行数和颔片到领围鳞数等。对8个形态学量度指标及7个鳞片数量指标的差异系数进行统计分析,结果显示种群间的各指标均未达到亚种分化的差异显著性标准,暗示研究区域内的快步麻蜥在形态上没有亚种分化。结果表明快步麻蜥东方亚种的有效性有待进一步研究确定。     

甘草野生种群地上植株形态地理变异及其生态学机制分析

目的:研究甘草地向部分形态特征地理变异规律并分析其形成的生态学机制。方法:采用样方调查的方法测定全国8省区35个旗县甘草野生种群的地上植株形态特征,采用双重筛选逐步回归分析方法探讨甘草地上形态特征的地理变异规律及其形成的生态学机制。结果:(1)不同甘草野生种群的株高、侧枝数、侧枝角度、侧枝长度、复叶长度、小叶数、小叶长度和宽度8项形态指标的差异均达到了极显著水平(P<0.01);(2)各形态形态指标与产地年均温、日照百分率等气候因素密切相关。结论:甘草野生种群地上植株形态特征存在显著的地理变异,导致甘草种群产生地理变异的气候因子主要是光照因子,其次为温度因子和水分因子,其相关关系可用多元回归模型解释。     

八种蛇(蛇亚目:游蛇科:颈槽蛇属)的半阴茎形态比较

蛇类半阴茎形态在研究蛇类的形态进化、分类和系统等方面具有重要的作用。对分布于我国境内的颈槽蛇属八种蛇(虎斑颈槽蛇、海南颈槽蛇、颈槽蛇、九龙颈槽蛇、缅甸颈槽蛇、黑纹颈槽蛇、喜山颈槽蛇和红脖颈槽蛇)的半阴茎进行详细描述和比较,并以此探讨部分物种的有效性和推断它们之间的进化及系统关系。     

甘草野生种群地上植株形态地理变异及其生态学机制分析

目的:研究甘草地向部分形态特征地理变异规律并分析其形成的生态学机制.方法:采用样方调查的方法测定全国8省区35个旗县甘草野生种群的地上植株形态特征,采用双重筛选逐步回归分析方法探讨甘草地上形态特征的地理变异规律及其形成的生态学机制.结果:(1)不同甘草野生种群的株高、侧枝数、侧枝角度、侧枝长度、复叶长度、小叶数、小叶长度和宽度8项形态指标的差异均达到了极显著水平(P＜0.01);(2)各形态形态指标与产地年均温、日照百分率等气候因素密切相关.结论:甘草野生种群地上植株形态特征存在显著的地理变异,导致甘草种群产生地理变异的气候因子主要是光照因子,其次为温度因子和水分因子,其相关关系可用多元回归模型解释.     

中国林蛙种群形态特征及雌体生殖力的地理差异

为了比较中国林蛙(Rana chensinensis)不同种群的形态特征、两性异形和雌体生殖力等方面的地理变异,在中国林蛙分布范围的南部(河南郑州)和北部(内蒙古扎兰屯)采集标本共130只,测量了两性的体长、体重等26项形态特征和雌体的生殖力。结果表明:(1)中国林蛙的形态特征及两性异形方面存在显著的地理变异,雌性显著大于雄性,扎兰屯种群显著大于郑州种群;(2)中国林蛙形态特征的地理变异符合贝格曼定律,但四肢的形态变化规律不符合阿伦规律,体形较大的扎兰屯种群存在两性异形的形态特征数量少,但差异程度大,与伦施法则不符;(3)雌性是中国林蛙两性中形态特征地理变异最明显的一方,在对寒冷气候的适应过程中,雌性比雄性的体长和体重增加的程度更明显。由此可知,两性间身体大小变化趋势的不一致暗示不同性别的个体适应环境变化的策略可能存在较大差异,这是造成中国林蛙不同种群两性异形和雌体生殖力地理变异的主要原因。     

甘草野生种群果实与种子形态特征的地理变异研究

目的：研究甘草荚果和种子形态特征地理变异规律并分析其形成的生态学机制。方法：采用样方调查的方法测定全国4省区8个旗县甘草野生种群的地上植株形态特征,采用双重筛选逐步回归分析方法探讨甘草荚果和种子形态特征的地理变异规律及其形成的生态学机制。结果：（1）不同甘草种群的荚果数、荚果腺毛长度、种室数目、每荚种子粒数和结实率5项指标的差异达到了极显著水平（P〈0．01）;荚果长度、荚果厚度、荚果腺毛密度和种子长度4项指标的差异达到了显著水平（P〈0．05）。（2）荚果厚度、种室数目等5项形态特征与经度呈显著相关,只有荚果腺毛长度1项指标与纬度显著相关。结论：甘草野生种群荚果与种子形态特征存在显著的地理变异,其变异趋势以经向变异为主,光照因子差异是导致地理变异的主要原因,其次为温度因子和水分因子,其相关关系可用多元回归模型解释。     

甘草野生种群果实与种子形态特征的地理变异研究

目的:研究甘草荚果和种子形态特征地理变异规律并分析其形成的生态学机制。方法:采用样方调查的方法测定全国4省区8个旗县甘草野生种群的地上植株形态特征,采用双重筛选逐步回归分析方法探讨甘草荚果和种子形态特征的地理变异规律及其形成的生态学机制。结果:(1)不同甘草种群的荚果数、荚果腺毛长度、种室数目、每荚种子粒数和结实率5项指标的差异达到了极显著水平(P<0.01);荚果长度、荚果厚度、荚果腺毛密度和种子长度4项指标的差异达到了显著水平(P<0.05)。(2)荚果厚度、种室数目等5项形态特征与经度呈显著相关,只有荚果腺毛长度1项指标与纬度显著相关。结论:甘草野生种群荚果与种子形态特征存在显著的地理变异,其变异趋势以经向变异为主,光照因子差异是导致地理变异的主要原因,其次为温度因子和水分因子,其相关关系可用多元回归模型解释。     

虎斑颈槽蛇多态与变异

目的研究虎斑颈槽蛇大陆亚种[Phabodophis tigrinus lateralis (Berthold)]在不同分布地区存在的多态现象和变异性。方法在分析已经报道的有关文献的基础上,研究辽宁、吉林等地野外采集到的标本,并对虎斑颈槽蛇大陆亚种的色斑变异和腹鳞的多态现象进行相关分析结果虎斑颈槽蛇大陆亚种的腹鳞数目与纬度呈强正相关,与经度呈中等正相关,与年均温度呈强负相关,与体长呈弱相关关系,年均温度高产卵时间早,而孵化时间长。结论分布范围相对较窄的蛇腹鳞数目是相对稳定的,分布范围广、跨越纬度大,腹鳞的数目差异亦很大。     

长江,珠江,黑龙江鲢,鳙和草鱼原种种群形态差异

对长江、珠江、黑龙江的鲢、鳙、草鱼原种种群的十项形态特征,于高维空间上用统计方法进行判别分析,发现种群间具有显著差异,不同江河鲢、鳙的侧线鳞数也有明显不同。这些形态特征上的差异的大小与种群间的地理距离呈正相关。 根据上述显著性差异的特征,用模式分类法推导得鉴别程序,可在IBM-PC-AT计算机上对鱼逐尾自动判别鉴定其种群,除长江鲢外,准确率在75％～100％。     

Sexual Dimorphism and Geographic Variation in the Asian Lance-headed Pitviper Protobothrops mucrosquamatus in the Mainland China

Sexual dimorphism(SD) and geographic variation(GV) are widespread in snakes. Protobothrops mucrosquamatus(Cantor 1839) is one of the most common Asian venomous snakes with a wide geographical distribution. We examined SD and GV patterns for this species by using multivariate statistical analyses of external morphological characters scored from specimens from the Mainland China. The result displayed that SD was significant in several external characters in P. mucrosquamatus, and the male P. mucrosquamatus formed two distinct clusters(Hainan Island and mainland China), but the females did not. Based on our present work and the other data, we concluded that no significantly intraspecific differentiation is present within this species.     

温泉蛇属Thermophis一新种——四川温泉蛇

From 2004 to 2006, several field trips in western Sichuan, China were carried out. A number of Thermophis snakes were collected in Litang County. After detailed morphological studies, we found that these Thermophis specimens were much different from those from Xizang (Tibet). We believed that Litang snakes should be a new species and describe it as below.     

Scale variation in a laboratory colony of amelanistic diamondback rattlesnakes (Crotalus atrox)

Inbreeding for 6 generations has produced a strain of amelanistic western diamondback rattlesnakes (Crotalus atrox) with extremely variable scalation. Forty-four siblings varying from virtually no body scalation to normal scalation have been produced in the latest generation. Two of the 3 most extreme “scaleless” snakes were stillborn; the third was maintained for > 1 year. Two of 7 snakes with greatly reduced head and body scales have died; however, the remaining 5 are being maintained and appear to be growing and healthy at 5 or 6 years of age. All snakes with reduced body scales have abnormal ventral scutes. Fifteen snakes with predominantly normal body scales have anomalous head scales, head scale patterns, and ventral scutes. One snake has predominantly normal scalation except for aberrant ventrals. A total of 18 Generation VI snakes have been classified as “normal,” although all snakes were not closely examined before disposition. Nine of the more normally scaled generation VI snakes are also being maintained in the laboratory. It is difficult to separate the genetic and environmental components of these phenotypes with existing information; however, it seems apparent that more than a single locus is involved. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Severe infection of wild-caught snakes with Spirometra erinaceieuropaei from food markets in Guangzhou, China involves a risk for zoonotic sparganosis

Wild-caught snakes are a popular and traditional food in China. However, little known to the public, snakes are also intermediate hosts of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei, a food- and water-borne pathogen of sparganosis. Therefore, we investigated the prevalence of S. erinaceieuropaei in 10 popular species of wild-caught snakes in Guangzhou City (Guangdong Province) between July 2009 and July 2010. One hundred and twenty-four specimens of 10 species (including Enhydris plumbea, Zoacys dhumnades, Elaphe radiate, Elaphe taeniura, Elaphe carinata, Ptyas mucosus, Ptyas korros, Naja naja atra, Bungarus fasciatus, and Bungarus multicinctus) were randomly selected from a total of 1,160 wild-caught snakes. They were obtained from food markets in 5 representative districts (Huadou, Panyu, Tianhe, Haizhu, and Conghua). The specimens were killed, necropsied, and examined for parasitic helminths. Of the snakes examined, 29.8% were infected by spargana and the worm burden per infected snake ranged from 1 to 221. Most species were infected except for En. plumbea, B. fasciatus, and B. multicinctus. Prevalence even reached 100% in Zoacys dhumnades. More than half (53.5%) of the spargana were located in muscular tissue, 36.4% in subcutaneous tissue, and 10.1% in the coelomic cavity. The study revealed the potential risk for the zoonotic sparganosis by eating wild-caught snakes and will be helpful in arousing public health concern about the consumption of snake meat.     

贵州省荔波发现百花锦蛇

2010年7月～2012年8月,在贵州省荔波南方喀斯特世界自然遗产地进行脊椎动物物种多样性调查时,分别在板寨、瑶山、翁昂和洞塘采集到游蛇科蛇类标本共5条,经分类鉴定为锦蛇属(Elaphe)的百花锦蛇(E.moellendorffi),为该物种在贵州省内首次发现,增加了其在国内的分布点.     

西藏特有种温泉蛇在四川理塘县发现

最近在四川西部理塘县海拔 370 0～ 4 15 0m高山沼泽草地采到 4号 (3雄 1雌 )过去仅知我国西藏高原才有分布的温泉蛇。其鳞被各部分及数量均与西藏分布的温泉蛇一致 ,但与西藏标本尾下鳞单双不定的唯一区别是四川标本均呈双行 ,这可能与所测量四川标本数量较少 (仅 4号 )有关。作者认为这一发现有利于证明青藏高原隆起的地质学问题 ,及其对高原上动物演化发展影响的观点 ,因为西藏高原本体及四川西部高原都属于青藏高原的范围 !     

秦岭东段李官桥盆地始新世哺乳动物化石新材料

李官桥盆地是始新世地层发育较全、哺乳动物化石丰富的盆地。本文报道了该盆地两个始新世化石新地点,哺乳动物共计4目7属8种。其中有5个新种,分别为Kuanchuanius? danjiangensis sp. nov.、Asiocoryphodon progressivus sp. nov.、Gobiatherium minutunz sp. nov.、Lophialetes? primus sp. nov.、Eomoropus? zhanggouensis sp. nov.。动物群的时代可能为中始新世早期。     

浙江省发现角原矛头蝮

<正>2014年7月24日,于浙江省台州市仙居县(28°37′N,120°36′E,海拔339 m)发现1号雄性活体蛇类标本,经查阅文献和鉴定,确认为角原矛头蝮(Protobothrops cornutus),系华东地区及浙江省蛇类属、种的地理新分布,也是我国发现角原矛头蝮仅有的第5个分布点。本次采集的角原矛头蝮标本全长615.0 mm,头长26.0 mm,体长484.0 mm,尾长105.0 mm。头呈三角形,头颈部区分明显,上颌1对管牙,鼻眼间有颊窝,颊窝由3片大鳞围成,其中1枚为第2上唇鳞。上唇鳞10枚,鼻鳞与第1上唇鳞分离。下唇鳞14枚。舌前段2/3为黑色,后     

Catalogue of the Type Specimens of Amphibians and Reptiles in the Herpetological Museum of the Chengdu Institute of Biology,Chinese Academy of Sciences:V.Viperidae(Reptilia,Serpentes)

In China, there are about 37 species of vipers belonging to 12 genera in the family Viperidae. In the Herpetological Museum of the Chengdu Institute of Biology(CIB), Chinese Academy of Sciences, the type specimens of snakes represent seven species in four genera. As a series of reports on the type specimens of Amphibians and Reptilies deposited in the Herpetological Museum of CIB, this paper focuses on the venomous snake family Viperidae in the collections at this Museum.     

An Examination of Scale-Dependent Resource Use by Eastern Hognose Snakes in Southcentral New Hampshire

ABSTRACT The decline of many snake populations is attributable to habitat loss, and knowledge of habitat use is critical to their conservation. Resource characteristics (e.g., relative availability of different habitat types, soils, and slopes) within a landscape are scale-dependent and may not be equal across multiple spatial scales. Thus, it is important to identify the relevant spatial scales at which resource selection occurs. We conducted a radiotelemetry study of eastern hognose snake (Heterodon platirhinos) home range size and resource use at different hierarchical spatial scales. We present the results for 8 snakes radiotracked during a 2-year study at New Boston Air Force Station (NBAFS) in southern New Hampshire, USA, where the species is listed by the state as endangered. Mean home range size (minimum convex polygon) at NBAFS (51.7 ± 14.7 ha) was similar to that reported in other parts of the species’ range. Radiotracked snakes exhibited different patterns of resource use at different spatial scales. At the landscape scale (selection of locations within the landscape), snakes overutilized old-field and forest edge habitats and underutilized forested habitats and wetlands relative to availability. At this scale, snakes also overutilized areas containing sandy loam soils and areas with lower slope (mean slope = 5.2% at snake locations vs. 6.7% at random locations). We failed to detect some of these patterns of resource use at the home range scale (i.e., within the home range). Our ability to detect resource selection by the snakes only at the landscape scale is likely the result of greater heterogeneity in macrohabitat features at the broader landscape scale. From a management perspective, future studies of habitat selection for rare species should include measurement of available habitat at spatial scales larger than the home range. We suggest that the maintenance of open early successional habitats as a component of forested landscapes will be critical for the persistence of eastern hognose snake populations in the northeastern United States.